SPPU | 2021 Video

First Year Engineering Explanation

Basic
electrical
engineering

Gitanjali Somvanshi

LEAP Forward
Learn. Experience. Apply. Practice.
 JOURNEY TO A SUCCESSFUL IN-SEM EXAM
Exam: In-Sem Total Marks: 30 Syllabus: Unit-1&2

UNIT-1 24
Topics UNIT-2 19
Topics

1st MILESTONE 1st MILESTONE

1. Introduction 1. Electrostatic Fundamental
2. Prerequisite 2. Electrostatic field
3. Magnet and its properties 3. Permitivity
4. Oersted’s Experiment 4. Capacitor
5. Magnetic effect of electric current 5. Action of a capacitor
6. Magnetic field of straight conductor 6. Capacitors in series
7. Magnetic field of Solenoid 7. Capacitors in parallel
8. Magnetic field of Toroid 8. Energy stored in a capacitors

2nd MILESTONE 2nd MILESTONE

9. Magnetic flux, Flux density, m.m.f. 9. AC Fundamentals
10. Permeability, absolute and relative 10. Generation of alternating voltage and
­permeability
current
11. Magnetic field strength, relation between
11. Terms related to AC
B and H
12. Amplitude or peak
12. Comparing magnetic and electric circuit
13. Instantaneous value
13. Simple series magnetic circuit
14. Average value
14. Parallel magnetic circuit
15. Effective or Root Mean Square (R.M.S)
15. Useful flux, leakage flux and fringing
Value
16. Force on a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field

3rd MILESTONE
3rd MILESTONE 16. Form factor
17. Electromagnetic Induction 17. Peak or Crest or Amplitude Factor
18. Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction 18. Phasor representation of an alternating
19. Lenz’s law quantity
20. Fleming’s right-hand rule 19. Rectangular and polar representation of
21. Statically and dynamically induced emf phasor
22. Self and mutual inductance
23. Coefficient of coupling
24. Energy stored in a magnetic field

JOURNEY TO A SUCCESSFUL END-SEM EXAM

Exam: End-Sem Total Marks: 70 Syllabus: Unit-3 to 6

UNIT-3 15
Topics UNIT-4 18
Topics

1st MILESTONE 1st MILESTONE

1. Introduction to Single Phase AC Circuits 1. Concept of 3 Phase Supply
2. Purely Resistive A.C. Circuit 2. Phase Sequence
3. A.C circuit containing pure inductance 3. Interconnection of 3 Phases
4. A.C circuit containing pure capacitance 4. Balanced Load and Unbalanced Load
5. Relation Between Line and Phase Voltage
6. Relation Between Line and Phase Current
2nd MILESTONE
5. Series R- L circuit
6. Impedance of series R-L circuit 2nd MILESTONE
7. Power Consumed by R-L Circuit 7. Introduction to Transformer
8. Series R- C circuit 8. Principle of a Transformer
9. Impedance Triangle 9. Construction of a Transformer
10. Power Consumed by R-C Circuit 10. Types of Transformer
11. EMF Equation of Transformer
12. Voltage and current Ratios of the
3rd MILESTONE ­Transformer
13. Rating of a Transformer
11. R-L-C Series A.C Circuit
12. Impedance of R-L-C series circuit
13. Resonance in R-L-C series circuit
14. Q-Factor and Bandwidth of Resonant 3rd MILESTONE
Circuit
15. Parallel AC circuits 14. Losses in a Transformer
15. Efficiency of the Transformer
16. Regulation of a Transformer
17. Determination of Regulation and
UNIT-5 12
Topics
­Efficiency
18. Autotransformer

1st MILESTONE
UNIT-6 19
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Classification of electrical networks
3. Energy sources- ideal and practical volt-
age source 1st MILESTONE
4. Ideal and practical current source
5. Source Conversion
6. Simplification of network using series
and parallel combination

2nd MILESTONE
7. Kirchhoff’s laws
8. Star and Delta network
9. Delta to Star Transformation
10. Star to Delta Transformation
2nd MILESTONE
3rd MILESTONE
11. Superposition Theorem
12. Thevenin’s Theorem

3rd MILESTONE
 1
UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

U N I T

Electromagnetism

1. Introduction
Electric power is generated and consumed by devices that employ magnetic fields. Without the
aid of magnetism, it is impossible to operate devices such as electric generators, electric motors,
transformers, electric instruments etc. Electricity and magnetism are the building blocks of
modern technology. The study of these devices essentially involves electric and magnetic circuit
analysis and their interaction.

The purpose of this chapter is to review the physical laws governing magnetic f ields,
induction of emf and production of mechanical force and to develop methods of magnetic
circuit analysis.

2. Prerequisite

EMF (V)

EMF is abbreviated as the electromotive force.

Emf is the total voltage in the battery. All the metals contain a large number of free electrons
which move randomly in all the directions inside the metal. When this metal is connected across
a battery, then the free electrons move in a particular direction.
The electrical force or pressure that causes the electrons to move in a particular direction is called
electromotive force or emf.
The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell in an open circuit is called electromotive
force.
Emf is always greater than the potential difference.
The unit of emf is volts.

Current

The flow of free electrons is called electric current.

When a voltage or electrical force is applied across a metal, the free electrons, being negatively
charged move towards the positive terminal of the voltage source. This directed flow of free
electrons is called electric current.
The actual electron current flows from the negative to the positive terminal of the circuit.
However, prior to electron theory, it was assumed that current flowed out of the positive terminal,
through the circuit and into the negative terminal of the source.
The assumed direction is called conventional current. The conventional current is always opposite
to that of the electron current. It is denoted by I and is measured in amperes(A).

1 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Electron Flow Notation Conventional Current Flow Notation

Electric charge moves Electric current moves

from the negative side of from the positive side of
the battery to the positive the battery to the negative
side. side.

Relation between charge and current

Current is the rate of flow of charge particles (generally electrons).

In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried
by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas.

Current I = Q/t

The charge Q is measured in Coulombs, time t in seconds.

Unit of electric current = Coulombs/sec or amperes.
If Q = 1 coulomb, t = 1 second, then I = 1 ampere.
One ampere of current is said to flow through a wire if one coulomb of charge flows in one second
at any section of the wire.

Electric potential

Charged particle in an electric field possess potential energy that is stored inside it. The charged
body has the capacity to do work by moving other charges either by attraction or repulsion.
The ability of the charged body to do work is called electric potential.
work done W
Electric potential = =
charge Q

Unit of electric potential is joules/coulomb or volts. Hence a body is said to have an electric
potential of 1 volt if 1 joule of work is done to give a charge of 1 coulomb.

Potential difference (p. d)

The difference in the potentials of two charged bodies is called potential difference.
Potential difference of
1.5 V

2 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

The potential difference is the work done in moving a charge against the electric field between two
specific points in the circuit.
Electromotive force maintains the potential difference while potential difference causes current to
flow. Unit of potential difference is volts.

Resistance

Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current.
It is represented by R and its unit is ohm (Ω).
This opposition occurs because atoms and molecules of the substance obstruct the flow of free
electrons.
Conductors such as copper, aluminium etc offer least resistance to the flow of electric
current. Insulators such as plastic, wood etc offer high opposition to the flow of electric
current.
A resistance of 1-Ohm is said to exist in a circuit when 1-Volt applied across that circuit causes
1-Ampere of current flow through the circuit.
The resistance of a conductor R = ρLa, where ρ is a constant and is known as resistivity or specific
resistance of the material
(i) is directly proportional to its length.
(ii) inversely proportional to its area of cross section.
(iii) depends upon the nature of material.
(iv) depends upon temperature.

Ohm’s law

The law was named after the German physicist Ohm which states the relationship between voltage
(V), the current (I) and resistance (R) in a D.C circuit.
The ratio of the potential difference(V) between the ends of a conductor to the current (I)
flowing between them is constant, provided the physical conditions such as temperature do not
change.

V
= constant = R
I

Where R is the resistance of the conductor between the two points considered.
Ohm’s law can be expressed as
V
(i) =R
I
V
(ii) =I
R

(iii) V = I R

3 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Voltage
V Resistance P, Power Dissipated
(volts) R
(ohms) (watts)

I, Current (amps)

3. Magnet and Its Properties

A magnet is a material or an object that produces magnetic field around itself which enables other
ferromagnetic materials such as iron to get attracted or repelled towards it.
The region around a magnet, in which the force of attraction or repulsion exists, is called as
magnetic field.
The magnetic field around a magnet is represented by imaginary lines called magnetic lines of force.
The magnetic lines of force emanate from the N pole, pass through the surrounding medium and
returns at the S pole. Since lines of magnetic flux always formed a closed loop, the lines of flux
pass from South to the North pole through the magnet.

N S

Coulombs law of magnetic force states that

(i) Like poles repel each other while unlike poles attract each other.
(ii) The force between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole
strength and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

4. Oersted’s Experiment
A Danish physicist ‘Hans Christian Oersted’ conducted an experiment and found that a magnetic field
is established around a current carrying conductor just as it occurs around the magnet. He observed
that an electric current passing through a circuit moved the needle of a compass. A conducting wire
AB is connected to a battery through a key. Figure (a) shows the position of the needle in north south
direction when there is no current in the wire. As soon as the key is pressed, a current flows through

4 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

the wire and the needle is deflected as shown in Figure (b).The deflection of the needle indicates the
production of magnetic field around a current carrying conductor which increases on increasing the
current in the wire or on bringing the needle closer to the wire. If the current is reversed as shown in
Figure (c), the needle is deflected in the opposite direction.

Battery Key

Conducting wire
A B A B A B

N S

S N

S N
(a) (b) (c)

Analogy between electricity and magnetism

Electricity and magnetism are closely intertwined. A changing magnetic field creates an electrical
field, and changing electrical field creates a magnetic field.

Changing Changing
Magnetic Electric
Field Field

5. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

When an electric current flow through a conductor, a magnetic field is established along the
length of conductor.
Magnetic lines of force are in the shape of concentric circle around the conductor, which
is stronger near the conductor and gets weaker and weaker at a point further away from the
conductor.
The direction of magnetic field through a current carrying conductor depends upon the direction
of flow of electric current and the strength of the magnetic field depends on the magnitude of the
current, greater the current, stronger is the magnetic field and vice versa.
The direction of magnetic field gets reversed with the change in the direction of electric current.
This can be easily understood by ‘Right Hand Thumb Rule’.

5 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Current

Magnetic
Filed

Right hand thumb rule

If a current carrying conductor is held in right hand with the thumb pointing in direction of current
as seen in above figure, then the direction of wrapping of other fingers will show the direction of
magnetic field.
Current
Thumb point along the
direction of the current
Other fingers give the
direction of the field

Cross and dot convention

Current flowing through a conductor produces magnetic field around it. The direction of the current
in the conductor is indicated by dot and cross convention. The dot and cross convention represent the
direction of current perpendicular to the two-dimensional surface it has been represented upon (board,
paper, screen etc)

Current flowing away from the observer into the plane of the paper is represented by cross convention.
Current flowing towards the observer carrying current out of the plane of paper is represented by the
dot convention.

6 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

6. Magnetic Field of Straight Conductor

When a straight conductor carries a current, it creates a magnetic field right along its length.
The lines of force are in the form of concentric circles having their planes perpendicular to the
conductor with their centres at the axis of the conductor.
Variable
resistance

Magnetic field of a long straight conductor

B
r
P

Consider a long straight conductor carrying a current of I amperes in upward direction.

The magnetic field  is in the form of concentric circles having their planes perpendicular to the
conductor with their centres at centre of the conductor.
Let
H = magnetic field strength at point P.
r = perpendicular distance of point P from the centre of the conductor.
I = Current flowing through conductor.

A unit N pole placed at point P, will experience a force of H newtons as magnetic field strength at
a point in a magnetic field is the force experienced by a unit N pole placed at that point.
The direction of magnetic field strength (H) at point P at a distance r from the centre of the
conductor will be along the tangent drawn on a circle of radius r around the conductor as shown
in the figure.
The field intensity H and B on all the points of this circular path is same.
Work done by a unit N pole in moving once around any complete path against this force = Force ×
distance moved.

7 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Work done = H × 2πr = 2πrH joules.  (i)

A unit N-pole emanates a flux of one weber. So, during one round of conductor, a flux of 1 weber
is cut by the conductor.
∴ Work done = Flux cut by the conductor × Current flowing through the conductor.
=1×I=I (ii)
2πrH=I
I
or H = AT/ m
2pr
B = μ H = μoμr H
I I
B=m = mom r wb /m 2
2pr 2pr
(i) The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the current through the conductor.
(ii) The nature of the magnetic field lines around a straight current carrying conductor is in the
form of concentric circles with centre at the axis of the conductor.
(iii) The magnitude of field intensity decreases as the distance from the conductor increases.

N +
++

NI
If there are N conductors H =
2pr

Magnetic field of a circular coil

I dl r O

I I
Magnetic field B
produced by
loop current

8 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Magnetic field at the centre of circular coil

m0I
B=
2r
Where I is the current flowing and r is the radius of the circular coil. The direction of magnetic field
is perpendicular to the plane of the coil.

7. Magnetic Field of Solenoid

When a long conductor is wound with a large number of turns close together to form a coil whose
axial length is much greater than the diameter of its turn, it is called a solenoid. The core is either air
cored or wound on a long tubular core of magnetic or non-magnetic material. The magnetic field due
to a current carrying solenoid can be found by examining the field due to a circular coil.

I I

S N

The magnetic field is produced outside as well as inside the core of the solenoid. The magnetic field
outside is weaker and the lines representing the magnetic field are further apart compared with the
field inside. The magnetic lines of force inside the solenoid are straight and parallel to the long axis
and the magnetic field inside a very tightly wound, long solenoid is uniform everywhere and can be
considered zero outside it.
Consider a long solenoid of length l and wound uniformly with N turns. A current of I amperes
flowing through the solenoid produces a uniform magnetic field strength H within the solenoid.
Work done around the closed path = Ampere turns linked
Since there is negligible field strength outside the solenoid, the only work done will be along the
length l within the solenoid.

H×l=N×I
NI
H= AT /m
l
B = mH = m 0 m r H

Hence, the flux density along the length l within the solenoid is given by

m 0m r NI
B= wb /m 2
l
The polarity of the coil (direction of the N and S poles) can be found by Right hand Thumb Rule.
Hold the coil in right hand so that the curled fingers are in the direction of current. Then the
stretched thumb parallel to the axis of the coil will indicate the N pole of the coil as shown in the
figure.

9 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Thumb: direction of field

N S

Fingers: direction of current

Applications of solenoid

Simple locking devices which include door locking, in hotels, offices and secure areas, vending
machines, remote access systems.
Automatic gearbox drive selector, other uses for solenoids include petrol cap locking, in-car
entertainment release mechanisms, air conditioning control and security systems.
Aerospace release mechanisms.
Medical applications include dialysis machines, dosing equipment and blood pressure monitoring
devices.
A solenoid is used wherever electrical power is needed to make movements.

8. Magnetic Field of Toroid

Toroid is formed when a solenoid is bent in a circular shape and the ends are joined. All the loops
of wire which make up a toroid contribute magnetic field inside the toroid in the same direction
in the form of concentric rings. The magnetic field inside and outside the toroid is zero. The
direction of magnetic flux in the core is clockwise as per the right-hand thumb rule for circular
loops.
The magnetic field in such a toroid can be obtained by using Ampere’s law.

I r
Magnetic Flux Φ
X P

10 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Let P be a point inside the core of a toroid. Let the distance of P from the centre be r. Consider a
circle through point P at a distance of r from the centre of the toroid. Consider a small element of
length dl in this loop. Both B and dl are tangential to the field line at P.
By symmetry, the direction of magnetic field B at any point is tangential at each point of the circle
and is same at all points on any such circle.
Let N be the turns of the toroid. Then, the total current crossing the area bounded by the circle
is NI.

dI

r
B

By Ampere’s law

ò [Link] = m NI
0

ò sign indicates integral around a closed path. Ampere’s law states that for any closed path, the
sum of the length elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the length is equal to the
permeability times the electric current enclosed in the loop.
Length of the magnetic path = 2πr

B.2πr = µ0NI

m o NI
B=
( 2pr )

Ampere’s law is applicable to

(i) Magnetic field inside a long solenoid
(ii) Toroidal coil
(iii) long straight wire
(iv) Inside a conductor
(v) Forces between currents

11 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 1st MILESTONE

Applications of toroid

Toroid coils are closed-loop core which provides a higher magnetic field. Higher magnetic field
will result in a higher inductance and Q factor. A toroid is symmetric and hence minimal magnetic
flux will escape from the core which will radiate less Electromagnetic interference (EMI) than other
cores.
Toroid’s are used to step down or step up a voltage.
Toroidal transformers are used in a variety of applications like amplifiers, inverters, and power
supplies.
Electrical equipment, such as computers, televisions, audio systems, and radios, use toroid
coils.

STEPS & Problem Based on

FORMULA 1st Milestone
Relation between charge and current
Current I = Q/t Amperes.
work done W
Electric potential = = joules/ coulomb or volts.
charge Q
Resistance of a conductor R = ρl/a ohms.
V
Ohm’s law: = constant = R
I
I
Magnetic field of a long straight conductor B = m wb /m 2
2pr
Where, r = perpendicular distance of a point from the centre of the conductor
I = Current flowing through conductor and
I
Magnetic field strength H = AT/ m.
2pr
Magnetic field at the centre of circular coil
m0I
B= wb/m2
2r
Flux density along the length l within the solenoid
m 0m r NI
B = wb /m 2
l

H = NI AT /m
l
Magnetic field due to toroid
m o NI
B =
( 2pr )

12 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

E xercise - 1.1
Problem Based on 1st Milestone
Click here for
Solution to
Numerical
Problem

1. A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90A in east to west direction. What is
the magnitude and direction of magnetic field due to the current at a distance 1.5 m below the
line?
2. A long straight wire carries a current of 30A. What is the magnitude of magnetic field B at a
point 20 cm from the wire?
3. A closely wound solenoid 70cm long has 4 layers of winding of 300 turns each. The diameter of
the solenoid is 1.8 cm. Find the magnitude of B inside the solenoid near its centre if it carries a
current of 7 A.
4. A toroid has a core (non- ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm around
which 4000 turns of a wire are wound. What is the magnetic field (i) outside the toroid (ii)inside
the core of the toroid if the current in the wire is 10A?
5. Two concentric circular coils X and Y of radius 16 cm and 10 cm lie in the same vertical
plane containing north- south direction. Coil X has 20 turns and carries a current of 16 A
in anticlockwise direction. Coil Y has 25 turns and carries a current of 18 A in clockwise
direction. Give the magnitude and the direction of the net magnetic field due to the coils at
their centre.

9. Magnetic Flux, Flux Density, m.m.f.

Magnetic flux (ϕ)

Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic lines of force or the normal component of magnetic field
passing through the surface of specified area.
The more lines of force, the greater the flux and the stronger the magnetic field. Its SI unit is
Weber (Wb).

Φ=B.A
Φ = BA Cosθ

13 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

One weber = 108 Lines of force

Mathematically flux is represented as

ϕ=B×A

B = magnitude of magnetic field

A = area of surface

Magnetic flux density (B)

Flux Density is the amount of magnetic flux per unit area of surface taken perpendicular to
direction of magnetic flux. Its symbol is B. Its SI unit is Wb/m2.

Magnetic flux density is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field at a given point.

Mathematically
f
B=
A

B = Flux Density in Tesla

ϕ = Magnetic Flux in Weber’s.
A = Area of surface in square meters

Magnetomotive force

The magnetic pressure which sets up the magnetic flux (ϕ) in a magnetic circuit is called magneto
motive force.
The magnetic flux (ϕ) produced by current carrying coil is directly proportional to the product of
number of turns (N) of the coil and electric current (I) which the coil carries.
The product of N and I, this quantity is called Magneto motive force (m.m.f) and is measured in
ampere turns (AT).

14 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

I Magnetic Flux

N- Turns

Mathematically

m.m.f = N ´ I
Magneto Motive Force tends to drive the flux through a magnetic circuit and corresponds to an
Electromotive force (EMF) in an electric circuit.

10. Permeability, Absolute and Relative Permeability

Permeability is the measure of the ease with which magnetic lines of force pass through a given
material.
Greater the magnetic permeability of the material, greater the conductivity for magnetic lines of
force, and vice versa. e.g. soft iron has high permeability.
Its SI unit is Henry/Meter (H/m).
Mathematically
B
m=
H

m = Absolute Permeability
B = Magnetic Flux Density
H = Magnetic Field Strength

Permeability of free space or vacuum is constant and is denoted by m 0 . Its Value is given by

H
m 0 = 4p ´ 10 -7 .
m

Relative permeability

The relative permeability of a material is a measure of the relative ease with which a given material
conducts magnetic flux compared with the conduction of flux in air.
Vacuum is chosen as the reference medium for measuring relative permeability, Relative
permeability of vacuum with reference to itself is unity. Hence, m r = 1 for air or vacuum.

15 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

Absolute permeability

Absolute permeability μ of a nonmagnetic material such as air, copper, wood, glass, and plastic is
equal to unity. On the other hand, μ of magnetic materials such as cobalt, nickel, iron, steel, and
their alloys are far greater than unity and are not constant.

m = mom r

11. Magnetic Field Strength, Relation Between B and H

Magnetic field strength refers to the ratio of the MMF (magnetomotive force) which is required to
create a certain flux density within a certain material per unit length of that material. Also called
as the magnetic field intensity.

NI
H= AT /m
l

It is measured in terms of Ampere/meter or AT / m.

or, Magnetic Field Strength at any point within a magnetic field is numerically equal to the force
experienced by a north pole of 1 Weber placed at that point.

A
te rs) N S
e
r (m
N - Pole of
N S 1 Weber

Magnetic Pole
of m Weber

Magnetic field intensity = Force on a unit N pole.

m ´1
H= N /wb
4pm 0 r 2

m
H= N /wb
4pm 0 r 2

Relation between B and H

The flux density B produced in a material is directly proportional to the magnetising force H.

i.e. B ∝ H
B
or = constant = m
H
B
or H =
m

16 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

Where,
B = Magnetic Flux Density
m = Absolute permeability of the medium.

Magnetic circuit

The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called a magnetic circuit. A magnetic circuit consist
of materials having high permeability such as iron, soft steel etc.

Air gap r
Magnetic Flux
I X P
N- Turns

Consider a ring made of steel. If current is made to flow through this ring, we see that magnetic
flux sets up in a closed loop within the ring. This complete closed path followed by any group of
magnetic flux lines is referred to as magnetic circuit.
This toroid ring can be considered as one of the simplest forms of magnetic circuit.

Reluctance

Reluctance is the property of a material which opposes the magnetic flux in it.
It is analogous to resistance in an electric circuit.
Magnetic
flux lines

Mean core
I length l

Cross section
area A

Magnetic core
permeability µ
Winding,
N turns

m.m.f
Reluctance = AT/wb
Flux

17 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

It is denoted by S and is given as

l
S=
mom r a

Reluctance of a magnetic circuit depends upon its length l, area of cross section(a) and permeability
of the material.
The unit of reluctance is Ampere Turn /weber.

Permeance

It is the reciprocal of reluctance and is measure of the ease with which flux can pass through the
material.
Mathematically

1 mm
Permeance = = o ra
Reluctance l

Its unit is Wb / AT.

Permeance of magnetic circuit corresponds to conductance in an electric circuit.

12. Comparing Magnetic and Electric Circuit

Similarities between electric and magnetic circuit

Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

Electric circuit is a closed path followed by the Magnetic circuit is a closed path where
current. magnetic flux flow.

Current-is the flow of electrons through a con- Flux- is the lines of force through a medium
ductor. from N to S pole.
V m.m.f
I= f=
R S
Unit : Amperes Unit : Weber.

Driving force for current - emf. Driving force for flux- mmf.
Unit : volts Unit : Ampere- turn.

Limited by resistance (R) -opposition offered by Limited by reluctance (S)- opposition offered by
the conductor to the flow of current. the magnetic path to the flow of flux.
Unit : ohm. AT
Unit :
wb

18 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

Resistance is directly proportional to the length Reluctance is directly proportional to the length
of the conductor. of the magnetic path.
æ rl ö æ l ö
R =ç ÷ S=ç ÷
èa ø è ma ø
Conductance (G)- ease with which electric cur- Permeance (P) ease with which magnetic flux
rent flows through a substance. can be set up in a material.
1 1
G= P=
R S
Unit : mho or siemens. Unit : Wb/AT

Current Density (δ) is the rate of the electric Flux Density (B) is the amount of magnetic flux
currents flowing per unit cross-sectional area of per unit area of surface taken perpendicular to
a material. direction of magnetic flux.
æIö æfö
d=ç ÷ B=ç ÷
èaø èaø
Unit : Amp/m2 Unit : Wb/ m2 or Tesla.
The KVL and KCL are applicable to electrical The Kirchhoff ’s flux and m.m.f laws are appli-
circuit. cable to the magnetic circuit.

Dissimilarities between electric and magnetic circuit

Electrical Circuit Magnetic Circuit

The electric current flows in an electric circuit. Magnetic flux does not flow but it is set up in the
magnetic circuit.
There are many materials which used as insula- There is no magnetic insulator as flux can pass through
tors from which current cannot pass. all the materials, even through the air as well.
The value of resistivity (ρ) varies very slightly The value of µr is not constant for a given material.
with the temperature. Hence resistance of an Hence the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is not
electric circuit is practically constant. constant rather it depends on the flux density (B) as
µr varies with the B.
Energy needed as long as current flows through Once magnetic flux is setup in a magnetic circuit,
electric circuit. no energy is needed.
The electric field is produced by a unit pole The magnetic field is caused by a dipole of the
charge, i.e., either by a positive or through a magnet (i.e., the north and south pole).
negative charge.
The electric field lines do not form a loop. The magnetic field lines form a closed loop.

19 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

13. Simple Series Magnetic Circuit

Series magnetic circuit are those magnetic circuits in which magnetic flux (ϕ) is same in all the
sections and the equivalent reluctance of such magnetic circuit equals summation of reluctance of
individual sections.
Consider a composite series magnetic circuit consisting of three different magnetic materials of
different relative permeabilities along with an air gap as shown in figure.
Air gap

l3

I A3

A2 l2

A1
I
l1

l1 l2 l3 l
Total Reluctance = + + + g
m o m r1 A 1 m o m r 2 A 2 m o m r 3 A 3 m o A g
Total m.m.f = flux × total reluctance.
é l1 l2 l3 l ù
= fê + + + g ú
êë m 0m r1A1 m 0m r 2 A 2 m 0m r 3 A 3 m 0 A g úû
f f f f
= l1 + l2 + l3 + lg
m 0 m r1 A 1 m0m r 2 A 2 m0m r 3A 3 m0 A g

B1 B B B
= l1 + 2 l2 + 3 l3 + g lg
m 0 m r1 m0m r 2 m0m r 3 m0
f
Where B=
A
= H1 l1 + H2 l2 + H3 l3 + Hg lg
B
Where H=
m om r
The total AT required for the entire series circuit is equals the sum of AT for various parts.

20 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

14. Parallel Magnetic Circuit

A parallel magnetic circuit has more than one path for the magnetic flux and can be compared to
a parallel electric circuit which has more than one path for electric current.
A coil of N turns is wound on the central limb which carries a current of I amperes. The flux ϕ
divides at A into two paths
(i) Flux ϕ1 passing along the path AFEB.
(ii) Flux ϕ2 passing along the path ADCB.
Where, ϕ = ϕ1 + ϕ2

F A D
Analogous electrical Circuit
Φ1 Φ2
I

N Φ RB R RA

I v

E B C

Total m.m.f required = (m.m.f required for the path AB) + (m.m.f required for path AFEB or m.m.f
required for path ADCB).
Let Sc be the reluctance of the path AB
S1 be the reluctance of the path AFEB
S2 be the reluctance of the path ADCB
NI = fSc + (f1S1 or f 2S2 )
Hence, total m.m.f required = fSc + f1S1 = fSc + f 2S2

15. Useful Flux, Leakage Flux and Fringing

The flux that does not follow the desired path in a magnetic circuit is called a leakage flux.
When current is passed through a solenoid, magnetic flux is produced by it.
Most of the flux will set up in the core of the solenoid and passes through the magnetic material
i.e. iron core and the remaining part of the flux passes through air.
The flux in the air gap is known as useful flux as it can be utilized for various useful applications
and is denoted by fu .
Also, some of the flux leaks through the air surrounding the core of the coil and is not utilised for
any work in the magnetic circuit. This type of flux which is not used for any useful work is called
Leakage Flux and is denoted by ϕl.

21 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

Leakage b b'
Flux (φl)
Useful
Flux (φu)

I
Magnetic
Core
Core Flux (φ)

Therefore, the total flux f = fu + fl .

Leakage coefficient

The ratio of the total flux produced to the useful flux set up in the air gap of the magnetic circuit
is called a leakage coefficient or leakage factor.
It is denoted by (λ).
f ( total flux )
l=
f u ( useful flux )

The value of leakage factor for modern electric machinery is about 1.2.

Fringing

The useful flux that sets up in the air gap, tends to bulge outward at (b and b’) as shown in above
figure as lines of force repel each other when passing through a non-magnetic material.
This effect is known as Fringing. The tendency of the magnetic flux to spread out at the edges of
the air gap is known as magnetic fringing.
Longer the air gap, greater is the fringing and vice versa. Magnetic fringing increases the effective
cross -sectional area of the air gap which in turn reduces the flux density in the air gap.
Leakage flux and magnetic fringing are undesirable phenomenon. They can be reduced by selecting
a high-quality magnetic material and making the air gap as narrow as possible.

16. Force on a Current Carrying Conductor Placed in a Magnetic Field

If a current carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field between
the poles, it experiences a force which is perpendicular to both the direction of current and the
magnetic field.
When an electric current is passed through the wire, the wire if lifted upwards showing that an
upward force is acted on a current carrying conductor. On reversing the direction of current, the
wire moves downwards indicating the force downwards.

22 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

Force

N
Current S
direction

The direction of force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a uniform magnetic field
can be found by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule.
Fleming’s left-hand rule

Stretch out the first finger, second finger and Thumb of your left hand so that they are at right
angles to one another. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field i.e. from north to
south and the second finger i.e. the middle finger points towards the direction of current, then the
thumb will point in the direction of motion of the conductor.
F

A conductor consists of large number of free electrons. Each electron experiences magnetic
force due to the motion of these free electrons in any fixed direction and hence conductor itself
experiences magnetic force. So, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a uniform magnetic
field it experiences force.
If the conductor lies at an angle θ with the magnetic flux, then the force experienced on the current
carrying conductor is given by
I Sin θ
B
I
I Cos θ

l θ
X

23 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

F = BI l sin θ

where
F is force acting on a current carrying conductor, in Newtons.
B is magnetic flux density, in Wb/m2.
I is the magnitude of current flowing through the conductor in Amperes.
l is length of conductor, in metre.
θ is angle that conductor makes with the magnetic field.
Current

Magnetic Magnetic
field, B field, B
Current

Force = F max Force = 0

Force is maximum when the current carrying conductor is perpendicular to the field and zero when it
is parallel to the field.

Application

Electrical Motor - An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy .Its action is based on principle that when current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field it experiences a mechanical force which collectively produce a driving torque that sets the
armature rotating and whose direction is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. Direction of rotation of
the coil can be reversed when the direction of current is reversed.

C A

N D B F S

coil

24 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

STEPS & Problem Based on

FORMULA 2nd Milestone
Unit of flux is weber. One weber = 108 Lines of force.
f
Flux density, B = wb /m 2 .
A
Magneto motive force, m.m.f = N ´ I AT
Permeability of free space or vacuum is denoted by m 0. Its value is given by
H
m 0 = 4p ´10 -7 .
m

Relative permeability m r = 1 for air or vacuum.

Absolute permeability m = m 0m r H/m
NI
Magnetic field strength, H = AT /m
l
m
Also, H = N/wb
4pm 0 r 2
B
Relation between B and H, =m
H
where, B = Magnetic Flux Density
m = Absolute permeability of the medium.
Reluctance of the magnetic path, S = l / (m 0m r a ) AT/wb
1 mm
Permeance = = o r a wb/AT
Reluctance l
The total AT required for the entire series circuit is equals the sum of AT for various parts
N I = H1 l1 + H2 l2 + H3 l3 + Hg lg
For three different magnetic materials of different relative permeabilities along with an air
gap.
Total reluctance of a series magnetic circuit S = S1 + S2 + S3 .
Total flux = useful flux + leakage flux.

f = f u + fl

f ( total flux )
Leakage flux, l =
f u ( useful flux )
Force experienced on the current carrying conductor is given by
F = B I l sin θ Newtons.

25 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 2nd MILESTONE

E xercise - 1.2
Problem Based on 2rd Milestone
Click here for
Solution to
Numerical
Problem

1. What is magnetic circuit? For simple magnetic circuit without an airgap, obtain the expression
for flux.
2. Derive the formula of total Reluctance and total mmf in the following circuit if relative
permeability is µr1 and µr2 respectively.

l1

A1
I

A2 l2
N

3. Define mmf, magnetizing field strength and flux density with their units.
4. Compare Electric and Magnetic circuits.
5. State the concept of useful flux, leakage flux and magnetic fringing.
6. A coil of 500 turns is uniformly wound on iron ring of mean circumference 25 cm having area
of cross section 15 cm2. When coil carry a current of 1 A, it produces a flux density of 0.8 T.
Calculate
(i) Magnetizing force H
(ii) Flux
(iii) Inductance
(iv) Relative permeability of iron
7. An iron ring of cross-sectional area 5 cm2 is wound with a wire of 100 turns and as a saw cut of
1.5 mm. Calculate the magnetizing current required to produce flux of 0.1 Wb if mean length of
magnetic path is 25 cm and relative permeability of iron is 470.
8. A laminated soft iron ring wound with 1000 turns has a mean circumference of 600 mm and
cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 with an air gap of 1mm. Estimate the current in the coil to
produce an air gap flux of 0.5 mWb in the air gap. Assume leakage factor as 1.2, space factor as
0.9 (useful iron area), relative permeability of soft iron as 1000.
9. A coil of 2500 turns is wound uniformly over a non- magnetic ring of mean circumference of

26 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

100cm and cross-sectional area of 0.65 cm2. If the current through the coil is 3 A Calculate
(i) Magnetizing force H
(ii) Reluctance
(iii) Total flux
(iv) Flux density
10. A circular iron ring has a mean circumference of 1.5 m and cross-sectional area of 0.01 m2. A
saw cut of 4 mm wide is made in the ring. Calculate the magnetizing current required to produce
a flux of 0.8 mwb in the air gap, if the ring is wound with a coil of 175 turns. Assume relative
permeability of iron as 400 and leakage factor of 1.25.
11. A coil is wound with 300 turns on steel ring of relative permeability of 900. It has mean
circumference of 40cm and a cross sectional area of 5 cm2. If the coil has resistance of 100 Ω
and it is connected to 250V D.C supply. Calculate
(i) mmf
(ii) field strength
(iii) total flux
(iv) reluctance of ring
(v) permeance of ring
12. A steel ring 30 cm diameter and of circular section 2 cm in diameter has an air gap 1mm long.
It is wound uniformly with 600 turns of wire carrying current of 2.5 A. Find
(i) total mmf
(ii) total Reluctance
(iii) flux
Neglect magnetic leakage. The iron path takes 40%of the total mmf.
13. A rectangular iron core has a mean length of magnetic path of 100 cm, cross section of
2 cm x 2 cm, relative permeability of 1400 and an air gap of 5 mm cut in the core. The
current in the three coils are 1.6A, 4A, 3A with direction as shown in the figure and
number of turns on the three coils as N a = 335, N b = 600 and N c = 600. Find the flux in the
airgap.
Ia
Ib

Air Gap

Ic

17. Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage)
across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction can be
generated in two ways.

27 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

When the electric conductor is kept in a moving magnetic field or when the electric conductor is
constantly moving within a static magnetic field.
If this conductor forms a complete loop or circuit, a current will flow in it. The e.m.f and hence
the current in this conductor or coil will persist so long as this change is taking place.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was first discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831
when he moved a bar magnet through an electric coil.

S N

Magnet moving in

Current flows

No movement S

No current

S N

Magnet moving out

Current flows in
opposite direction

18. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

First Law: The first law states that whenever the magnetic flux linking a conductor or the coil
changes, an emf gets induced in it. Such an emf lasts so long as this change is taking place.
Second Law: The magnitude of emf induced in a conductor or coil is directly proportional to the
rate of change of flux linkages where
flux linkage = Flux x Number of turns of the coil.
Induced emf (e) = rate of change of flux linkage
f1 = initial value of flux linked with the coil.

f 2 = final value of flux linked with the coil.

Change in flux linkages = N f 2 – N f1

change in flux linkages Nf 2 - Nf1
Rate of change of flux linkage = =
time t
ea( Nf 2 - Nf1 )
=
t

28 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

k ( Nf 2 - Nf1 )
e= , k = 1 in SI units
t
( Nf 2 - Nf1 )
e=
t
In differential form
df
e=N
dt

Direction of induced emf and current

The direction of induced emf and current in a closed circuit can be determined by
(i) Lenz’s law
(ii) Fleming’s right -hand rule.

19. Lenz’s Law

Lenz’s law states that the direction of the current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is
such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes the initial changing magnetic field.
According to Lenz’s law, the emf induced in the conductor or the coil is given by
df
e = -N
dt
The negative sign indicates that the induced emf opposes the cause producing it.

Lenz' Law

Charging reinforced Iron induces

magnetic field by an an EMF
core

which drive an

which
Alternating Charging
induces
Current magnetic field
its own

which
opposes the original

29 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

Repulsive force due to

induced EMF and current
in the coil
North South

S N

Direction of motion − +

Explanation: As the N pole of the magnet moves towards the coil, the magnetic flux linking the
coil increases. An emf and hence current is induced in the coil according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction which sets up its own magnetic field. According to Lenz’s law, the
direction of induced current is such so as to oppose the cause that produces it. Hence, the induced
current will set up a magnetic flux that opposes the increase in the flux linking with the coil. To
achieve this, the left-hand face of the coil becomes the N pole. As a result, the motion of the magnet
is opposed.

20. Fleming’s Right -Hand Rule

This rule is to find out the direction of induced current in a conductor which is moving perpendicular
to the magnetic field.
The thumb, the first (fore finger) and the second (middle finger) on the right hand are held so that
they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
First finger → Magnetic field
Thumb → Direction of motion of the conductor.
Middle finger → Direction of induced current.

Direction of Force (motion)

Thumb

Magnetic field
Index finger

Direction of current
second finger

30 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

Application: The direction of induced current within an electric generator is determined by

Fleming’s Right–Hand Rule.

21. Statically and Dynamically Induced emf

An electromotive force or emf is said to be induced when the flux linking with a conductor or coil
changes. This change in flux linkage can be obtained in two different ways.
(i) Statically induced emf
(ii) Dynamically induced emf

Induced EMF

Statically Induced Dynamically Induced

EMF EMF

Mutually Induced
Self Induced EMF
EMF

Dynamically induced emf

By moving a conductor in a stationary magnetic field in such a way that the flux linking with the
conductor changes.
The emf induced in such a way is called dynamically induced emf.

N N

B
B
V A
A V sin θ
θ

S S

Consider a conductor of length l meters placed in a uniform magnetic field of B wb/m2 with a
velocity of v m/s.

31 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

Suppose the conductor moves through a small distance dx in dt seconds.

Area swept by the conductor = l dx m2
Flux cut d f = B l dx weber

df
Emf induced e = N
dt
Bl dx
e=
dt

= B l v volts as dx/dt = v
Maximum flux is cut when the conductor moves perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown in
figure, hence emf induced is maximum.
If the conductor moves at an angle θ with respect to the magnetic field, then its velocity component
is given as v sinθ.
Hence the emf induced
e = Blvsinθ Volts
The direction of induced emf can be found by Fleming’s right-hand rule.

Application of dynamically induced emf

Emf induced in the armature of a generator : A generator is a machine which converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works on the principle that when a conductor is moved
in a stationary magnetic field, then an emf is induced in the coil.

Statically induced emf

When the conductor is stationary and the field is moving or changing, the emf induced in the conductor
is called statically induced emf.
Statically induced emf is further classified as
(i) Self-induced emf.
(ii) Mutually induced emf.

Self-induced emf

Φ
N I

32 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

The emf induced in a coil due to the change of its own flux linked with it is called self-induced
emf.
Consider a coil with N number of turns. The variable resistance R is used to change the current
flowing through the coil which in turns changes the flux linked with the coil. The change in the
flux is achieved by increasing or decreasing the current through the coil.
If the flux linked with the coil is f Webers, then the flux linkage with the coil = N f . Due to the
change in the flux linking with the coil, an emf is induced in the coil according to Faraday’s law
of electromagnetic Induction. This emf is called the self-induced emf.
The direction of this emf according to Lenz’s law is such to oppose the very cause producing it i.e.
the current and hence the field in the coil.
The self-induced emf will persist so long as the current in the coil is changing.

22. Self and Mutual Inductance

The property of a coil that opposes any change in the amount of current flowing through it is
known as self-inductance or inductance.
If the current in the coil is increasing, the self-induced emf produced in the coil will oppose the
rise of current, that means the direction of the induced emf is opposite to the applied voltage.
On the other hand, if the current in the coil is decreased, then the self-induced emf will be in the
same direction as that of the applied voltage i.e. self-induced emf will try to maintain the coil
current constant.
Induced emf

æ df ö
e = Nç ÷
è dt ø

d
= ( Nf)
dt

As f α I, hence N f α I

di
ea
dt

di
e=L
dt

The magnitude of self-induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of current in
the coil. L is constant of proportionality and called as self inductance or the Coefficient of self
inductance or Inductance of the coil.

dI d ( LI)
e=L = (i)
dt dt

df d ( Nf)
Also, e=N = (ii)
dt dt

33 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

From equation (i) and (ii)

LI = Nϕ
Nf
or L = Henry
I

m.m.f NI
As flux(ϕ) = =
Reluctance S

NNI
\ L=
IS

N2
i.e. L =
S

l
As Reluctance (S) =
m0m r a

N 2m 0 m r a
L =
l

Where,
N-Number of turns in the coil.
ϕ-Magnetic flux
l length of the conductor
I current flowing through the coil
S-Reluctance
a-Area of the coil

Self-inductance can be expressed as

L = e/(di/dt)
Nf
L=
l

mom r
L = N 2a
l

Applications of self-inductance

Self-Inductance opposes any change in the amount of current flowing through it. The common name
for this device is an “inductor”.
(i) The most common use of this device is to limit the current through a discharge lamp like
fluorescent tubes. This device is called a ballast or choke.

34 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

(ii) In regulators, to give reduced voltage to the fans.

(iii) In lightning arrester.
(iv) In auto- transformers.

Mutually induced emf

The emf induced in a coil due to the change of flux produced by another neighbouring coil linking
to it, is called Mutually Induced emf.

Coil A Coil B

Φ1 Φ2
N1 L1 I1 N2 L2 I2

K
V

Consider two coils A and B placed close to each other. When the switch (S) is closed in the circuit
shown above, current I1 flows through the coil A, and it produces the flux f1 .
A part of the magnetic flux produced by coil A links with coil B i.e. f12 . is the flux linked with the
coil B due to the change of current in the coil A.
If the current flowing through the coil A is changed by changing the value of variable resistor R,
it changes the flux linking with the other coil B and hence emf is induced in both the coils.
The emf induced in coil A is called self-induced emf and the emf induced in coil B is called Mutually
Induced emf. The mutually induced emf in coil B persists so long as the current in coil A is
changing.
According to Lenz’s law, the direction of induced emf is such to oppose the very cause responsible
for it, i.e. it opposes the change of current in the first coil.

Magnitude of mutually induced emf

Since the rate of change of flux linking with the coil B depends upon the rate of change of current in
the coil A.

dI1
em µ
dt

Or
dI1
em = M
dt

Where M is a constant called mutual inductance between the two coils. Its unit is Henry.

35 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

e
M= m
   (1)
di1
dt
di1
When em = 1 volt, = 1A /sec, then M = 1 Henry.
dt

dI1 d
em = M = ( MI1 ) (2)
dt dt

df12 d
also em = N2 = (N 2 f12 ) (3)
dt dt

Equating equation 2 and 3

N 2 f12
MI1 = N 2 f12 or M = Henry (4)
I1

Where f12 is the flux linked with coil B due to change of current in the coil A.
The value of Mutual Inductance (M) depends upon
(i) Number of turns in the secondary or neighbouring coil
(ii) Cross-sectional area
(iii) Closeness of the two coils.

m.m.f
f12 =
Reluctance
( N1I1 )
=
æ l ö
ç ÷
è mom r a ø

Substituting the value of f12 in equation (4)

N1 N 2
M= (5)
æ l ö
ç ÷
è mom r a ø

Mutual Inductance is inversely proportional to the Reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Smaller
the reluctance of the magnetic circuit, greater is the mutual inductance between the two coils and
vice-versa.

Mutual inductance can be expressed as

em
M=
di
dt
N 2 f12
MI1 = N 2 f12 Or M = Henry
I1

36 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

N1 N 2
M=
æ l ö
ç ÷
è mom r a ø

Mutual Inductance between the two coils is defined as the property of the coil due to which it
opposes the change of current in the other coil.

Application of mutually induced emf

Transformers work on the principle of mutually induced emf.

It is used in ignition coil which is used in motor car.
It is also used in inductance furnace.

23. Coefficient of Coupling

The fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that links with the other coil is
called the coefficient of coupling between the two coils.
It is denoted by (k). i.e. It gives the information of the flux which is linked between the two coils.
When k =1, the flux produced by one coil, completely links with the other coil and is called
magnetically tightly coupled.
When k = 0, the flux produced by one coil, does not link at all with the other coil and thus the
coils are said to be magnetically isolated.
The coefficient of coupling varies between 0 and 1.
Consider two magnetic coils 1 and 2 having N1 and N2 turns respectively. When current I1 flows
through coil 1, flux links with coil 1. If the coefficient of coupling between the two coils is K,
then the flux linked with coil 2 is K f1.

N1f1 Nf
L1 = and M = 2 12 (1)
I1 I1

( N 2 Kf1 )
as (f12 = kf1 ) M12 =
I1

Considering coil 2 in which current I2 produces flux f2 . As K is the coefficient of coupling

between the two coils. The flux linked with coil 1 will be K f2 .

( N 2f2 )
L2 = and
I2

( N1 Kf 2 )
M 21 = (2)
I2

M12 = M21 = M

37 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

Multiplying the mutual inductance between the two coils.

f1 N1 f 2 N 2
M ´ M = K2
I1 I2

M 2 = K 2 L1L 2

M
K=
( Ö L1L 2 )
Actual mutua l inductance(M)
K=
Max possible mutual inductancee ( L1L 2 )
24. Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
Consider an inductor connected to a d.c source. The inductor is equivalent to inductance L in
series with a small resistance R.
L

B
S

Consider an inductor connected to a d.c source.

When the switch is ON, the current flowing in the circuit rises gradually from zero to its
final value and the magnetic field is established. During this rise of current, an emf is
induced across the inductor due to the change in flux linkages. The self-induced emf across
L is given as
dI
E=L
dt

After the magnetic field is established, and the current has reached its maximum or steady value,
any further energy given to it, is dissipated as heat .i.e. once the steady state has achieved ,no
additional energy is required to maintain the magnetic field.
The induced voltage across L opposes the applied voltage. Electrical energy must be supplied to
overcome this opposition. This supplied energy is stored in the magnetic field.

I L

E
V

The energy supplied to the circuit is spent in two ways.

(i) A part of supplied energy is utilized to meet the I2R losses that cannot be recovered.

38 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

(ii) The remaining part is stored as magnetic field. When the field collapses due to the decrease
in current, the stored energy is returned to the circuit.
di
Instantaneous power p = ei = Li
dt
Work done to overcome the opposition for a short interval of time dt is stored as magnetic
field.
dw = [Link] = L i (di/dt).dt = L i di
The total energy stored in the magnetic field from the time the current is zero to its maximum
steady value of I amperes is
I
W = ò LI di
0

1
∴ Energy stored in the magnetic field E =
L I 2 Joules.
2

Energy stored per unit

1
Energy stored E = LI 2
2
Nf
Substituting L = in the above equation
I
1 Nf 2 1
E= I = NIf
2 I 2

N ´ I = mmf = H ´ l and f = B ´ a

1
\ E= H ´ l ´ B´ a
2
l × a = volume of magnetic field in (m3)
Hence, Energy stored per unit volume
1
E = H ´ B Joules /m 3
2
But B = μ H
1
\ E = m H 2 Joules / m 3
2
Also
1 B2
E= Joules/m3…………………. In a medium.
2 m

Where m = m 0m r m r = 1 for air.

1 B2
E= Joules/m3…………………. For air.
2 mo

39 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

STEPS & Problem Based on

FORMULA 3rd Milestone
df
Magnitude of emf induced in a conductor or coil, e = N volts
dt
where,
df
e=N
dt

df
is the rate of change of flux linkages
dt
N is the number of turns wound on the conductor.
Dynamically induced emf e = Blvsinθ volts, where

l is the length of the conductor in meters placed in a uniform magnetic field of B wb/m2 with

velocity v m/s, the conductor moves at an angle θ with respect to the magnetic field.
di
Self-induced emf e = L volts, where
dt
di
is the rate of change of current in the coil.
dt
L is self-Inductance of the coil in Henry.
Nf N2 mm
Self-inductance of the coil L = or L = or L = N 2 a 0 r Henry, where
I S I
N-Number of turns in the coil.
f -Magnetic flux in webers
I- Current flowing through the coil in amperes.
S-Reluctance in AT/wb or Amp/wb
a-Area of the coil in m2.
dI1
Mutually induced emf e m = M volts, where
dt
M is the mutual inductance between the two coils in Henry
dI
1 is the change of current in the first coil.
dt

40 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

N 2 f12 N1 N 2
Mutual Inductance between the two coils M = Henry or M = where
I1 æ 1 ö
çm m a÷
è 0 r ø

Where f12 is the flux linked with coil 2 due to change of current in the coil 1.
N2 - number of turns linked with coil 2, N1 - number of turns linked with coil 1
I1 - current flowing through coil 1 in amperes.
l length of the conductor in meters
a - area of the coil in m2.
M
Coefficient of coupling between the two coils K = i.e.
L1L 2

Actual mutal induc tan ce ( M )

K=
, where
Max possible mutual induc tan ce ( L1L 2 )
M - mutual inductance between the two coils in Henry
L1 - self-inductance of coil 1 in Henry

L 2 - self-inductance of coil 2 in Henry

1
Energy stored in a magnetic field E = LI 2 Joules, where
2
L is the self-inductance of the coil in Henry
I is the current flowing through the coil in amperes.
1
Energy stored in a magnetic field per unit volume E = mH 2 joules /m3, where
2
H is the magnetic field intensity in A/m
m is the absolute permeability in Henry /meter

E xercise - 1.3
Problem Based on 3rd Milestone
Click here for
Solution to
Numerical
Problem

1. Obtain the expression for coefficient of coupling between two magnetically coupled coils.
2. Derive the expression for energy stored in a magnetic field in terms of energy stored per unit volume.
3. Explain what you mean by statically induced emf and dynamically induced emf.
4. Find the induced emf in the coil having inductance of 0.15 H when
(i) Current of 10A in the coil is switched off in 0.01sec
(ii) Same current is uniformly reversed in 0.01 sec.

41 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

5. Two coils X of 12000 turns and Y of 15000 turns lie in parallel planes such that 60% of the flux
produced by coil X links with coil Y. A current of 5A in coil X produce a flux of 0.05mwb, while
the same current in coil Y produces a flux of 0.075mwb. Find
(i) Self Inductance of each coil.
(ii) Mutual inductance
(iii) Coefficient of coupling.
6. An air cored toroid having 25cm mean diameter and 6.26 cm2 circular cross- sectional area
wound uniformly with 1000 turns of wire. Determine
(i) Inductance of toroid
(ii) Emf induced in the coil when is increasing at the rate of 200 A/sec.
(iii) Energy stored in its magnetic field when coil carries a current of 10A.
7. An iron ring has magnetic circuit of cross-section 10 cm2 and radial air gap of 1 mm cut in it.
The ring is uniformly wound with 1000 turns and current of 2A produces a flux of 1 mWb in the
air gap. Calculate the reluctance of magnetic path.
8. If a coil of 150 turns is linked with a flux of 0.01wb when carrying a current of 10A, Calculate
(i) Self-inductance of the coil.
(ii) If this current is uniformly reversed in 0.1 sec, calculate the induced emf.
(iii) If a second coil of 100 turns is uniformly wound over the first coil, find mutual inductance
between them.
9. A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a non-magnetic ring of mean circumference of 80
cm and cross- sectional area of 0.6sq. cm. If current through the coils 2A, Calculate
(i) Magnetizing force
(ii) Reluctance
(iii) Total flux
(iv) Flux density
10. A coil of 150 turns is linked with a flux of 0.01Wb, when carrying a current of 10A. Calculate
the induced emf
(i) if the current is uniformly reversed in 0.1 sec.
(ii) if the current is interrupted in 0.05 sec
11. A coil of 150 turns is linked with a flux of 0.01 Wb when carrying a current of 10 A. Calculate
the inductance of the coil. If the current if uniformly reversed in 0.01s, calculate the emf induced.
12. Coil A and B in a magnetic circuit have 600 and 500 turns respectively. A current of 10 A in coil
A produces a flux of 0.05 wb. If the coefficient of coupling is 0.2 Calculate
(i) Self-inductance of coil A with B open circuited.
(ii) Flux linking with coil B.
(iii) Average emf induced in coil B when flux with it changes from zero to full value in 0.02
sec.
(iv) Mutual Inductance
(v) Average emf induced in coil B when current in A change from 0 to 12A in 0.06 sec.

42 WhatsApp +91 9673567922

 UNIT-1 | 3rd MILESTONE

13. An air cored toroidal coil of 600 turns has axial length of 60cm and diameter of 4cm. Calculate
(i) Self-inductance of the coil.
(ii) Emf induced in the coil if a current of 10A is interrupted in 1msec.
(iii) Energy stored in a magnetic field of the coil when it carries current of 10 A.
14. Two coils A of 12,500 turns and B of 15,000 turns lie in parallel planes so that 50% of flux
produced in A links coil B. It is found that a current of 5A in A produces a flux of 0.5mWb while
the same current in B produces 0.8mWb. Determine
(i) Mutual Inductance
(ii) Coupling coefficient
15. Two coils having 400 and 800 turns are wound on a common magnetic ring having mean length
of 80 cm and a uniform cross-section of 10 cm2 with relative permeability of the ring being 1000
assume perfect magnetic coupling. Find
(i) Self-inductance of each coil
(ii) Mutual inductance between the coils
16. Two coils A & B have 1800 & 1200 turns respectively. 60% of flux produced by coil A links with
coil B. If a current of 1A in coil produces a flux of 150 μwb. Find
(i) self-inductance of coil A & B
(ii) Mutual inductance
(iii) Coefficient of coupling
(iv) Emf induced in coil A & B when the current in coil A is switched off in 10ms.
17. The number of turns in two coupled coils is 600 and 1700 respectively. When current of 6A
flows in the second coil. The total magnetic flux produced in this coil is 0.8 mwb and flux that
links with the first coil is only 0.5 mwb. Find
(i) Self-inductance of coil A & B
(ii) Coefficient of coupling
(iii) Mutual inductance
18. A coil having 800 turns produces a magnetic flux of 5 mwb when carrying a current of 2A.
Calculate
(i) Self-inductance of coil
(ii) Self emf and emf induced in a nearby coil of 600 turns when this current is interrupted in
2 ms.
(iii) Mutual inductance between coils
(iv) Self-inductance of another coil.

43 WhatsApp +91 9673567922