Science 2.

Ovum
-female reproductive cell
l. HUMAN REPRODUCTION -largest cell
-both sexes have reproductive organs -about 400-500 ova mature and
are released over a lifetime.
 Gynecology- study of female 3. Fallopian tube
reproductive system. -called “oviducts”
 Urology- study of the diseases in urinary -provide passageway leading
and male reproductive system the sperm to the egg and the
 FEMALE fertilized egg to the uterus.
 EXTERNAL GENITALIA 4. Uterus
 INTERNAL -to protect and nourish a fetus
-walls have the ability to stretch
 Labia and Clitoris- outside parts of to the size of a small
the female reproductive watermelon
-lined with endometrium
-shrinks back to the original
shape in 6-8 weeks
-take up to 9 months to fully
recover
Vulva
5. Cervix
-neck or opening of the uterus
-tightly closed during
pregnancy, but thins & opens
1. Mans pubis/mons veneris- hairy for the delivery of the baby
skin covered pad of flat over 6. Vagina
pubic bone. -hollow tube leading from the
2. Labia minora- large lips covered cervix to the outside of the
with pubic hair body
3. Labia minora- small lips covered -3-4 inches
with modified skin -stretches greatly to
4. Clitoris- small almond-shape accommodate a baby during
erectile tissue birth
5. Vagina orifice- opening into the
vagina
 Parts and Functions
1. Ovary
-filled with egg containing sacs
called “follicles”
-secrete estrogen &
progesterone hormones
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE -thin tubes as passageways for
sperms
-receives the sperm
6. Cowper’s gland
-secrete a clear, sticky fluid,
helps to neutralize the acidic of
the urethra
7. Seminal vesicles
-secrete a fluid
-enables the sperm to move
8. Prostate gland
-alkane fluid that neutralizes
1. Scrotum the acid
-sac-like pouch 9. Semen
-holds each testes -combination of fluid
-helps regulate temperature for 10. Ejaculation
sperm production -passageway of sperm, a result
2. Penis of a series of muscular
-has head or glans containing contractions
many nerve endings 11. Urethra
-foreskin loosely fitting skin -carries urine and sperm
-due to increase flow of blood -tube that passes through the
during ejaculation penis to the outside of the body
-sperm are delivered into the 12. Testes
female’s body -coiled tubules in which the
3. Sperm sperm are produced
-produced by the male’s 13. Testosterone
testicles -produced the male sex
-100 times smaller than a pencil hormones
dot
-destroyed by warm and acidic  Timeline
-can survive in a woman’s body Infancy- erection begins
for 5-8 days Ages 11-14- secondary sex
-sperm not ejaculated are characteristics appear
passed in the urine Ages 13-16- sperm produced in adult
4. Epididymis amounts (puberty)
-J-shaped Late teens- peak sexual urges for boys
-sperm are stored as 6 weeks
while they ripen to maturity  Hormones
5. Vas deferens -chemical messengers
-regulate and complex substances
secreted by endocrine glands
 sperm and
testosterone
Gland Hormones Functions production
Testes (Male) Testosterone Regulates the
development Follicle Female:
of the male sex stimulating stimulates the
organs while hormone maturation of
still an embryo. (FSH) egg cells in the
ovary and
Controls sex estrogen
drive and production
secondary Male:
characteristics stimulates
at puberty sperm
Ovaries Estrogen Controls sex production
(Female) drive and
regulates the
development  Menstrual Cycle
of female
secondary sex
characteristics
at puberty

Progesterone Controls the

development
of the
endometrium
during the
menstrual cycle
and the
maintenance of
the uterus
during
 Menstruation (5 days)
pregnancy
-period/woman’s bleeding
Prolactin Stimulates the
production of -begins at puberty and ceases
milk in the at menopause
mammary  Menarche
glands -1st occurrence of menstruation
Pituitary Luteinizing Females: -monthly hormone cycle of female’s
hormone (LH) stimulates
body to prepare for pregnancy
ovulation,
maturation of -monthly shedding of the uttering
egg cells and endometrial lining that occurs when
progesterone ovulation is not followed by fertilization
Male:
stimulates 1. Menstrual phase (1-5 days)
 -menstrual cramps -realized the principle of base pairing
2. Follicular phase (6-13 days)
-follicles start maturing
-endometrium begins to build DNA RNA
up again Sugar deoxyribose ribose
3. Ovulation (14th day) No. of double Single
-matured oocyte is released strands
from an ovary Helix helical non-helical
4. Luteal phase (15-28 days) Nitrogenous Adenine Adenine
-endometrium thickens and base Thymine Uracil
develops
Cytocine Cytocine
 DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Blueprint Guanina Guanina
of life) Location nucleus Cytoplasm
and
nucleus
Mitosis  body cells
Meiosis  sex cells  DNA Replication- process of copying or
duplicating
 Structures of DNA Steps:
-nucleotides 1. Unwinding or unzipping
-phosphate group (backbone) 2. Complementary base pairing
-deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)
-held together by hydrogen  DNA Polymerase
bond -principle enzymes that
-nitrogenous base polymerize individual
>Purines >Pyrimidines nucleotide to produce DNA and
-Adenine -Thymine proofreads each new DNA
-Guanine -Cytosine strand.

Enzymes:
 Erwin Chargaff 1. DNA Helicase- unzips
-chargaff’s rule 2. DNA Polymerase- builder
-base pairs 3. DNA Primase- primer (puts bases)
4. DNA Ligase- sealer
 Rosalind Franklin
-x-ray diffraction
-double helix are twisted
-nitrogenous base are near the center

 James Watson and Francis Crick

-explained the chargaff’s rule
 RNA – Ribonucleic Acid  Genetic Code
-single-stranded nucleic acid that -language of mRNA instruction
contains the sugar and ribose -read 3 letters at time, so that
 Protein Synthesis each “word” of the coded
-process of making proteins message is three bases long
-transcription and translation
 CODON- 3 letter “word” in RNA

 Types of RNA  Translation

-mRNA message into a protein
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) -mRNA goes to cytoplasm
-carries copy of instructions -tRNA brings the proper amino
from DNA to the rest of the cell. acids into the ribosome with anti-
-travels from the nucleus to the codon
ribosomes in the cytoplasm

2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

-makes up the major part of
ribosomes

3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

-provides mechanism for
decoding mRNA into amino
acids and interacts with tRNA
-transfers each amino acid to
the ribosome

 Transcription
-sequence of DNA is copied into a  LEFT – TOP - RIGHT
complementary sequence in RNA
-DNA unzips
-mRNA bases attach
-RNA has no thymine, it will be

replaced with Uracil

 4. Protein-amino acids (building
 INNER – MIDDLE – OUTER blocks of proteins)

 Mutation
-introduces a heritable change into the
structure of genre (King, Stansfield,
2002)

1. Normal (no mutation)

2. Insertion (add)
3. Deletion (remove)
4. Duplication (repeated)
5. Inversion (reversed

 Central Dogma of Molecular

Biology
-producing protein from the
DNA replication

1. DNA Replication (nucleus)

2. Transcription (nucleus) (CODON
3. Translation (cytoplasm &
ribosome) (anti-codon) (tRNA)