Chapter 1

ABSTRACT

1
Abstract
In today’s world concrete is probably the most extensively used
construction material in the world. But the conventional concrete is losing
its uses with time and High-performance concrete is taking that place.
There is a growing awareness all over the world about the waste
material like fly ash from thermal power plants, silica fume, and blast
furnace slag etc. high-performance concrete taking this waste material to
be produced. The Thesis presents experimental studies conducted on 2
samples of HPC mix of M60 grade using Silica Fume as a mineral
admixture to replace the cement by 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and M80 grade
using Fly ash (FA) is replaced with cement by various percentages i.e.,
5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and silica fume (SF) as addition of 10% by
weight of cement. Effect of adding mineral admixture to concrete were
studied. In first sample, On comparing the result high performance
concrete having 7.5% Silica Fume gives a maximum compressive
strength value. Maximum splitting tensile strength value is achieved
when cement is replaced with 7.5% of Silica Fume. Hence it is
concluded 7.5% of Silica Fume gives the maximum compressive and
tensile strength to the concrete we can say that concrete mix is high
strength concrete.
Performance properties of the concrete need to be studied. On the other
hand in second sample, the compressive strength is increased by 11%
for replacement of cement by 15% fly ash and silica fume 10% was
addition of cement. The flexural strength test value for 28 days was
found to be 8.5 N/mm2 .The split tensile strength test value for 28 days
was fund to be 4.2N/mm2 .It can be concluded that the percentage
weight loss due to HCL and H2SO4 solutions for combination of SF %10
as addition of cement and 15% FA replacement of cement is minimum
compare to all trails.

2
 Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

3
[Link]

 High-performance concrete (HPC) is a recent development in

concrete technology. High strength concrete having more than 60
MPa compressive strength with improved properties when
designed to fulfill specific performance requirements is normally
termed as HPC.
 In many field applications concrete is required to meet certain
specific performance requirements besides high strength. For
prestressed concrete bridges, offshore structures, highway and
airport pavements and in machine foundations, concrete should
possess high fatigue strength.
 For nuclear containers exposed to very high temperatures, the
concrete must have high resistance to thermal cracking.
 All these needs have made the researchers to think seriously to
find out an appropriate technology through research and HPC was
the outcome.
 It was observed and noted that since decade of years that the cost
of building materials is currently so high that only corporate
organizations, individual, and government can afford to do
meaningful construction. Waste can be used as filler material in
concrete, admixtures in cement and raw material in cement clinker,
or as aggregates in concrete.
 HPC technologies have used for the construction of numerous off-
shore structures and long span bridges; repairs & rehabilitation
works. The philosophy of HPC concrete design should be
STRENGTH through DURABITLITY. The development of High
Performance concrete (HPC) to improve its performance has
brought the essential need for additives both chemical and mineral
of concrete. Most of the Developments across the work have been
supported by continuous improvement of these admixtures.
Hence, varieties of admixtures such as, Fly ash, Rice husk ash,
Stone dust, Silica fume.
 High performance concrete is used for concrete mixture which has
high strength, high workability, high durability, high density, and

4
 high modulus of elasticity, low permeability and resistance to
chemical attack as compared to normal strength concrete. To
produce such a high performance concrete mineral admixtures like
silica fume, fly ash metakaolin, GGBS on the one hand and super
plasticizer on the other hand used along with normal ingredients.
High performance concrete is not a special concrete. It is same as
conventional concrete but because of lower water cement ratio,
the use of some admixtures and super plasticizer etc…
 they can be summarized as the following five aspects:
 High durability.
 It is of long service life and small maintenance cost under normal
service condition. Under special service conditions, it can meet the
special requirements of anti-erosion, anti-freeze and thaw
resistance in harsh environment.
 High construction performance.
 It can smoothly complete the transportation and pouring of
concrete under specific construction conditions, so that the
concrete structure with superior compactness and uniformity can
be obtained;
 Higher strength.
 It is able to satisfy the strength requirement of design bearing
capacity, and has enough capacity to increase strength in the later
period to ensure that the strength of structural concrete does not
shrink under normal conditions;
 High volume stability.
 Concrete is not stratified and segregated before condensation, and
its volume changes little after hardening, with good crack
resistance;
 It can meet the requirements of environmental protection and
sustainable development.
 In many field applications concrete is required to meet certain
specific performance requirements besides high strength. For
prestressed concrete bridges, offshore structures, highway and
airport pavements and in machine foundations, concrete should
possess high fatigue strength. For nuclear containers exposed to
very high temperatures, the concrete must have high resistance to
thermal cracking. All these needs have made the researchers to
think seriously to find out an appropriate technology through
research and HPC was the outcome.

5
  It was observed and noted that since decade of years that the cost
of building materials is currently so high that only corporate
organizations, individual, and government can afford to do
meaningful construction. Waste can be used as filler material in
concrete, admixtures in cement and raw material in cement clinker,
or aggregates in concrete.
 HPC technologies have used for the construction of numerous off-
shore structures and long span bridges; repairs & rehabilitation
works. The philosophy of HPC concrete design should be
STRENGTH through DURABITLITY. The development of High
Performance concrete (HPC) to improve its performance has
brought the essential need for additives both chemical and mineral
of concrete. Most of the Developments across the work have been
supported by continuous improvement of these admixtures.
Hence, varieties of admixtures such as, Fly ash, Rice husk ash,
Stone dust, Silica fume.
 . High performance concrete is used for concrete mixture which
has high strength, high workability, high durability, high density,
and high modulus of elasticity, low permeability and resistance to
chemical attack as compared to normal strength concrete. To
produce such a high performance concrete mineral admixtures like
silica fume, fly ash metakaolin, GGBS on the one hand and super
plasticizer on the other hand used along with normal ingredients.
High performance concrete is not a special concrete. It is same as
conventional concrete but because of lower water cement ratio,
the use of some admixtures and super plasticizer etc…

They can be summarized as the following aspects:

 High durability.
 It is of long service life and small maintenance cost under normal
service condition. Under special service conditions, it can meet the
special requirements of anti-erosion, anti-freeze and thaw
resistance in harsh environment.
 High construction performance.
 It can smoothly complete the transportation and pouring of
concrete under specific construction conditions, so that the
concrete structure with superior compactness and uniformity can
be obtained;

6
 Higher strength.
 It is able to satisfy the strength requirement of design bearing
capacity, and has enough capacity to increase strength in the later
period to ensure that the strength of structural concrete does not
shrink under normal conditions;
 High volume stability.
 Concrete is not stratified and segregated before condensation, and
its volume changes little after hardening, with good crack
resistance;
 It can meet the requirements of environmental protection and
sustainable development.
 In many field applications concrete is required to meet certain
specific performance requirements besides high strength. For
prestressed concrete bridges, offshore structures, highway and
airport pavements and in machine foundations, concrete should
possess high fatigue strength. For nuclear containers exposed to
very high temperatures, the concrete must have high resistance to
thermal cracking. All these needs have made the researchers to
think seriously to find out an appropriate technology through
research and HPC was the outcome.

1.1 Basic Theory

 Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine

aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with water which
hardens with time. Portland cement is the commonly used type of
cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals with
study of properties of concrete and its practical applications. In a
building construction, concrete is used for the construction of
foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing
elements.
 High-performance concrete may be defined as concrete with
strength and durability significantly beyond those obtained by
normal means. The required properties for concrete to be
classified as high performance therefore depend on the properties
of normal concrete achievable at a particular time and location.
 An admixture is defined as “a material other than water,
aggregates, cementitious materials, and fibre reinforcement, used
7
 as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture to modify its freshly
mixed, setting, or hardened properties and that is added to the
batch before or during its mixing”

1.2 Types of Admixtures used in Concrete

Concrete Admixtures are of different types and are as follows:

 Water Reducing Admixture

Water-reducing Admixture, the name itself defines that they are used to
minimize the demand for water in a concrete mix.
Workability is the important property of concrete, which is improved by
adding water, but if the water is added more than necessary, the
strength and durability properties of concrete will be affected.
 Retarding Admixture

Retarding Admixture decrease the rate of cement hydration in its initial

stage and increase the initial hardening time of the concrete.
They are also called retarders and are used especially in high-
temperature areas, where concrete hardens quickly.
The quick configuration in some situations can lead to discontinuities in
the structure, the lack of connection between the surfaces creates
unnecessary voids in the concrete, etc. Retarders are useful to eliminate
this type of problem.
 Accelerating Admixture

Accelerating Admixtures are used to reduce the initial hardening time of

the concrete.
They speed up the process of the initial phase of concrete hardening, so
they are also called accelerators.

8
These accelerators also improve the strength of the concrete in the initial
stage, increasing the rate of hydration.
 Air Entraining Admixtures

Air entrainment Admixture is one of the most important inventions in

concrete technology. Its main function is to increase the durability of the
concrete under freezing and thawing conditions.
When added to the concrete mix, these mixtures will form millions of
non-coalescent air bubbles throughout the mix and improve the
properties of the concrete.
 Moisture–proof Admixture

Moisture-proof or waterproofing Admixture is used to make the concrete

structure impervious to water and to prevent moisture on concrete
surfaces.
 Pozzolanic Admixture

Pozzolanic mixtures are used to prepare a dense concrete mix that is

most suitable for water retention structures, such as dams, reservoirs,
etc. They also reduce the heat of hydration and thermal shrinkage.
The best pozzolanic materials in an ideal quantity provide better results
and avoid or reduce many risks, such as the reaction of alkaline
aggregates, leaching, attack of sulphates, etc.
 Mineral admixtures

Mineral Admixture include any essentially insoluble material other than

cement and aggregate, which is used as an ingredient for concrete, and
is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. Mineral
admixtures include natural materials, processed natural materials, and
artificial materials.
Mineral admixtures have been used in concrete for as long as concrete
has been made. However, some of the benefits of mineral admixtures
are just recently being understood. Some typical mineral admixtures
used in concrete are fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica
fume. Each of these mineral admixtures affects the properties of the
concrete differently in hot weather conditions.
9
Fly ash is the by-product of coal burning power plants and is used to
replace portions of the Portland cement in mixture design. ASTM
C618 outlines the requirements of fly ash for use in concrete as a
mineral admixture. Fly ash typically is used at a replacement rate of 20–
40% of ordinary Portland cement. Fly ash can reduce the rate of slump
loss of concrete under hot weather conditions and this reduction in slump
loss is inversely proportional to the percentage of cement that was
replaced. Fly ash typically reduces the early age rate of strength gain of
the concrete, but this is recovered at later ages. Due to the reduction in
early age strength, fly ash has a greater potential for plastic
shrinkage cracking and requires adequate curing to protect the concrete
from cracking.

Silica fume is a by-product of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon

alloys and needs to meet the requirements of ASTM C1240. Silica fume
typically is used at a replacement rate of 5–10% of ordinary Portland
cement. Silica fume can be used to increase the strength of concrete
and to reduce the permeability. The increase in strength causes an
inverse in plastic shrinkage of the concrete. Increasing the percentage of
silica fume in a concrete mix will also increase the plastic shrinkage.
However, the plastic shrinkage, if controlled properly, can be permitted
with no cracking in the concrete due to the early increase in strength.
The fineness of the silica, as represented by its specific surface area and
bulk density, is a strong indicator of its potential to increase plastic
shrinkage cracking in hot weather

10
 Chapter 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

11
[Link] Survey

2.1 Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro

silica (Silica Fume) and Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement of
High Performance Concrete

By Magudeaswaran, Eswaramoorthi .(Department of Civil Enguneering,

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, TamilNadu, India)
2(Department of Civil Enguneering, Kumaraguru College of Technology,
TamilNadu, India).This study investigated the strength properties of
Silica fume and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the
strength characteristics such as compressive, Split tensile and flexural
strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture
were cast and tested with different cement replacement levels (0%,
2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with silica fume
(SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement
and/or each trial super plasticizer has been added at constant values to
achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with a
constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of [Link] were produced and
cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The cubes were
subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at
3,7,14 and 28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical
composition of micro silica, Fly Ash and cement were determined. The
density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro
silica and Fly ash replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro
silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45% led to a
reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study
has shown that between 15 to 22.5% replacement levels, concrete will
develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead to
a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and
hence sustainability in the construction industry as well as aid economic
[Link] study has shown that between 15 to 22.5%
replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for
construction purposes. Its use will lead to a reduction in cement quantity
required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the
construction industry as well as aid economic construction.

12
2.2 Application of Mineral Admixture in High Performance Concrete
By Shan Wu Southeast University. Mineral admixture is a key material
component in high performance concrete. With the low water cement
ratio, mineral admixture is of advantages: Increase later strength of
concrete, reduce the hydration heat, enhance the compactness of
concrete internal structure, improve the corrosion resistance and wear
resistance, and decrease carbon dioxide emissions, so as to achieve
rational utilization of resource and energy conservation and emission
reduction under the new situation, and meet the economic and
environmental requirement. In recent years, high performance concrete
has been applied and popularized in practical engineering, which shows
The superiority of using mineral admixtures to replace cement, and
summarizes the practical engineering experience. With the low water
cement ratio, mineral admixture is of advantages: Increase later strength
of concrete, reduce the hydration heat, enhance the compactness of
concrete internal structure, improve the corrosion resistance and wear
resistance, and decrease carbon dioxide emissions, so as to achieve
rational utilization of resource and energy conservation and emission
reduction under the new situation, and meet the economic and
environmental requirement.

2.3 Study on Effect of Mineral Admixtures in High Performance

Concrete
By S Poojitha, M K M V Ratnam, P J D Anjaneyulu. Department of
Civil Engineering, 2Department of Civil Engineering, DNR College of
Engineering & Technology, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh. Mineral
admixtures like silica fumes, metakaolin and fly ash and super
plasticizer on the other hand used along with normal ingredients. The
strength characteristics such as compressive strength and tensile
strength are investigated with different water binder ratios (w/b) at
different ages to find the optimum replacement of mineral admixtures.
The compressive strength of HPC with mineral admixtures at the
replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% were studied at 7 days, 28
days, 56 days and 90 days of curing.
Concrete with 10% of silica fume gives better strength at all water
binder ratios and at all ages. Metakaolin also performs well and the

13
 strength improvement is almost close to the strength development in
silica fume concrete. The main aim of silica fume and metakaolin
replacement is to increase strength whereas the aim of addition of fly
ash was for economy and for improving the strength of hardened
concrete. The early age strength can be achieved by adding silica
fume and metakaolin. At all ages of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days, the
compressive strength of HPC with silica fume and metakaolin is more
than that of normal concrete. It may be noted that addition of silica
fume and metakaolin causes an increase in strength at all ages. But
fly ash gains strength at 56 and 90 days. From the results, it was
found that the optimum replacement of silica fume, metakaolin and fly
ash are 10%, 10% and 15%.The main aim of silica fume and
metakaolin replacement is to increase strength whereas the aim of
addition of fly ash was for economy and for improving the strength of
hardened concrete. The early age strength can be achieved by
adding silica fume and metakaolin. At all ages of 7, 28, 56 and 90
days, the compressive strength of HPC with silica fume and
metakaolin is more than that of normal concrete.

2.4 Effects of Different Mineral Admixtures on

the Properties of Fresh Concrete

Sadaqat Ullah Khan, Muhammad Fadhil Nuruddin, Tehmina Ayub,

and Nasir Shafiq .Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Block 13, Level III, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
Correspondence should be addressed to Tehmina Ayub;Received 30
August 2013; Accepted 19 November 2013; Published 18 February
2014. Academic Editors: O. S. B. Al-Amoudi and K. Z. Elwakeel This
paper presents a review of the properties of fresh concrete including
workability, heat of hydration, setting time, bleeding, and reactivity by
using mineral admixtures fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK), and rice husk
ash (RHA). Comparison of normal and high-strength concrete in which
cement has been partially supplemented by mineral admixture has
been considered. It has been concluded that mineral admixtures may
be categorized in to two groups: chemically active mineral admixtures

14
 and micro filler mineral admixtures. Chemically active mineral
admixtures decrease workability and setting time of concrete but
increase the heat of hydration and reactivity. On the other hand, micro
filler mineral admixtures increase workability and setting time of
concrete but decrease the heat of hydration and reactivity. In general,
small particle size and higher specific surface area of mineral
admixture are favorable to produce highly dense and impermeable
concrete; however, they cause low workability and demand more
water which may be offset by adding effective superplasticizer
Mineral admixture
[Link] ash
[Link] fume
[Link]
small particle size and higher specific surface area of mineral
admixture are favorable to produce highly dense and impermeable
concrete; however, they cause low workability and demand more
water which may be offset by adding effective superplasticizer
2.5 Strength and Durability of High-Performance Concrete
[Link], K .Thamizh thendral, Dr. [Link]
1ME(Structural Engineering) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oxford
Engineering College Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oxford Engineering
College Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
3Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oxford Engineering
College Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
In today’s world concrete is probably the most extensively used
construction material in the world. But the conventional concrete is
losing its uses with time and High performance concrete is taking that
place. There is a growing awareness all over the world about the
waste material like fly ash from thermal power plants, silica fume, and
blast furnace slag etc. high performance concrete taking this waste
material to be produced. The paper presents experimental studies
conducted on HPC mix of M60 grade using Silica Fume as a mineral
admixture to replace the cement by 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%. Effect of adding
mineral admixture to concrete were studied. This project work is
15
 primarily focused on the properties of materials used, mix proportion
of High Performance Concrete, making of concrete specimen, curing
and testing of harden [Link] project work is primarily focused
on the properties of materials used, mix proportion of High
Performance Concrete, making of concrete specimen, curing and
testing of harden concrete
2.6 STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE INCORPORATING SILICA FUME AND
FLY ASH
B. Krishna Kumari Bai, M. Kanta Rao Department of Civil
Engineering, V.R. Siddhartha engineering College, Vijayawada, India.
This paper deals with an experimental work on the effect of fly ash,
silica fume and their combinations of strength and durability
characteristics of high-performance concrete. The normal concrete is
failing its usage in modern days and it does not serve the present
needs. Hence to improve strength, workability and durability of the
concrete, high performance concrete with mineral admixtures, lower
water cement ratio and super plasticizers are used. Fly ash (FA) is
replaced with cement by various percentages i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 25% and silica fume (SF) as addition of 10% by weight of
cement. It has been observed that the workability and required
strengths are achieved at optimum percentage i.e. 10% silica fume is
addition and 15% fly ash is replacement by weight of cement. Water
cement ratio is 0.32. Water cement ratio is kept constant for all trail
mixtures. This paper deals with the study of properties like
compressive strength, workability, durability, flexural strength and
split tensile strength for M80 grade concrete. Admixtures use will lead
to a reduction in cement content therefore reduce the emission of co2
and reduce the environmental pollution.
TESTS
1. Compressive strength
2. Split tensile strength
3. Flexural strength
4. Durability test

16
The compressive strength is increased by 11% for replacement of
cement by 15% fly ash and silica fume 10% was addition of
cement. The flexural strength test value for 28 days was found to
be 8.5 N/mm2. The split tensile strength test value for 28 days was
fund to be 4.2N/mm2

17
 Chapter 4
METHODOLOGY

18
 [Link] from Tests :-

1) Compressive strength test

2) Slump flow test
3) Split tensile strength test

3.1 Procedure of Compressive strength test :-

 Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

 Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time
and wipe out excess water from the surface.
 Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
 Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.
 Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load
shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
 Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
 Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the
top surface of the specimen.
 Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the
rate of 140 kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails.
 Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the
type of failure.

19


Figure-1

Figure-2

20
3.2 Procedure of Slump flow test:-

Figure-3

Figure-4

 Procedure of flow table test:

 Prepare concrete as per mix design and place the flow table on a
horizontal surface.
 Clean the dust or other gritty material on Flow table and Sprinkle
a hand of water on it.
 Now place the metal cone at the middle portion of the flow table
and stand on it.
21
  Pour the freshly mixed concrete in the mould comprising two
layers; each layer should be tamped with tamping rod for 25times.
After tamping the last layer, the overflowed concrete on the cone
is struck off using a trowel.
 Slowly, lift the mould vertically up & let concrete stand on its own
without any support.
 The flow table is raised at the height of 12.5mm and dropped. The
same is repeated for 15times in 15secs.
 Measure the spread of concrete in Diameter using centimetre
scale horizontally and vertically. The arithmetic mean of the two
diameters shall be the measurement of flow in millimetres.

3.3 Procedure of Split tensile strength test :-

Figure-5
 After curing, wipe out water from the surface of specimen
 Using a marker, draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the
specimen to verify that they are on the same axial place.
 Measure the dimensions of the specimen.
 Keep the plywood strip on the lower plate and place the
specimen.
 Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are
vertical and centred over the bottom plate.
 Place the other plywood strip above the specimen and bring down
the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.
 Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate of
approximately 14-21 kg/cm2/minute (Which corresponds to a total
load of 9.9 ton/minute to 14.85 ton/minute)
 Write the breaking load (P)
22
SAMPLE 01
3.4 MATERIALS USED
Cement
PPC 43 grade cement is used for this study, this grade was introduced
by BIS in the year 1987 and commercial production started from 1991.
The advent of this grade in the country owes it to the improved
technology adopted by modern cement plants. Design Strength of PPC
43 grade cement is should be minimum 43 MPa or 430 kg/sq cm at 28
days.

Table -01

Silica Fume
Silica fume is a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon Alloy production
and the average size of particle has a Diameter of 150 nano micron. It is
very effective in lowering The water-cement ratio, so superplasticizers
should be used while silica fume used as an admixture. The main

23
application of a pozzolanic material for high-performance concrete.
Particles of silica fume are allowed to fill the space between the cement
grains, denser concrete is achieved when silica fume used as an
admixture or a cement replacement material. The compressive strength
of silica fume is more than 150MPa. The compressive strength of silica
fume is more than 150MPa. Using of Silica Fume, with superplasticizers
will improve the bonding between paste and aggregate by forming a
dense microstructure in the interfacial transition zone.
Table -02

M-Sand
Manufactured sand (M-Sand) was used as a substitute for the River
sand for construction works. M- Sand was produced by Crushing the
hard granite stone cubical shape and grounded Edges are achieved
form crushing, these stones are washed And graded as a construction
material. The manufactured Sand (M Sand) having the size less than
4.75mm. Due to fast Growing construction industry, the demand for sand
has Increased tremendously, causing deficiency of suitable river Sand in
most part of the word. M-Sand is easily available and Transportation
cost of the sand is less. It can be dust free and The size of the m-sand is
controlled easily to achieve the Required grading for the construction.

24
Table -03

Table -04

25
Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate are the important constituents in concrete. They Give body to
the concrete, reduce the shrinkage and effect Economy. Earlier,
aggregates were considered as chemically Inert materials but now it has
been recognized some of the Aggregates are chemically active also
some aggregates Exhibit chemical bond at the interface of aggregate
and paste. The aggregates will occupy the 70 -80% of the concrete
Volume. Aggregate bigger than 4.75mm considered as coarse
Aggregate having the size bigger than 4.75mm, Aggregates Having the
size less than 4.75mm is consider as the fine Aggregate. Generally
maximum size of aggregate should be As large as possible within the
limits specified, but any case Not greater than one – fourth of the
minimum thickness of The member.

4. Methodology
4.1 Manufacturing
Fly Ash is produced when coal is burnt during power generation about
1600∘ C (2912∘ F) [28]. This burning also results in some incombustible
materials which amalgamate to form spherical glassy droplets of silica
(SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), and other minor
constituents. According to ASTM C 618-05, there are two classes of FA
based on the types of coal from which it originates. The Class F is
produced by burning anthracites which is mainly a siliceous and
possesses pozzolanic characteristics. The Class C contains lime and
higher MgO content and it is produced by burning lignite and
subbituminous coal. Class C fly ash is lighter in color in comparison with
other ashes and may cause expansion and their strength behaviour at
high temperature is not apparent.
Silica Fume is a by-product obtained after reducing high-purity quartz
with coal in electric arc furnace by heating up to 2000∘ C (3632∘ F)
during the production of silicon. By oxidation and condensation of
exhaust gas SiO, very fine spherical particles of SF are obtained which
are highly reactive with the Ca(OH)2 produced during hydration of
cement [5]. SF consists of extremely fine particles of average The
Scientific World Journal 3 diameters 0.1 𝜇m (0.00000394 in.), having

26
pozzolanic characteristics and tendency to develop plastic shrinkage
cracks [29, 30].

Figure -6 Fly Ash

Figure-7 Silica Fume

27
 Figure-8 Fly Ash

Figure-9 Properties of Fly Ash

28
 Table -05 Properties of Silica Fumes
Table -06

Figure-10 Distribution of Different Admixtures

5. MIX DESIGN AND CASTING

29
Materials confining to IS standards are selected and casting Is done with
proper mix proportioning as per the mix design. Mineral admixtures are
added to the concrete by replacing the cement to achieve the high
strength concrete.

5.1 Preparation of Concrete Specimen

Concrete mix is prepared as per the mix design. Cement is Replaced by
Silica Fume in the ratio of 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. Materials are mixed
as per the mix design and casted In the cube and cylindrical specimen
and proper curing were Done.

Table -07

SAMPLE 02

Materials
The materials 53 grade ordinary Portland cement confirming to IS:
12269. Sand was conforming zone II according to IS: 383. Coarse
30
aggregates size 12.5mm and 20mm are used. Sand is locally available
river sand is used. The bulk density of coarse aggregate is 1710kg/m2.
Silica fume is a by-product of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon
allows. Silica fume play an important role in improving the strength of
concrete particularly at early ages. Fly ash is principle by-product of coal
fired power plants. Mineral admixtures like Silica fume and fly ash are
industrial waste by-products. In the present study water reducing
admixture Gallium B233 obtained from BFSA chemicals was used. The
chemicals used for durability tests are Hydrochloric acid (HCL) and
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

Table-08

5.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

The mix design guidelines are taken from ACI 211.1-91 Reapproved
2009. The mix ratio that are fixed are shown in fig

Table-09

31
Silica fume (SF) as addition of 10% by weight cement is constant for all
trail mixes. Fly ash is Replacement by weight cement varying up to 30%.
Mix proportion of concrete is given below table

Table-10

5.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The cubes of size 150mm x150mm x 150 were casted to find the
compressive strength for 7 days and 28 days. The beams of size 500mm
x 100mm x 100mm were casted to find the flexural strength for 7 Days
and 28 days. The cylinders of size 300mm x150mm were casted to find
the split tensile strength For 7 days and 28 days. For each trail,
specimens are casted and removed the moulds after 1 day. The
Removed specimens are placed in water curing in order to test for 7
days and 28 days strength. After Water cured specimens were taken out
and allowed to dry under shade and then concrete specimens Were
tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile
strength.
The cubes of size 100mm x100mm x 100mm were casted to find the
concrete durability. For durability test the cubes are kept for water curing
in 28 days were taken out and allowed to dry and same specimens were
kept immersed in 5% concentrated HCL and 5% H2SO4 for 60 days for
durability observations. The weight loss due to acid immersion was
noted. Weight loss due to compressive strength was noted.

32
 Chapter 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

33
6. Result and Discussion :-
SAMPLE 01
6.1 Slump Flow Test
To determine the reference slump value for concrete and to Calibrate it
against an equivalent measure using a flow table. Mould is the shape of
a truncated cone with the internal Dimensions 200 mm diameter at the
base, 100mm diameter At the top and a height of 300 mm. Concrete
poured in Three layers. Each layer is tampered about 25 times.
Immediately the cone is lifted in an upward direction Fig. Slump Cone Test

6.2 Compressive Strength Test

Compressive strength test is used to determine the hardness Of a
specimen. Strength of a concrete specimen is tested for Various time
periods. Mineral admixtures added to the Concrete do a great role in

Table-11

controlling the strength of Concrete. After curing the concrete cube

specimen was Surface dried for 24 hours. Then the compression tests
were Taken using the Compression Testing Machine (CTM). Using The
below formula the compressive strengths were Calculated. Compressive
strength = Load/Area. The cube Compressive Strength results of High
Performance Concrete mixes at the ages of 7, 14, 28 days are
presented in Table below.

34
The development of Compressive Strength of M60grade of HPC mixes
containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, percent of Silica Fume at the various stages are
plotted in the form of graphs are shown in below Chart .
Figure-11 Chart: Compressive Strength Test result.

Results shows that of Silica Fume mixed with cement gives Higher compressive
strength than normal HPC0 (HPC with 0% replacement of cement). It is interesting to
see that the Compressive strength of HPC with 7.5% Silica Fume was Higher than
that of the Controlled mix. This result shows the Benefit of using Silica Fume to
produce HPC with higher Replacement of cement about 7.5%. When compared with
The conventional concrete, HPC3 showed 19.3%, 23.3% and 23.98% increase in
Compressive Strength for 7 days, 14 days And 28 days curing.

6.3 Split Tensile Strength Test

The tensile strength will affect the cracking behaviour, Stiffness,
damping action, durability of concrete, based on the Split strength the
behaviour of concrete under shear loads are Determined. The tensile
strength is determined either by Direct tensile tests or by indirect tensile
tests such as split Cylinder tests. In split tensile test cylinders after 28
days Were removed from the curing tank and was left to dry for 24 hours

35
after that cylinder is placed in CTM for testing. The Load is applied until
the cracks were in the cylinder Specimen. The split tensile strength
result of concrete was Presented in Table below. The split tensile
strength results of High-Performance Concrete mixes at the ages of 7,
14, 28 days are presented in Table below.
The split tensile strength of M60 grade of HPC mixes Containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, percent of Silica

Table-12

Fume at the various Stages are result

According to result the combination of concrete mix with Silica Fume

gives a high tensile strength than the normal High Performance
Concrete (HPC with 0% replacement of Cement). It is interesting to see
that the tensile strength of HPC with 7.5% Silica Fume was higher than
that of the Controlled mix. When compared with the conventional
Concrete, HPC3 showed 1.34%, 1.35% and 1.12% increase in Tensile
Strength for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing

36
Sample 02
6.4 Compressive strength

Table-13

In this test is silica fume as addition by weight of cement is 10% and fly
ash is replacement by weight of cement is 15% gives required strengths.

37
Figure-12 Compressive strength of SF & FA
Table-14

38
6.5 Split Tensile strength

Figure-13

39
 Chapter 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE
SCOPE

40
7. CONCLUSION
This project work is primarily focused on the properties of Materials
used, mix proportion of High-Performance Concrete, making of concrete
specimen, curing and testing of Harden concrete. On performing the
various tests, the physical properties of The specimens are studied and
the following conclusions are Arrived. On comparing the result high
performance concrete having 7.5% Silica Fume gives a maximum
compressive strength Value. Maximum splitting tensile strength value is
achieved when Cement is replaced with 7.5% of Silica Fume. Hence it is
concluded 7.5% of Silica Fume gives the Maximum compressive and
tensile strength to the concrete We can say that concrete mix is high
strength concrete. Performance properties of the concrete need to be
studied.
On comparing the result high performance concrete having 7.5% Silica
Fume gives a maximum compressive strength value. Maximum splitting
tensile strength value is achieved when cement is replaced with 7.5% of
Silica Fume. Hence it is concluded 7.5% of Silica Fume gives the
maximum compressive and tensile strength to the concrete we can say
that concrete mix is high strength concrete. Performance properties of
the concrete need to be studied.
 The compressive strength is increased by 11% for
replacement of cement by 15% fly ash and silica fume 10%
was addition of cement.
 The flexural strength test value for 28 days was found to be
8.5 N/mm2.
 The split tensile strength test value for 28 days was fund to
be 4.2N/mm2.
 It can be concluded that the percentage weight loss due to
HCL and H2SO4 solutions for combination of SF %10 as
addition of cement and 15% FA replacement of cement is
minimum compare to all trails.

41
8. Future Scope
The influence of high-performance concrete on the future of our industry
will been expanding the areas of application and utilization as well as
offering long term service performance, with low life-cycle costs. Major
floating vessels already are under construction in Norway, giving
promise of world wide application including the Gulf of Mexico. Ever
longer bridge span become both physically and economically feasible.
However, spectacular projects such as the above are not the principal
beneficiaries of high-performance concrete. Rather the far more
common and widely dispersed infrastructure projects under construction
and planned, which will serve the world of tomorrow, are those that will
most benefit from these major advances in quality. For these, it is the
recognition of the manifold properties of concrete, the rational
assignment of objectives to attain specific projects, and the ability to
realize these in practice that is the great achievement. This development
imposes great obligations on our entire industry. We must carry out
research in areas where needs are still unfulfilled: for example,
development of high inherent tensile strength. We must disseminate
knowledge of the opportunities and constraints to designers. And we
must develop improved placement techniques for both the steel and the
concrete. As so often occurs, past achievements have been
accompanied by new and ever more demanding challenges for the
future.

42
 Chapter 7

REFERENCES

43
9. References :-
 [Link]
 [Link]
performance-concrete
 [Link]
admixture#:~:text=An%20admixture%20is%20defined%20as,ACI
%20Committee%20212%2C%202010).
 [Link]
admixture
 Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro
silica (Silica Fume) and Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement of
High-Performance Concrete By Magudeaswaran, Eswaramoorthi
 Application of Mineral Admixture in High Performance Concrete
By Shan Wu Southeast University
 Study on Effect of Mineral Admixtures in High Performance
Concrete By S Poojitha, M K M V Ratnam, P J D Anjaneyulu
 Effects of Different Mineral Admixtures on
the Properties of Fresh Concrete By Sadaqat Ullah Khan,
Muhammad Fadhil Nuruddin, Tehmina Ayub, and Nasir Shafiq
 Strength and Durability of High-Performance Concrete By [Link],
K .Thamizh thendral, Dr. [Link]
 STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE INCORPORATING SILICA FUME
AND FLY ASH By B. Krishna Kumari Bai, M. Kanta Rao
 [Link]
 [Link]
compressive-strength-concrete-cube-test/1561/
 [Link]

44