Republic of the Philippines University of Eastern Philippines LAOANG CAMPUS Laoang, Northern Samar COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2% Semester, SY 2020-2021 Name of Student: Course/ Year: Week 3-4 Module 2 Date of Submission: MODULES IN AS 1002— ENGINEERING UTILITIES MODULE 2: ELECTRICAL MATERIALS JEMIL L. DULAY ‘SPECIAL LECTURER 1[Page [AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESMODULE NO. 2 CONDUCTORS and INSULATORS, CONDUITS, OUTLETS AND RECEPTACLES. ‘Welcome to Electrical Materials! In this module we will discuss about Conductors and Insulators. You will aso learn the different types of conduits. You will be able to understand outlets and receptacles used in Electrical Installation. Electrical materials are developed and constructed for a special purpose such as to control the flow of current in an electrical circuit; to carry electrical current from the source to the load or current consuming apparatus; to hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside houses and buildings; and to protect the houses, buildings, appliances’ and instruments from any destruction and damage. ‘Learning Outcomes; pected to: ‘+ Be oriented about uses and types of Conductors and Insulators ‘+ Be familiar with Classes of Conduits, * Have Knowledge about the Types of Lamps * Know the Difference between Outlet and Receptacles ‘Atter completing this module, the students ar Directions: Read the statements/ questions below carefully and select the best answer from the given choices in each item. 1. are the materials used to carry or allow the flow of electric current in a circuit. A. Electric Conductors B. Insulators —_C. Resistor__—_D. capacitor 2. _____ are those materials that resist the flow of electric current in a circuit a. Conductors —_b. resistors _c. Insulators d. Cables 3. is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. A. connectors [Link] C. clamps —_D. Conduit / Pipe 4. Lamps are electrical lighting materials considered as one source of artificial light. A. false [Link] — [Link] _D. sometimes is defined by the National Electrical Code as a contact device installed at the ‘OUTLET for the connection of a single attachment plug. A. outlet B. receptacle ——_C. code D. attachment cap INTRODUCTION: Electrical Conductors, Insulators, Conduit , Type of Lamps, Outlet and Receptacle comprise the electrical infrastructure in your home. Selecting the appropriate size and type and handling it correctly is absolutely necessary to a successful wiring project that will pass inspection. Electric Conductors are the materials used to carry or allow the flow of electric current. Insulators on the other hand, are those materials that resist the flow of electric current. Conduit / Pipe is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. Lamps are electrical material as source of artificial light. ‘An Outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. Receptacle is defined by the National Electrical Code as a contact device installed at the OUTLET for the connection of a single attachment plug. 2] Page {AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESKEY TERMS: Conductors Insulators. ‘Semi-conductors Raceway Conduit Lamps Outlet Receptacles clamps connector wire cable circuit Conductors and Insulators ‘Atoms can combine in orderly and repetitive arrangements to form the kinds of solids used in electric circuits. In doing so, they conform to the crystal structure in which in each unit is a cube with an atom in each comer and one in the center of each face- a total of 14 atoms. The particular geometric of the crystal- the crystal lattice- is maintained by the bonding action of the electrons in the outer shell which are called valence electrons. They are, in conductors generally free to move from atom to atom, and itis this electron mobility that is responsible for the conduction process. Fig. 1.1 typical crystal structure (cubic structure of metallic molecule) From the standpoint of electrical conductivity, solid materials maybe as classified CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS and SEMI-CONDUCTORS; moreover, such properties will depend the number of valence electrons Good Conductors- there are fewer than four valence electrons; for example Copper has one and Aluminum has three valence electrons. Poor Conductors ( Insulators} have more than four valence electrons; for example phosphorous there are five valence electrons. Semi Conductors- which is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator; for example Germanium has exactly four valence electrons. The following are some of the materials considered as good electric conductors, but the first three are of more common, 1. Silver 6. Zine 2. Copper 7. Platinum, 3. Aluminum 8. Iron 4. Nickel 9. Lead 5. Brass 10. Tin A Good Conductor must have extremely low resistance. Good Insulator on the other hand, must have extremely high resistance. Wires (known as conductors) are made of copper of aluminum in most houses. Copper is a better conductor of electricity and is used in most houses. Copper-coated aluminum wires may be found in a few houses built in the early 1970s, but this wire is uncommon. "Tin’-coated copper wires may be found in houses built in the 1940s and 1950s. A group of two or more wires enclosed in a metal, rubber, cloth, or plastic sheathing is called a cable (see photo). The sheathing protects the wires trom damage and protects people from electrical shock, 3[Page AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESConductor, Bare. A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation whatsoever. Conductor, insulated. A conductor encased within material of composition and thickness that is recognized by this Code as electrical insulation. Electrical Wire/Conductor- electrical material that could be: Stranded wire which is made of multiple strands joined together to make a single wire. a. Stranded wire b. Solid wire is made of a single strand of copper or i aluminum wire. These are used in wiring installation inside and outside the buildings. b. Solid wire Flat Cord- Is a duplex stranded wire used for temporary wiring installation and commonly used in extension cord assembly. It comes in a roll of 150 meters and with sizes of gauge # 18 and gauge # 16 Awg (American wire gauge). Flat cord Conductor insulator serves as physical shield of the wire against heat, water and other elements of nature. Insulation is rated by voltage say, 300 to 15000 volts. If insulation used is above its specified rating, the risk of break down is high which might cause short circuit and arcing that may result to fire. Ordinary wire for buildings are normally rated for 300 or 600 volts. INSULATORS: 1. Rubber 8. Asbestos 2. Porcelain 9. Thermoplastic 3. Vamish 10. Paper 4. Slate 11. Oil 5. Glass 12, Wax 6. Mica 13, Dry Air 7. Latex Individual wires are covered with rubber or plastic insulation. An exception is a bare copper grounding wire, which does not need insulation. The insulation is color coded (see chart, below left) to identify the wire as a hot wire, a neutral wire, or a grounding wire. New cable sheathing is also color coded to indicate the size of the wires inside. White means #14 wire, yellow means #12 wire, and red means #10 wire. Wire stripper is a tool used in removing conductor insulation. 4) AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESTest |- Text Twist: ‘A. Directions: inside Box A are jumbled letters. Arrange the letters to form words pertaining to ‘materials considered as good electric conductors. Then write the words inside Box B. Box A Box B 1, MINUMULA 2. PREPOC 3. ANTIPLUM 4, LIVERS SONS B. Directions: Describe at least two of your answer in activity A. 4. 2 Test Il. Direction: From the given words below, choose the correct word that will complete the sentence. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Stripper Rubber Insulated Conductor Stranded wire fire Insulator 1. A conductor which is made of multiple strands joined together to make a single wire. 2. A tool used for removing insulation of medium sized wires ranging from gauge #10 to gauge #16. 3. If insulation used is above its specified rating, the risk of break down is high which might cause short circuit and arcing that may result to_. 4. A conductor encased within material of composition and thickness that is recognized by Code as electrical insulation. 5. Example of an insulation material WHAT DO YOUNEEDTOKNOW? Conduit Raceways are wiring accessories or channels designed for holding wires, cables or busbars, which are either made of metal, plastic or any insulating materials. ‘The common type of raceways in household wirings are: 4. The Conduits 2. The connectors and other accessories ‘Conduit / Pipe is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. This electrical material is used as the passage of wires for protection and insulation. The Purpose of Electrical Conduits are: |. To provide a means of running wires from one point to another To physically protect the wires To provide a grounded enclosure To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault in wiring To protect the wiring system from damage by the building and the occupants To protect the building and the occupants from damage by the electric system. Poa eNe S| Page [AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESAccording to the type of materials used, conduit maybe classi 1. Metallic 2. Non-Metallic classified as: 1. igid metallic 2. flexible metallic conduit (FMC) 3. rigid nonmetallic (PVC), and conduit (CPC) According to its make, Conduits/Pipes maybe 4, flexible non-metallic or corrugated plastic = KS Connectors and Other Accessories: joint. Itis also called splicing sleeve. Acconnector is a sleeve that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of conductors in making a Clamps- electrical materials used to hold and anchor electrical conduits in its proper position. ~~ we As Pree Metal clamp. Plastic clamp ‘Connectors- used to aitach metallic or non-metallic conduit to the junction or utility boxes. Metal connector Flexible non- metallic connector ‘AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIES 6) PageAnalyze signs and symbols a. Direction: Match the electrical symbols in Column A with the corresponding description in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number. Column A. Column B a. Plastic clamp 'b. metal conduit 3. ¢. flexible non-metallic conduit 4. d. flexible metal conduit _— 5. connectors bb. Identify what are the names of materials enumerated below. Write your answer on the space provided. LAMPS ur prehistoric ancestors burned woods to provide themselves with heat and light. The glowing flame enabled people to live in caves where the rays of the sun never penetrated. The light of the campfire, the pine torch, and oil and tallow LAMPS made a decisive change in the way of life of prehistoric ‘man. Since then, chronologically, oil lamps, candles, gas lighting, and electric lamps have been used for lighting 7|Page AAS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESElectric light sources are probably the most commonly used electrical equipment. Each Lamp type has particular advantage and disadvantages. Selecting the appropriate source depends on installation requirements, life-cycle cost, color qualities, dimming capability, and other required effects. ‘Commonly used types of Lamps: 41. Incandescent lamps 2. Electric Discharge Lamps ‘+ Low Intensity Discharge lamp ‘+ High Intensity Discharge 1. Incandescent Lamps produce light by the passage of an electric current through a filament, which heats it to the incandescence (e.g general service, reflectorized, and tungsten-halogen). Halogen bulbs are technically incandescent light bulbs - illumination is produced in both when a tungsten filament is heated sufficiently to emit light or “incandescence.” The difference between the two is in the composition of the glass envelope and the gas inside the envelope. A standard incandescent bulb has a heat sensitive glass envelope that contains an inert gas mixture, usually nitrogen-argon. ‘When the tungsten filament is heated it evaporates and deposits metal on the cooler glass envelope (this is why incandescent bulbs appear black at the end of life). This process requires incandescent bulb filaments to be heated less than optimally to give the bulb a reasonable life. The lower filament temperature gives incandescent bulbs their typical orange-yellow, warm appearing =— Incandescent bulb halogen bulb 2, Electric Discharge Lamps produce light by the passage of an electric current through a vapor oF gas, initiating the discharge to fluoresce. * Low Intensity Discharge Lamp + Flourescent (tubular, circular and compact) Linear compact circular 8[ Page ‘AS 100- ENGINEERING UTIUTIES* High Intensity Discharge ~ Mercury Vapor - Metal Hallide = High Pressure Sodium - Low Pressure Sodium & & low pressure sodium Luminaire - a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and ballast (where applicable), and to connect the lamps to the power supply. Low Intensity Discharge lamps or more commonly referred to as fluorescent are among most widely used light sources in the world because they require little energy to produce a great deal of light. The immerse variety of modem luminaires provides a universal basis for the use of fluorescent lamps in commercial, industrial, and residential sectors. Fluorescent lamps, in common with the other discharge lamp cannot be operated directly from the electric supply. This is due to the fact that discharge lamps have a NEGATIVE resistance characteristics. Unlike filament lamps, where the current decreases when the voltage increases. In discharge lamp, current INCREASES with an increase in lamp voltage. High Intensity Discharge Lamps can offer better efficiency and longer life than fluorescent lamp, with colour quality approaching that of incandescent lamp. HID lamps all utilize a compact "ARC TUBE” in which very high temperature and pressure exists. Major applications of HID include outdoor floodlighting, roadway lighting, high-bay for industrial environment and sport's gym. However , due to technology, HID lamps today are also being used in track lighting of offices, commercial and retail environments. Test I-Directions: Read the following sentences and give what is ask, write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Major applications of include outdoor floodlighting, roadway lighting, high-bay for industrial environment and sport's gym. 2 . in common with the other discharge lamp cannot be operated directly from the electric supply. 3 are probably the most commonly used electrical equipment. 4, When the is heated it evaporates and deposits metal on the cooler glass envelope (this is why incandescent bulbs appear black at the end of life). 5. produce light by the passage of an electric current through a vapor F gas, initiating the discharge to fluoresce. Test Ilr A Directions: Inside Box A are jumbled letters. Arrange the letters to form words pertai considered as artificial light sources. Then write the words inside Box B. ‘AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESBox A Box B RECRUMY PALM MEALT HALDIE ENTCINCENDAS AMPL NUTSTENG GHALOEN GIHH SURPEERS MODIUS B, Directions: Discuss the applications of at least two of your answers in activity A. 1. geen PReNS 2. OUTLET and RECEPTACLES Lighting Outlet. An outlet intended for the direct connection of a lampholder, a luminaire (lighting fixture), or a pendant cord terminating in a lampholder. MATERIALS AND DESCRIPTION PICTURES current consuming appliances. Its where the ‘male plug of an appliance is inserted and usually Surface type (duplex) fastened on the wall or connected in an extension cord. It maybe single, duplex, triplex (or multiplex and could be surface type or flush type. Flush type (duplex) ‘An extension cord is a span of flexible electrical power cable with a plug on one end and multiple sockets on the other end. It comes in several varieties to suit the needs of the user. One of the most important considerations is the power handling capacity to make it safe and functional Electrical gadgets are product of modem technology to make our life better. The number of electrical gadgets available at home and in offices may exceed the existing convenience outlet installed in every room. The best remedy to address the insulficiency of available outlet is to use an extension cord especially if the electrical gadgets need to operate at the same time. Reminder : Be careful in buying an extension cord. You have to look for the Department of Trade and Industry (DT!) markings. The Product Standard (PS) or Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) markings on it signify that the product passed the DTI standard for safety and quality. mT T= TALE. AAS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIESOutlet. A point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. Attachment Plug (Plug Cap) (Plug). ‘A device that, by insertion in a receptacle, establishes a connection between the conductors of the attached flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the receptacle. Connector, Pressure (Solderless). A device that establishes a connection between two or more ‘conductors or between one or more conductors and a terminal by means of mechanical pressure and without the use of solder. Lighting Outlet. An outlet intended for the direct connection of a lampholder, a luminaire (lighting fixture), or a pendant cord terminating in a lampholder. Receptacle. A receptacle is a contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of an attachment plug. A single receptacle is a single contact device with no other contact device on the same yoke. A multiple receptacle is two or more contact devices on the same yoke. Male plug- a device inserted to a convenience outlet to Conduct electric current. A flat cord is attached to it on one end and the other end is connected to a current consuming = instrument or appliance. Male plugs Lamp holders- devices that hold and protect, the lamp and are also called as —Lamp 2 F € " Sockets/Receptacles. These come in many designs and sizes. They are classified as flush, hanging (weather proot/chain) and surface types. Flush type Hanging (chain) => Surface type Hanging (weather) Direction: Read the following sentences carefully. Write T ifthe statement is correct and write F if the statement is incorrect and give the correct term or idea to make the statement correct. Write your ‘answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Convenience outlet is a device that acts as a convenient source of electrical energy for ‘current consuming appliances. 2. Conduit are devices that hold and protect the lamp and are also called as —Lamp Sockets/Receptacles. 3. Male plug- a device inserted to a convenience outlet to conduct electric current, a. 2 6 This is a flush type receptacle. 11 [Page [AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIES1. From the information given to you in this module, what particular benefit you find more helpful to you? 2. Can you now elaborate the differences between electrical materials? 3. What are the most practical reasons for using standard electrical materials? Electric Conductors are the materials used to carry or allow the flow of electric current. Insulators on the other hand, are those materials that resist the flow of electric current. Conduit / Pipe is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. Lamps ar € point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. Receptacle is defined by the National Electrical Code as a contact device installed at the OUTLET for the connection of a single attachment plug. The particular geometric of the crystal- the crystal lattice- is maintained by the bonding action of the electrons in the outer shell which are called valence electrons. lectrical material as source of arficial light. An Outlet is, Outlet. A point on the wiring system at which current is Attachment Plug (Plug Cap) (Plug). ‘A device that, by insertion in a receptacle, establishes a connection between the conductors of the attached flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the receptacle. Connector, Pressure (Solderless). A device that establishes a connection between two or more conductors or between one or more conductors and a terminal by means of mechanical pressure and without the use of solder. Lighting Outlet. An outlet intended for the direct connection of a lampholder, a luminaire (lighting fixture), or a pendant cord terminating in a lampholder.. Receptacle. A receptacle is a contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of an attachment plug. A single receptacle is a single contact device with no other contact device on the same yoke. A multiple receptacle is two or more contact devices on the same yoke. taken to supply utilization equipment. PEC 2008 edition Part [Link]. pdf Mendoza, Jaime V., PEC 2017 edition Part 1 : Highlights and Impacts Electrical Layout and Estimate , Max B. Fajardo Jr. and Leo R. Fajardo Manual of Practice On Efficient Lighting, Department of Energy az[Page ‘AS 100- ENGINEERING UTILITIES