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Understanding Demography and Population

The document discusses demography and population topics including defining demography, population, factors influencing population distribution, and sources and uses of population data. It also covers population change and reasons for variations in population trends.

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zodiackiller1960s
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46 views30 pages

Understanding Demography and Population

The document discusses demography and population topics including defining demography, population, factors influencing population distribution, and sources and uses of population data. It also covers population change and reasons for variations in population trends.

Uploaded by

zodiackiller1960s
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MODULE DEMOGRAPHY

Course Instructor Willy Instructor email mhemawilly@[Link]

✓ What is demography?
✓ Meaning of “population”
✓ Factors attracting uneven population
distribution/growth
✓ Usage of Population Data
Meaning of Demography:

• The word ‘Demography’ is a combination of two


Greek words, ‘Demos’ meaning people and
‘Graphy’ meaning describe.
• The term demography was used for the first time
by englishman John Graunt; he made
observations upon the Bills of Mortality (1662)
examines the weekly records of deaths and
baptisms and late the term was used by
statistician Achille Guillard, who coined it in 1855.
MEANING OF DEMOGRAPHY

• Demography is the study of the vital statistics of a


population and how they change over time
Also other school of thoughts defined demography
as the branch of sociology that studies human
behavior by analyzing statistical information
• It comprises a set of techniques by which data
collected through censuses, surveys and record-
keeping systems are described, summarized and
manipulated
MEANING OF POPULATION

✓ Meaning of “population
• Collection of persons alive at a specified point in
time who meet certain criteria
OR
A population is a group of individuals of the same
species living in the same general area
• It can analyzes population changes over time or
space in response to time, birth, migration, and
death.
Why studying Demography and population
• Demography as an academic discipline seeks
to explore the dynamics of human populations
in relation to the changes in their sizes,
structures and distributions.
• Population changes have implications for the
environment, employment, family relations,
health, and urbanization
• The study of demography requires extensive
and accurate data to be able to describe,
analyses and understanding the population
phenomenon
Population Distribution in the world
• Population distribution; is the spread of people
across the world, i.e. where do people live
• Population size; is simply the number of
individual human in a population
Tanzania rank of Population up to 2022;
Globally Tanzania hold number 24
In the Africa continent Tanzania hold number 6
According to [Link]
Distribution of population in the world

[Link]
TANZANIA POPULATION

Source :National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) TZ


Pop Cont…..
• Population Structure; is basically what
makes up or composition of a population.
Population structure of a place shows how
the population is divided up between males
and females of different age groups
• Population density; is a measurement of
population size per unit area/ population
size divided by total land area
World population situation
(Population Size and distribution)
• The world human population is the total
number of living humans on Earth and majority
of People live in the developing world
• The world's population is spread unevenly
across the globe with small concentrations of
large numbers of people living in the same area.
Many people today are living in cities
• There are several factors which had leads the
uneven population distribution in the world;
Factors which Attract Pop….
Favorable Climate condition
People prefer to live in temperate climates
where there is enough rainfall and moderate of
temperature.
Historical Factors:
People like to settle at places where their
ancestors have lived in the past. Sons and
grandsons from generation to generation live at
a place which they do not leave so easily.
Factors which Attract Pop….
• Economic Factors:
This has been considered an important factor
affecting the distribution and concentration of
population at one place. The places which have
good opportunities for employment and
possibilities of trade in industrial products attract
migrants from different areas
Fertile Land; Human settlements on large scale are
at places which are more fertile and where with less
efforts the agricultural yield is more. On the other
hand, places which are less fertile have less density
of population
Factors which Attract Pop….
• Increased facility of Transportation and Communication:
Since ancient times areas with proper transportation and
communication facilities have enjoyed large population. Means of
transportation and communication make the economy dynamic and
increase the exchange of commodities between peoples and regions.
• Educational Factors:
In each part of the country, there remains a class which has more
curiosity to gain knowledge. This class moves from one country to
another according to its own economic conditions and circumstances.
If the environment of the new country is adaptable to them, they tend
to settle there permanently.

• Availability of social services


presence of social services such as electricity, water and health service
also it can propagate or attract the population.
Factors which Attract Pop….
Social Factors
Social factors also affect the distribution and concentration of
population. Where social customs and taboos are extreme, people tend
to migrate to another place, so the density of population of that area
changes. If the cultural milieu is the same, people like to live
permanently at that place.

Communications
Areas with good transport links, such as roads and railways, will attract
people and also industry which creates employment opportunities.
Availability of natural resources such minerals
Every nation possesses some type of mineral wealth. As a matter of fact, we
can gauge the inequality between nations on the basis of their mineral
wealth. The regions of mineral wealth become a major source of
industrialization and employment of a country. They attract people from far
and near.
SOURCES OF THE POPULATION DATA
I. CENSUS
II. VITAL REGISTRATION
III. SAMPLE SURVEY
CENSUS

Census refer to the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing, and
publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data
pertaining to all persons in a country or in a well delineated part of a country at a
specified time.” (United Nations 2008)
Is the main source of demographic statistics in many Countries
It is a good methods of recording the size, distribution and other characteristics of the
population fixed interval.

1. De facto Census
• Is the type of census in which people are counted wherever they are found in
the day of enumeration eg at home or market.
2. De jure Census
• It involves an attempt of counting people by reaching individual where they are
found.
• Normally it involves the permanent members of the house hold
Activity; Discuss the merits and demerits of conducting census in developing countries
Sample surveys
• These are the second most important source of
demographic data in most parts of Africa
It collect vital statistics where the official registration
system is inadequate or nonexistent and for intercensal
period, it collect supplementary demographic and other
data, where it is not feasible to collect the same from the
population census.
• These are used to obtaining quick results and assess
impact programmes
Advantages (compared to census). Simple, flexible, easy to
administer, and cheap in terms of cost
Disadvantages;
• Have high rates of error especially during sampling
• The results of findings are used to generalize the
phenomena in a locality.
Vital registration
• Vital Registration It consists of continuous
registration of vital events such as births and
deaths.
Vital registration Collect information on
individuals when (or shortly) after they
experience the vital events (birth, marriage,
death, (sometimes) migration)
Traditionally, vital events include births and
deaths but nowadays the term embraces other
events such as marriage, adoption, separation,
divorce and migration.
Limitations of Vital Registra
• It is difficult to obtain the registration of birth
and death events.
• Accurate data on migration is also extremely
difficult to obtain, especially when migrants
do not pass through the official check point
when crossing the political boundaries.
Quality of population data in LDCs
• Generally there are limitation and
deficiencies in the population data in the
most LDCs most of the data have a lot of
errors.
• Errors of coverage; where person are not
counted at all especially the migrant
• Errors of content; errors in the recording of
events
USES OF POPULATION DATA
Uses of population data are many and varied. In
general they are required for planning and
administration and also for various aspects of
economic and social research. Specifically
demographic data is required for;
1. Estimating the future population sizes and
distribution;
These are fundamental to long term planning of
many public programmes eg; education needs,
manpower needs and housing needs
Uses of population Data Cont..
2. Investigating the relationship between
demographic and social economic process

3. Measuring the level and trends in the


standard of living

4. Allocation of resources and services eg;


Health facilities, water, schools
Population Change:
✓ Population change refers to a increase or a decrease of
population at time.

✓ Population change not only implies the change in its size


but also in its internal composition and structure with
respect to its various characteristics and spatial
distribution.

• Popn change is the result of interplay of:


– Births;
– Deaths;
– Migrations: internal & international.
Reasons for variation in population
trends.
• The following are reasons for variation in
population trends
1) Fertility.
2) Mortality.
3) Migration.
Operation definitions
• Population size refers to number of individuals in the population
• Population distribution is the spread of people across the world i.e
where people live.
• Foreign policy refers to policies a country put to safeguard the
interests of the nation and its citizens
• International relation is the study of how nation or states interact
with one another within an international system.
• Fertility rates is the average number of children born to women
during their productive years.
• Demography refers to the statistical study of population and how it
changes over time
• Population refers to number of people who live in a particular area.
Overview of HIV and AIDS

IMPACT OF HIV & AIDS ON SOCIO-


ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

CLASS ACTIVITY

27
Impact of HIV and AIDS
➢The impact is mapped on sectors, social
services, households, demographic and on
the economy in general
➢the HIV/AIDS pandemic on the economy, its
effects manifest on :
- labour supply,
- labour productivity,
- financial costs associated
- changing composition of the labour force
28
• Demography refers to the study of population,
especially with reference to size, density, and
distribution,
while
• Population study refers to the study of people
who share similar common features like age,
sex, or health condition.
References
Poston, Jr., and Leon F. (2010)
Demograhy and Societies
END
THANK FOR LISTENING

30

Common questions

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Economic factors influence the demographic trends of a region by affecting migration patterns, fertility, and mortality rates. Regions with strong economic opportunities attract migrants seeking employment, leading to population growth and increased diversity. Conversely, areas with poor economic conditions may experience high emigration rates as residents seek better opportunities elsewhere. Furthermore, economic conditions can impact fertility decisions and access to healthcare, thereby affecting birth and mortality rates .

Conducting a census in developing countries has several merits, such as providing comprehensive demographic, economic, and social data that are crucial for planning and development purposes. Censuses help record the size, distribution, and characteristics of populations. However, they also have demerits. These include high costs, logistical challenges, potential for errors, especially in counting and data recording, and underreporting in certain areas, particularly among migrant populations .

Demography aids in socio-economic planning and development by providing essential data that helps estimate future population sizes and distributions. This information is critical for long-term planning of public programs such as education, housing, and health facilities. Demographic data also helps investigate the relationship between population dynamics and socio-economic processes, assess the standard of living, and guide the allocation of resources and services .

The uneven distribution of population globally is influenced by several factors including climate, where temperate climates with adequate rainfall and moderate temperatures are more attractive; historical factors, as people tend to settle where their ancestors lived; economic opportunities, which draw individuals to areas with better employment options and industrialization; fertile land that supports better agricultural yields; improved transportation and communication that facilitates economy and social interactions; educational opportunity availability; social services like electricity and healthcare; and natural resources like mineral wealth which leads to industrialization and job creation .

Vital registration systems in less developed countries face challenges such as difficulty in obtaining accurate data on births and deaths, especially in regions without robust administrative systems. Migrants often bypass official checkpoints, making it hard to record migrations accurately. Additionally, deficiencies in logistics, funding, and trained personnel, as well as cultural barriers in reporting personal information, further impede the accuracy of these systems .

Education plays a crucial role in determining population distribution as it attracts individuals seeking knowledge and better opportunities. Regions with prestigious educational institutions or better educational facilities draw students and educators, which can lead to a more permanently settled population if the socio-economic conditions are favorable. Furthermore, educated populations often find it more feasible to migrate to or settle in areas that can support their professional and lifestyle aspirations .

The availability of social services, such as healthcare, electricity, and clean water, greatly impacts population distribution. Areas with well-developed social services are more attractive to individuals and families because these amenities improve quality of life and security. This leads to higher population densities in regions with better infrastructure and service provision. Conversely, areas lacking in basic social services may face depopulation as residents move to seek better living conditions .

Fertility, mortality, and migration interact to influence population change through their combined effects on population size and composition. High fertility rates increase population size, while high mortality rates decrease it. Migration impacts population by either increasing it, when people move in, or decreasing it, when people move out. These factors also influence the age structure, dependency ratios, and growth rates of populations, thus affecting demographic transitions and the sociospatial distribution of populations .

The availability of natural resources such as minerals significantly affects population distribution by attracting industries and employment opportunities. Regions rich in mineral wealth become centers of industrialization, drawing workers from various places due to the promise of jobs and economic growth. This results in higher population density in these areas, as people relocate to take advantage of economic opportunities provided by mining and related industries .

Sample surveys, while cost-effective and simpler than censuses, have limitations in collecting demographic data in Africa. They can suffer from high rates of sampling errors, which affect the reliability and validity of the data. Moreover, they may not fully capture the diversity within populations, such as minority or marginalized groups, and typically only provide snapshots rather than comprehensive nation-wide data sets. Despite being useful during intercensal periods, these surveys might not always reflect timely or precise information on population dynamics .

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