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Representing Integers on a Number Line

Q: What is the significance of Integer Closure Property in mathematical operations involving integers?

The Integer Closure Property ensures that operations performed within the set of integers remain within the set. This is significant because it provides certainty that any summation, product, or specific combinations of integers through mathematical operations such as addition or multiplication will result in another integer. This property underlies the consistency and predictability needed in number theory and arithmetic computations, as it guarantees that integers will not unexpectedly shift to a different number set. For example, the closure under addition dictates that the sum of any two integers is still an integer, e.g., (-4) + (+2) = -2, whereas closure under multiplication asserts that the product of any two integers remains an integer, e.g., (-3) × (-2) = 6 .

Q: How do the Commutative and Associative properties facilitate the simplification of numerical expressions?

The Commutative Property simplifies numerical expressions by allowing the reordering of numbers in addition and multiplication without affecting the result, i.e., a + b = b + a for addition and a × b = b × a for multiplication. This property is particularly useful in algebraic expressions and computing long series as it allows numbers to be grouped or ordered in a way that may simplify calculation. The Associative Property enables numbers to be grouped differently without changing the sum or product, i.e., (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (a × b) × c = a × (b × c). This property supports simplification by enabling expressions to be broken down into simpler components or recombined for easier computation, especially in larger expressions or equations involving multiple terms .

Q: Describe the additive identity and inverse property of integers and discuss their applications in simplifying expressions.

The additive identity property of integers states that adding zero to any integer does not change the value of that integer, expressed as a + 0 = a. This property allows for simplifications during arithmetic operations as it maintains the initial value when zero is added. The additive inverse property states that for every integer a, there exists an integer -a such that a + (-a) = 0. This property is used to simplify expressions, particularly in solving equations or simplifying terms, by effectively canceling out an integer with its inverse, leading to zero. These properties are crucial for basic algebraic manipulation, enabling the systematic reduction of expressions and solutions to equations .

Q: Why does the division of two negative integers yield a positive result, and what exceptions exist to the properties of integer division?

The division of two negative integers yields a positive result because the quotient is constructed similarly to multiplication, where the negative signs cancel each other. For example, (-8) ÷ (-2) = 4. This process can be conceptually understood as reversing the negative sign twice, returning to a positive orientation. However, exceptions to integer division properties include the fact that the division is not closed within the set of integers; the quotient of two integers is not always another integer, for instance, (-5) ÷ (-20) = 1/4. Moreover, division is not commutative, i.e., a ÷ b ≠ b ÷ a, and it is not associative, i.e., (a ÷ b) ÷ c ≠ a ÷ (b ÷ c).

Q: How does the BODMAS rule guide the simplification of numerical expressions involving multiple operations?

The BODMAS rule guides the simplification of numerical expressions by prioritizing the order of operations. BODMAS stands for Brackets, Orders (i.e., powers and roots), Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. This rule instructs that operations must be performed in this specific order to arrive at a correct and consistent result. When simplifying an expression, brackets are solved first, followed by exponents, then division and multiplication (from left to right), and finally addition and subtraction (from left to right). For example, in [11 + (-7 - {-3 + 8 × (6 - 2 - 3 + 5 - 4) ÷ 17})], operations within brackets are tackled first before moving to multiplication/division and addition/subtraction as per the BODMAS order .

Q: Why is division not commutative or associative among integers?

Division is not commutative for integers because reversing the order of division changes the result. For instance, 20 ÷ 4 = 5, but 4 ÷ 20 does not equal 5; it equals 0.2. Similarly, division is not associative because changing the grouping of division affects the outcome. For example, (12 ÷ 6) ÷ 2 equals 1, but 12 ÷ (6 ÷ 2) equals 4. These non-properties are significant because they highlight the importance of order and grouping in division operations, demanding careful computation and expression of operations to ensure accurate results. The lack of commutativity and associativity introduces a complexity in arithmetic involving division that requires specific attention and adherence to the order of operations to avoid errors .

Q: How does the multiplication of two negative integers result in a positive integer, and what property supports this rule?

Multiplying two negative integers results in a positive integer due to the rule that a negative times a negative is a positive. This is supported by the closure property of integer multiplication, which states that the product of any two integers is always an integer. For example, (-3) × (-2) = 6, which shows the closure property as the result, 6, is an integer. Additionally, the rule can be understood by considering that multiplying a negative number negates the orientation of the initial integer, thereby reversing its direction on the number line. When this is applied twice, the two reversals result in the original sign, which is positive for two negatives .

Q: What is the purpose of using BODMAS in complex arithmetic expressions, and how does it prevent errors?

BODMAS serves as a standardized guideline for solving complex arithmetic expressions, preventing errors by ensuring that operations are performed in the correct sequence. Brackets are addressed first, followed by orders (exponents and roots), then division and multiplication, and finally addition and subtraction. This order is crucial because arithmetic operations do not universally obey commutative or associative properties, meaning that different sequences of operations can lead to different results. By following BODMAS, the inherent ambiguity in multi-operation expressions is resolved, avoiding mistakes that occur when operations are misordered. This prevents logical errors that arise when mixing operations such as addition with multiplication or performing them out of order .

Q: What are the properties of the addition of integers and how do they affect the sum of two integers?

The properties of the addition of integers include closure, commutative, associative, identity, and inverse properties. The closure property states that the sum of two integers is always an integer, which ensures that arithmetic operations remain within the same number set. The commutative property implies that the order of adding two integers does not affect the sum, i.e., a + b = b + a. The associative property indicates that the way in which integers are grouped does not change their sum, i.e., (a + b) + c = a + (b + c). The identity property shows that adding zero (the additive identity) to any integer does not change the integer, i.e., a + 0 = a. Lastly, the inverse property ensures that every integer has an additive inverse such that a + (-a) = 0. These properties collectively ensure consistency and predictability in calculations involving integer addition .

Q: How do braces and brackets structurally support the order of operations in arithmetic expressions?

Braces and brackets structurally support the order of operations by visually indicating which parts of an arithmetic expression should be computed first. According to the BODMAS rule, operations within parentheses (or round brackets) are calculated first, followed by calculations inside braces, and then square brackets. By clearly delineating parts of an expression, braces and brackets help prioritize the computations that must precede others within complex numerical tasks. This structural clarity simplifies the expression processing, ensuring each step is logically consistent and reducing the risk of performing operations in an incorrect sequence. Such clear structuring is essential for maintaining uniformity and accuracy in mathematical computations .

The document discusses integers and their operations. It defines positive and negative integers and represents them on a number line. It then explains the properties and rules for addition, subtraction of integers and solving numerical expressions involving integers. Some examples are also given to illustrate the concepts.

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50% found this document useful (2 votes)

1K views10 pages

Representing Integers on a Number Line

Uploaded by

Poulomi Chakraborty

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Introduction to Integers
Addition of Integers
Multiplication of Integers
Division of Integers
Simplification of Numerical Expressions

Cambridge University Press

978-1-108-93788-7 — Cambridge Connection Mathematics Level 7 Student's Book with AR APP, Poster, and CLP
Edited in consultation with Shaibal Mitra , Prakash Tiwari , Ishita Joshi
Excerpt
More Information

1 Integers

Warm-up
1. Arrange the following integers in ascending order.
a. −10, −999, 16, −7614, 0, 4 b. 1, −9, 9, 43, −908, −809
2. Arrange the following integers in descending order.
a. 20, −22, 11, −11, 222, −419 b. 31, −77, 55, −63, 5, −8880, 903
3. Compare the following using >, < or = sign.
a. (−30) + (− 6) (30) + (− 6) b. (− 22) + (−190) (−21) + (−109)
4. Compare the following pairs of numbers using a number line.
a. −9 and 10 b. −7 and −3

Introduction Learning Objectives

You have learnt about integers in previous classes. In our daily We shall learn about:
lives, there is a need for negative integers and we need to
understand how operations are performed on both negative • integers and their representation on
and positive integers. Consider two shopkeepers who have a number line
bank accounts in the same bank. At the start of the first month • four operations and their properties
of their operations, their balances in the account are: ₹ 12,600
• simplification of numerical
and − ₹ 10,500. Who has better bank balance and what is the
difference between their balances? How much is the total of expressions
their bank balances? To answer these questions, we need to
learn positive and negative integers and their operations.

Integers
The set of integers includes whole numbers and negative numbers. It is denoted by Z and can be
represented as Z = {…, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}.
Here, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, … are called positive integers whereas Remember
the numbers −1, −2, −3, −4, … are called negative integers.
0 is neither negative nor positive.
Representation of Integers on the Number Line
To represent integers on a number line, we draw a line and Mark ‘0’ almost at the centre of the line.
On the right hand side of 0, mark positive integers and on the left hand side of 0 mark negative
integers as shown below:

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1

© in this web service Cambridge University Press [Link]

Cambridge University Press
978-1-108-93788-7 — Cambridge Connection Mathematics Level 7 Student's Book with AR APP, Poster, and CLP
Edited in consultation with Shaibal Mitra , Prakash Tiwari , Ishita Joshi
Excerpt
More Information

As we have already learnt the rules of comparison of integers in our previous classes, so let us revisit them.
1. Every positive integer is always greater than every
negative integer. Remember

2. Zero is less than every positive integer and is greater There is no integer between any two
consecutive integers, say, −13 and −14.
than every negative integer.
3. If a and b are two positive integers such that a > b, then −a < −b.
4. By convention, the number occurring to the right is greater than that on the left of a number line.
5. −1 is the largest negative number.

Addition of Integers
To perform addition of integers, let us revise some of the rules of addition of integers.

Rule 1: When you add two integers having the same sign, add the numbers without the sign
and apply the same sign as that of the two integers
For example, (+6) + (+2) = +8 (−6) + (−2) = −8
Rule 2: While adding a positive and a negative integer, we first consider the numbers without their
signs, find the difference between the two and give the sign of the bigger number to the answer.
For example, −4 + (+6) = +2 −12 + (+3) = −9

Now, consider the earlier example of the two shopkeepers with bank balances ₹ 12,600 and − ₹ 10,500.
If we need to find the total of their balances, we will need to find 12600 + (−10500).
Thus, 12600 + (−10500) = + (12600 − 10500) = ₹ 2100

Properties of Addition of Integers

Property Example
Closure property: The sum of two integers is always an integer, i.e., if −4 + (+2) = −2
a ∈ Z and b ∈ Z, then a + b ∈ Z. −4 + (+10) = 6
Commutative property: For any two integers a and b, a + b = b + a −3 + (+7) = (+7) + (−3) = 4
Associative property: For any three integers a, b, c, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) [(−7) + (+5)] + (−2) = (−7) +
[(+5) + (−2)] = −4
Identity property: If a ∈ Z, then a + 0 = 0 + a = a (−5) + 0 = 0 + (−5) = (−5)
Note: 0 is known as the additive identity element for the set of integers.
Inverse property: For every a ∈ Z, there exists an integer −a ∈ Z such 7 + (−7) = (−7) + 7 = 0
that a + (−a) = (−a) + a = 0
Note: (−a) is called the additive inverse of ‘a’ for every a ∈ Z.

Subtraction of Integers
To perform subtraction, let us revise the method for subtraction of integers.
When we subtract two integers, we add the opposite of the subtrahend (additive inverse) to the
minuend, i.e., a − b = a + (− b).

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Consider the earlier example and find the difference between the balances of the two bank
accounts. Thus, here we need to find 12600 − (−10500).
Thus, 12600 − (−10500) = 12600 + 10500 [additive inverse of −10500 is 10500]
= 23100.
So the difference in the bank balances is ₹ 23,100.

Properties of Subtraction of Integers

Property Example
Closure property: The difference between two integers is always an −5 − (+2) = −7
integer, i.e., if a ∈ Z, b ∈ Z, then a − b ∈ Z −6 − (−4) = −2
Commutative property: For any two integers a and b, a − b ≠ b − a −6 − (−7) = 1; (−7) − (−6) = −1
∴ −6 − (−7) ≠ (−7) − (−6)
Associative property: For any three integers a, b, c, (a − b) − c ≠ a − (b − c) [9 − (−5)] − 4 = 14 − 4 = 10;
9 − [−5 − 4] = 9 − (−9) = 18
∴ [9 − (−5)] − 4 ≠ 9 − [−5 − 4]

Explain Your Thinking

Maria performs a subtraction operation on integers as:
−5 − (+3) = (5 − 3) = 2
She feels her answer is incorrect, as subtracting a positive number should lead to the answer being smaller
than the first number.
1. Do you think her calculation is correct?
2. Do you agree with her method of checking? Is her answer correct or wrong?

Solved Examples
Example 1: Solve [(−39) + (−11) − 45 − 55 + 50] by applying properties of integers.
Solution: [(−39) + (−11)] + (−45 − 55) + 50 (using commutative and associative property)
= (−50) + (−100) + 50
= [(−50) + 50] + (−100) (using associative property)
= 0 + (−100) = −100
Example 2: Verify: (−15) + [(−3) + (−12)] = [(−15) + (−3)] + (−12)
Solution: LHS = (−15) + [(−3) + (−12)]
= (−15) + (−15) = (−30)
RHS = [(−15) + (−3)] + (−12)
= (−18) + (−12) = (−30)
LHS = RHS, hence verified.

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Example 3: Draw a number line and represent each of the following on it:
a. 5 + (−6) b. (−8) − (−3)
Solution: a. 5 + (−6)
We start from 5. We need to add −6. This is the same as subtracting 6. So we
move 6 steps to the left, to reach −1.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b. −8 − (−3)
We start from −8. We need to subtract −3 from it. This is the same as adding 3. So we
move 3 steps to the right, to reach −5.

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Example 4: The temperature inside a refrigerator is −4 °C. When the electricity supply is turned off,
the temperature rises by 3 °C every hour. What is the temperature in the refrigerator
3 hours after the electricity is turned off?
Solution: Initial temperature = −4 °C
After 3 hours, the temperature in the refrigerator = −4 + 3 + 3 + 3 = − 4 + 9 = 5 °C
Example 5: An elevator is on the 14th floor. If it goes up 7 floors and then comes down 19 floors,
then on which floor is the elevator now?
Solution: Initial floor of elevator = 14
Position after going 7 floors up = 14 + 7 = 21
Position after coming 19 floors down = 21 − 19 = 2
∴ Current position of elevator = 2nd floor

Practice 1.1
1. Find the value of the following.
a. (−657) + 345 b. (−101) + 202 c. (−99) + 97 + (−95)
d. 93 + (−91) + 89 e. 81 − (−45) + (−165) + 5 f. (−34) + 56 − 89 + (−23)
g. 24 + (−11) + 59 h. 102 − (−755) + 67 i. (−251) + 561 + (−90)
2. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons.
a. (−21) + 13 = 13 + (−21) b. 34 − (9 − 15) = (34 − 9) − 15
c. [(−5) + 7] + (−18) = 7 + [(−5) + (−18)] d. 876 + (−876) = (−876) − (−876)

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3. Find the value of the following, using properties.

a. 34 − (−16) + (+59) − (+29) b. (−50) − (+15) + (−82) − 8
c. (−144) − (−48) − (−2) − (−54) + 17 d. (−150) + (−135) + 15 + (−80)
4. Solve using number line:
a. −10 − 8 b. 8 − (−6) c. −9 − 8 d. −7 + (−1)
e. 13 + (−6) f. (−15) + (−5) g. 11 − 10 h. 2 − 2
5. From the sum of (−156) and 67, subtract the sum of (−109) and 109.
6. The sum of two integers is −15. If one of them is 87, then find the other.
7. A submarine is situated 950 feet below the sea level. If it ascends 335 feet, what is its new position?
8. In Leh, the temperature was −5 °C in the afternoon. If the temperature dropped by 9 °C, what is
the temperature now?
9. At sunrise, the outside temperature was 3 °C below zero. By lunch time, the temperature rose by
21 °C and then fell by 11 °C by night. What was the temperature at the end of the day?
10. A submarine hovers at 310 m below sea level. If it descends 180 m and then ascends 275 m,
what is its new position?

Maths Genius 2 −14 0

Fill the missing values such that sum of the integers 8 −8 −1 1
of every row and column is equal to −10. −11 −9
4 −12
−4 3 10 −13

Multiplication of Integers
We know that multiplication is repeated addition of the same number, i.e., 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 × 2 = 6
Similarly, we can find the value of 3 × −2 i.e. (−2) + (−2) + (−2).

−6 −4 −2 0
Thus, 3 × (−2) = (−6)
Now, let us find (−2) × 3.
For this, observe the following pattern.
We have 2 × 3 = 6
1×3=3=6−3
0×3=0=3−3
−1 × 3 = 0 − 3 = −3
−2 × 3 = −3 − 3 = −6
5

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Thus, we have 3 × (−2) = (−2) × 3 = −6

Thus, while multiplying a positive integer with a negative integer, we get a negative integer.
Now, let us find (−3) × (−4).
For this, observe the following pattern.
We know that, (−3) × 4 = −12
(−3) × 3 = −9 = (−12) − (−3)
(−3) × 2 = −6 = (−9) − (−3)
(−3) × 1 = −3 = (−6) − (−3)
(−3) × 0 = 0 = (−3) − (−3)
(−3) × (−1) = 0 − (−3) = 3
(−3) × (−2) = 3 − (−3) = 6
Thus, we have (−3) × (−2) = 6
Thus, by multiplying two negative integers, we get a positive integer.
In general, whenever we multiply two integers, the numerical value (value without considering its
sign) of the product is equal to the product of numerical values of the multiplicand and multiplier.
Now let’s revisit the various rules to be applied while multiplying two integers.

Rule 1: The product of two positive integers is a positive integer.

For example, (+7) × (+3) = (+21)
Rule 2: The product of a positive integer and a negative integer is a negative integer.
For example, (+6) × (−2) = −12
Rule 3: The product of two negative integers is a positive integer.
For example, (−7) × (−3) = (+21)

Properties of Multiplication of Integers

Property Example
Closure property: The product of any two integers is always an (− 3) × (− 2) = (+ 6)
integer, i.e., if a ∈ Z and b ∈ Z, then a × b ∈ Z. (− 3) × (+ 2) = (− 6)
Commutative property: For any two integers a and b, a × b = b × a (−7) × 5 = 5 × (−7) = −35
Associative property: For any three integers a, b and c, (−7) × [(−3) × 9] = [(−7) × (−3)] × 9 = 189
a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c
Distributive property: For any three integers a, b and c, (− 5) × [(−7) + (−3)] = (−5) × (−7) +
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c (−5) × (−3) = 50
Identity property: If a ∈ Z, then a × 1 = 1 × a = a (−7) × 1 = 1 × (−7) = −7
Note: 1 is known as the multiplicative identity for the set of
integers.
Zero property: For every a ∈ Z, a × 0 = 0 × a = 0 (−5) × 0 = 0 × (−5) = 0

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Explain Your Thinking

Tilak doesn’t understand how to multiply negative numbers with negative numbers. So he says, he will try
using properties of multiplication.
−4 × (−3 + 3) = (−4 × −3) + (−4 × 3)
0 = (−4 × −3) + −12
So he says, that −4 × −3 = 12. Do you agree with his method?

Solved Examples
Example 1: Find the value of the following.
a. (−11) × 4 × (−3) b. (−16) × 17 + (−16) × (−18) c. 0 × (−1) × 2(−3) × 4 × (−5)
Solution: a. (−11) × 4 × (−3) = [(−11) × 4] × (−3) = (−44) × (−3) = 132
b. (−16) × 17 + (−16) × (−18) = (−16) × [17 + (−18)] {Using distributive property}
= (−16) × (17 − 18) = (−16) × (−1) = 16
c. 0 × (−1) × 2(−3) × 4 × (−5) = 0 {∴ 0 × a = 0, for any integer a ∈ Z}
Example 2: Take three integers a = −3, b = 4 and c = −2.
Check if a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c. Remember
Solution: Here, we have a = (−3), b = 4 and c = −2. (−) × (−) × (−) × ... = (−)
⎭
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎫
odd
LHS = a × (b + c) = (−3) × [4 + (−2)] = (−3) × 2 = (−6) (−) × (−) × (−) × ... = (+)
⎭
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
RHS = a × b + a × c = (−3) × 4 + (−3) × (−2) = (−12) + (+6) = (−6) ⎫ even

Thus, LHS = RHS, hence proved.

Example 3: In a class test containing 20 questions, 2 marks are given for every correct answer and (−1)
mark is given for every incorrect answer. If Maneet attempts all questions and 15 of her
answers are correct, what is her total score?
Solution: Marks given for every correct answer = 2
So, marks given for 15 correct answers = 2 × 15 = 30
Marks given for an incorrect answer = − 1
So, marks given for 5 (= 20 − 15) incorrect answers = (−1) × 5 = −5
Therefore, Maneet’s total score = 30 + ( −5) = 25
Example 4: A merchant makes a profit of ₹ 2000 per piece on the sale of a laptop and a loss of ₹ 550 per
piece on the sale of a mobile. What is his profit or loss if he sells 20 laptops and 10 mobiles?
Solution: Profit is represented by positive integer and loss is represented by negative integer.
Profit on one Laptop = ₹ 2,000
Profit on 20 laptops = 2,000 × 20 = ₹ 40,000
Loss on one mobile = − ₹ 550
Loss on 10 mobiles = 10 × (−550) = (−5500)
Total amount received = 40,000 + (−5500) = ₹ 34,500
So, he gained ₹ 34,500.
7

Division of Integers
Let us learn about how to divide integers.
We know that division is the reverse of multiplication, i.e., 6 × 2 = 12 gives 12 ÷ 2 = 6 and 12 ÷ 6 = 2.
Similarly, (−6) × 2 = −12 gives (−12) ÷ 2 = (−6) and (−12) ÷ (−6) = 2.
Thus, we get the following rules while dividing integers.

Rule 1: The quotient of two positive integers is a positive integer.

For example, 8 ÷ (+2) = +4
Rule 2: The quotient of two negative integers is a positive integer.
For example, (−8) ÷ (−2) = +4
Rule 3: The quotient of a positive integer and a negative integer is negative.
For example, 12 ÷ (−4) = −3

Properties of Division of Integers

Property Example
Closure property: The quotient of two integers is not always 1
an integer, i.e., if a ∈ Z, b ∈ Z, then a ÷ b ∉ Z (−5) ÷ (−20) = , which is not an integer
4
Commutative property: For any two integers a and b, 1
(− 16) ÷ (−4) = 4; (−4) ÷ (−16) =
a÷b≠b÷a ∴ (− 16) ÷ (−4) ≠ (−4) ÷ (−16)
4

Associative property: For any three integers a, b and c, [12 ÷ (−3)] ÷ 4 = (−4) ÷ 4 = − 1; 12 ÷ [−3 ÷ 4] =
(a ÷ b) ÷ c ≠ a ÷ (b ÷ c) -3
12 ÷ æç ö÷ = 12 ×
4
= -16
è ø
4 ( -3)
∴ [12 ÷ (−3)] ÷ 4 ≠ 12 ÷ [−3 ÷ 4]
Division of an integer by itself: For any integer a, a ÷ a = 1 (−4) ÷ (−4) = 1
Zero property: For any integer a, 0 ÷ a = 0 0 ÷ (−9) = 0
Division of an integer by its additive inverse and−1: If a (a ≠ 0) 4 -3
= -1; =3
is any integer, then a ÷ (−a) = −1, (−a) ÷ a = −1, a ÷ (−1) = −a -4 ( -1)

Solved Examples
Example 1: Find the value of the following.
a. 361 ÷ (−19) b. (−45) ÷ (−5)
361 ( -45)
Solution: a. (361) ÷ (−19) = = −19 b. (−45) ÷ (−5) = =9
( -19 ) ( -5)
Example 2: The product of two integers is −960. If one of them is −32, find the other.
Solution: One number = −32
Product = −960
Other number = (−960) ÷ (−32) = 30

Example 3: The quotient when the integer −1170 is divided by a number is 65. Find the divisor.
Solution: Quotient = 65 and dividend = −1170
∴ Divisor = (−1170) ÷ 65 = −18

Practice 1.2
1. Find the product.
a. (−31) × (−3) b. (−1) × 2 × (−3) × 4 × (−5) × 6
c. (−1) × (−1) × (−1)…199 times d. (−12) × 5 × (−8)
e. 11 × (−13) × 15 × 17 f. (−4) × 5 × (10)
g. 24 × (−5) × (−12) × (−1) h. (−1) × (−2) × (−6) × (−4)
2. Find the value.
a. (+544) ÷ (+8) b. (−102) ÷ (−17) c. (−174) ÷ (−6)
d. 1120 ÷ (−224) e. (−346) ÷ 2 f. (−160) ÷ (−40)
g. (−110) ÷ (−5) h. (−2655) ÷ 15 i. (−1545) ÷ (−5)
3. Simplify and state the property used in each case.
a. (−11) × (−5) − (−17) × (−5) b. (−343) × 0 c. (−561) ÷ (−561)
d. (−91) × [6 − (−9)] e. 0 ÷ 819 f. (−41) × 2 − 10 × 2
4. State true or false.
a. When any negative integer is divided by (−1), the quotient is additive inverse of the integer.
b. The product of an integer with zero is always the given integer.
c. The product of 11 negative numbers and 10 positive numbers is positive.
d. The quotient of any integer and its additive inverse is 1.
e. Multiplicative identity of integers is −1.
5. Take three integers a = (−4), b = (−2) and c = (−1) and check the following properties.
a. Associative property of multiplication b. Distributive property of division
6. The product of two even integers is −216. If one of the integers is −54, then find the other.
7. The quotient on dividing two integers is 65. If the dividend is −845, then find the divisor.
8. Mrs Kapoor has a negative balance of ₹ 1500 in her bank account at the start of June. After she
deposited ₹ 450 for 3 months, what is her new balance?
9. During an 18-hour period, the temperature which dropped by a fixed value every hour came
down to 54 °C. By how many degrees did the temperature drop each hour?
10. The origin of a spring is 12 feet below the ground level. If a machine can dig 3 feet at a time,
then how many times would the machine have to be used to reach the origin of the spring?
11. A video game player receives ₹ 60 for every correct point and pays ₹ 54 for every time he fails.
After a new game of 25 shots, he misses 13. Did he receive any money?
12. On a rainy day, the amount of rain in a rain gauge increased by 4 inches over a 24-hour period,
how much will the amount of rain in the gauge increase by over a 9-day period?

13. Smitha answered 34 questions correctly in a quiz. According to the rule, every correct answer is
awarded 3 points and (−1) is deducted for every wrong answer. Find the number of questions
she attempted, if she scored 95 marks.
14. Geetha had 12 toffees with her in the morning. She gave 3 to her brother and by afternoon her
uncle gave her 5 more and then she gave 4 more to her brother. By evening, she received 6
toffees from her grandfather and again gave 7 more toffees to her brother. Find the number of
toffees left with her by the end of the day, if she eats 3 of them.

Simplification of Numerical Expressions

Vinculum or Bar
It is a bar drawn on two or more terms of an expression. In any expression involving vinculum, we
first simplify the terms involving vinculum and then perform the other operations.
Brackets: Given below are the three types of brackets. The order in which they should be used is
as follows.
1. ( ) are known as parentheses, round brackets or small brackets.
2. { } are known as braces, curly brackets or flower brackets.
3. [ ] are known as square brackets, box brackets or big brackets.
When an expression is enclosed within a bracket, we simplify it separately. This is called the removal
of the brackets.
In some situations, more than one operation is used in simplification. Consider the following example:
[{11 − (14 − 18 ÷ 2)} × 4 − 3] and (− 5) [(− 6) − {− 5 + (−2 + 1 − 3 + 2)}]
How do we simplify this?
Which operation would you perform first?
While solving such problems, we follow a rule known as BODMAS. This rule tells the order that we
must follow while simplifying. The order is as given below:
B − Brackets O − of D − Divide M − Multiply A − Add S − Subtract
All the above operations must be taken up only in this order.

Solved Examples
Example 1: Simplify: 11 + [− 7 − {− 3 + 8 × (6 − 2 − 3 + 5 − 4) ÷ 17}]
Solution: Let’s simplify.
Step 1: First simplify the terms under the bar.
That is, 3 + 5 − 4 = 8 − 4 = 4
∴ 11 + [− 7 − {− 3 + 8 × (6 − 2 − 3 + 5 − 4) ÷ 17}] = 11 + [− 7 − {− 3 + 8 × (6 − 2 − 4) ÷ 17}]
Step 2: To remove the round brackets, simplify the terms within these brackets.
That is, 6 − 2 − 4 = 6 − 6 = 0
∴ 11 + [− 7 − {− 3 + 8 × (6 − 2 − 4) ÷ 17}] = 11 + [− 7 − {− 3 + 8 × 0 ÷ 17}]

Common questions