Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Chapter Five

Two port Networks

Introduction

A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate ports for input and

output. It is a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole electrical circuit or device

with two pairs of terminals connected together internally by an electrical network.

Fig. 5.1: Two port network

𝑉1 = Input voltage, 𝑉2 = Output voltage, 𝐼1 = Input current, 𝐼2 = Output current

There are certain properties of two-ports that frequently occur in practical networks and

can be used to greatly simplify the analysis. These include:

Reciprocal networks: A network is said to be reciprocal if the voltage appearing at port

2 due to a current applied at port 1 is the same as the voltage appearing at port 1 when

the same current is applied to port 2. In general, a network will be reciprocal if it

consists entirely of linear passive components (that is, resistors, capacitors and

inductors).

Symmetrical networks: A network is symmetrical if its input impedance is equal to its

output impedance. Most often, but not necessarily, symmetrical networks are also

physically symmetrical. Sometimes also anti-symmetrical networks are of interest.

These are networks where the input and output impedances are the duals of each other.

Lossless network: A lossless network is one which contains no resistors or other

dissipative elements.

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Two-port Network Parameters

In order to describe the relationship between the port voltage and port current of a

linear two port network, two linear equations are required among the four variables. A

general two-port network, shown in Fig. 5.1, has two pairs of voltage current

relationships. The variables are 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 . Two of these are dependent variables; the

other two are independent variables. The number of possible combinations generated

by four variables taken two at a time is six. Thus there are six possible sets of equations

describing a two-port network. We will discuss the four most useful descriptions here.

Open circuit Impedance parameters (Z- Parameters)

Expressing two-port voltages in terms of two-port currents, i.e., (𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) = 𝑓(𝐼1 , 𝐼2 );

The defining equations are;

𝑉1 = 𝑧11 𝐼1 + 𝑧12 𝐼2

𝑉2 = 𝑧21 𝐼1 + 𝑧22 𝐼2

In matrix form;
𝑉 𝑧11 𝑧12 𝐼1 Or [𝑉] = [𝑍][𝐼]
[ 1 ] = [𝑧 𝑧22 ] [𝐼2 ]
𝑉2 21

To obtain Z- parameters, we alternatively open circuit the input and output ports. Thus,
V1 (input impedance) V2 (Inverse transfer impedance)
z11 = | z21 = |
I1 I2 =0 I1 I2 =0
V1 (Transfer impedance) V2 (output impedance)
z12 = | z22 = |
I2 I1 =0 I2 I1 =0

All these parameters are measured under open circuit conditions as shown in the

Fig.5.2. Hence these circuit parameters are called open circuit impedance parameters.

z11 relates the current and voltage in the 1-1’ port only; whereas z22 gives the current-

voltage relationship for the 2-2’ port. Such parameters are called open-circuit driving-

point impedances. On the other hand, the parameters z12 and z21 relate the voltage in

one port to the current in the other. These are known as (open-circuit) transfer

impedances. If the two port network is reciprocal, then z12 = z21 .

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Fig. 5.2: Determinsation of the 𝑍 –parameters

The equivalent circuit model of the above equations is shown in Fig. 5.3.

Fig. 5.3: equivalent circuit model of 𝑍 −parameter

As an example, let us find the open-circuit parameters for the 𝑇 −circuit in Fig. 5.4. We

can obtain the 𝑍 −parameters by inspection.

Fig. 5.4:
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑧11 = | = 𝑍𝑎 + 𝑍𝑏 𝑧22 = | = 𝑍𝑏 + 𝑍𝑐 𝑧12 = | = 𝑍𝑏 𝑧21 = | = 𝑍𝑏
𝐼1 𝐼2 =0 𝐼2 𝐼2 =0 𝐼2 𝐼1 =0 𝐼1 𝐼2 =0

Observe that 𝑧12 = 𝑧21 and hence the network is reciprocal. In general, most passive

time-invariant networks are reciprocal.

Most two-port networks, whether passive or active, can be characterized by a set of

open-circuited parameters. Usually, the network is sufficiently complicated so that we

cannot obtain the 𝑍 −parameters by inspection, as we did for the 𝑇 − circuit in Fig. 5.4.

The question now, ‘how do we obtain the 𝑍 −parameters for any circuit in general? The

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procedure is as follows. We write a set of node equations with the voltages at the ports

𝑉1 and 𝑉2 , and other node voltages within the two-port 𝑉3, 𝑉4 , … , 𝑉𝑘 as the dependent

variables. The independent variables are the currents 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 , which we will take to be

current sources. We then proceed to write a set of node equations.

𝐼1 = 𝑛11 𝑉1 + 𝑛12 𝑉2 + 𝑛13 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑛1𝑘 𝑉𝑘
𝐼2 = 𝑛21 𝑉1 + 𝑛22 𝑉2 + 𝑛23 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑛2𝑘 𝑉𝑘
0 = 𝑛31 𝑉1 + 𝑛32 𝑉2 + 𝑛33 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑛3𝑘 𝑉𝑘
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 = 𝑛𝑘1 𝑉1 + 𝑛𝑘2 𝑉2 + 𝑛𝑘3 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑘
Where 𝑛𝑖𝑗 represents the admittance between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ nodes, that is, 𝑛𝑖𝑗 = 𝐺𝑖𝑗 +
1
𝑠𝐶𝑗𝑖 + 𝑠𝐿 . If the circuit is made up of R-L-C elements only, then it is clear that 𝑛𝑖𝑗 = 𝑛𝑗𝑖 .
𝑗𝑖

As a result, the 𝑖𝑗 𝑡ℎ cofactor of the determinant of the node equations ∆𝑖𝑗 , must be equal

to the 𝑗𝑖 𝑡ℎ cofactor ∆𝑗𝑖 , that is, ∆𝑖𝑗 = ∆𝑗𝑖 . This result leads directly to the reciprocity

condition 𝑧12 = 𝑧21 .

∆11 ∆21 ∆12 ∆22
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼, 𝑉1 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼
∆ ∆ 2 ∆ ∆ 2
In relating this last set of equations to the defining equations for the 𝑍 −parameters, it is

clear that
∆11 ∆21 ∆12 ∆22
𝑧11 = 𝑧12 = 𝑧21 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧22 =
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
As an example, let us find the 𝑍 −parameters of the 𝜋 circuit in Fig. 5.5. First, the node

equations are
𝐼1 = (𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶 )𝑉1 − 𝑌𝐶 𝑉2
𝐼2 = (𝑌𝐵 + 𝑌𝐶 )𝑉2 − 𝑌𝐶 𝑉1

Fig. 5.5:

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The determinant for this set of equations is ∆= 𝑌𝐴 𝑌𝐵 + 𝑌𝐴 𝑌𝐶 + 𝑌𝐵 𝑌𝐶 and in terms of ∆, the

open-circuit parameters for the 𝜋 circuit are

𝑌𝐵 + 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶
𝑧11 = 𝑧12 = 𝑧21 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧22 =
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
Short circuit admittance parameters (Y- Parameters)

If we choose 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 as independent variables, we can characterize the network by

𝐼 𝑦11 𝑦12 𝑉1
[ 1 ] = [𝑦 𝑦22 ] [𝑉2 ]
𝐼2 21

Where 𝑦11 , 𝑦12 , 𝑦21 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦22 are called Y-parameters or short circuit admittance

parameters. The Y − parameters are expressed explicitly as

𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑦11 = | , 𝑦12 = | , 𝑦21 = | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦22 = |
𝑉1 𝑉2 =0 𝑉2 𝑉1 =0 𝑉1 𝑉2 =0 𝑉2 𝑉1 =0

𝑦11 and 𝑦22 are short circuit driving point admittances at the two port networks and 𝑦21

& 𝑦12 are short circuit transfer admittances. In particular 𝑦21 is the forward transfer

admittance i.e. the ratio of current response in port-2 to voltage response in port 1 and

𝑦12 is reverse transfer admittance. Determination of these Y-parameters is accomplished

by short-circuiting port 1-1’ (for 𝑦11 and 𝑦21 ) and port 2-2’ (for 𝑦12 and 𝑦22 ) as shown in

Fig. 5.6.

Fig. 5.6: Determination of Y-parameters

Suppose we were to write a set of mesh equations for the general two-port network.

Then the voltages 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 would become independent sources, and the currents 𝐼1

and 𝐼2 would be just two of the dependent mesh currents. The general set of mesh

equations are

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𝑉1 = 𝑚11 𝐼1 + 𝑚12 𝐼2 + 𝑚13 𝐼3 + ⋯ + 𝑚1𝑘 𝐼𝑘

𝑉2 = 𝑚21 𝐼1 + 𝑚22 𝐼2 + 𝑚23 𝐼3 + ⋯ + 𝑚2𝑘 𝐼𝑘
0 = 𝑚31 𝐼1 + 𝑚32 𝐼2 + 𝑚33 𝐼3 + ⋯ + 𝑚3𝑘 𝐼𝑘
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 = 𝑚𝑘1 𝐼1 + 𝑚𝑘2 𝐼2 + 𝑚𝑘3 𝐼3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑘𝑘 𝐼𝑘
Where 𝑚𝑖𝑖 represents the sum of the impedances in the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ mesh and 𝑚𝑖𝑗 is the common

impedance between mesh 𝑖 and mesh 𝑗, we note here again that for an R-L-C network,

𝑚𝑖𝑗 = 𝑚𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖 and 𝑗. Thus reciprocity holds. Solving the set of mesh equations for 𝐼1

and 𝐼2 using Cramer’s rule, we obtain the following equations.

∆11 ∆21 ∆12 ∆22
𝐼1 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ 2
This equation define the short-circuit admittance parameters as
𝐼1 = 𝑦11 𝑉1 + 𝑦12 𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝑦21 𝑉1 + 𝑦22 𝑉2
∆𝑖𝑗
Where 𝑦𝑖𝑗 = for all 𝑖 and 𝑗.
∆

Fig. 5.7 shows an equivalent circuit model of Y-parameter equations.

Fig. 5.7: Equivalent circuit model for Y-parameter equation

As an example, let us obtain the Y− parameters of the circuit depicted in Fig. 5.5. To

obtain 𝑦11 and 𝑦21 , we short circuit terminals 2−2'. We then have
𝑦11 = 𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶 , 𝑦21 = −𝑌𝐶
We next short-circuit terminals 1−1' to obtain
𝑦22 = 𝑌𝐵 + 𝑌𝐶 , 𝑦12 = −𝑌𝐶

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Hybrid Parameters (h -parameters)

A set of parameters that is extremely useful in describing transistor circuits are the h-

parameters given by the equations

𝑉1 = ℎ11 𝐼1 + ℎ12 𝑉2
𝐼2 = ℎ21 𝐼1 + ℎ22 𝑉2
In matrix form;
𝑉 ℎ ℎ12 𝐼1
[ 1 ] = [ 11 ][ ]
𝐼2 ℎ21 ℎ22 𝑉2
The individual parameters are defined by the relationships
𝑉1 𝐼2 𝑉1 𝐼1
ℎ11 = | , ℎ21 = | , ℎ12 = | , ℎ22 = |
𝐼1 𝑉2 =0 𝐼1 𝑉2 =0 𝑉2 𝐼1 =0 𝑉2 𝐼1 =0

It can be seen that h- parameters are interpreted under mixed set of terminal conditions,

some of them under open circuit and some under short circuit conditions. ℎ11 and

ℎ21 are short-circuit type parameters, and ℎ12 and ℎ22 are open-circuit type parameters.

The parameter ℎ11 can be interpreted as the input impedance at port 1 with port 2 short

circuited. It is easily seen that ℎ11 is merely the reciprocal of 𝑦11 . The parameter ℎ22 is an

open-circuit admittance parameter and is related to 𝑧22 by ℎ22 = 1⁄𝑧22 . Both the

remaining h -parameters are transfer functions; ℎ21 is a short-circuit current ratio, and

ℎ12 is an open-circuit voltage ratio. Their relationships to Z and Y-parameters is

discussed later in this chapter.

Fig. 5.8 shows an equivalent circuit model of y-parameter equations.

Fig. 5.8: Equivalent circuit of h-parameter equation

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For the 𝜋 circuit in Fig. 5.5, the h -parameters are

1 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐴 𝑌𝐶
ℎ11 = , ℎ12 = , ℎ21 = − , ℎ22 = 𝑌𝐵 + ,
𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶 𝑌𝐴 + 𝑌𝐶
Observe that for the circuit, ℎ21 = −ℎ12 . This is the reciprocity condition for the h –

parameters.

The inverse of hybrid parameters are called 𝑔 − parameters, or inverse hybrid

parameters,
𝐼1 = 𝑔11 𝑉1 + 𝑔12 𝐼2
𝑉2 = 𝑔21 𝑉1 + 𝑔22 𝐼2
In matrix form;
𝐼 𝑔11 𝑔12 𝑉1
[ 1 ] = [𝑔 𝑔22 ] [ 𝐼2 ]
𝑉2 21

The values of the 𝑔 −parameters are determined as:

𝐼1 𝑉2 𝐼1 𝑉2
𝑔11 = | , 𝑔21 = | , 𝑔12 = | , 𝑔22 = |
𝑉1 𝐼2 =0 𝑉1 𝐼2 =0 𝐼2 𝑉1 =0 𝐼2 𝑉1 =0

The g-parameters corrospond to:

𝑔11 open circuit input admittance 𝑔21 open circuit forward voltage gain

𝑔12 short circuit reverse current gain 𝑔22 short circuit output admittance

Transmission Parameters (ABCD Parameters)

Let us take as the dependent variables the voltage and current at the port 1, and define

the following equation.

𝑉 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2
[ 1] = [ ][ ]
𝐼1 𝐶 𝐷 −𝐼2
This matrix equation defines the A, B, C, D parameters, whose matrix is known as the

transmission matrix because it relates the voltage and current at the input port to their

corresponding quantities at the output. The reason the current 𝐼2 carries a negative sign

is that most transmission engineers like to regard their output current as coming out of

the output port instead of going into the port, as per standard usage.

In explicit form, the ABCD parameters can be expressed as

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𝑉1 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝐼1
𝐴= | , 𝐵=− | , 𝐶= | , 𝐷=− |
𝑉2 𝐼2 =0 𝐼2 𝑉2 =0 𝑉2 𝐼2 =0 𝐼2 𝑉2 =0

From these relations we see that A represents an open-circuit voltage transfer function;

B is a shortcircuit transfer impedance; C is an open-circuit transfer admittance; and D is

a short-circuit current ratio. Note that all four parameters are transfer functions so that

the term transmission matrix is a very appropriate one.

Let us describe the short-circuit transfer functions B and D in terms of Y-parameters,

and the open-circuit transfer functions A and C in terms of Z- parameters.

Using straight forward algebraic operations, we obtain

𝑧11 1 1 𝑦11
𝐴= , 𝐵=− , 𝐶= , 𝐷=−
𝑧21 𝑦21 𝑧21 𝑦21

For the ABCD parameters, the reciprocity condition is expressed by the equation
𝐴 𝐵
𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ ] = 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 = 1
𝐶 𝐷
The inverse transmission parameters are given as;
𝑉 𝐵′] [ 𝑉1 ]
[ 2 ] = [𝐴′
𝐼2 𝐶′ 𝐷′ −𝐼1
In explicit form, the inverse transmission parameters can be expressed as
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝐴′ = | , 𝐵=− | , 𝐶= | , 𝐷=− |
𝑉1 𝐼1 =0 𝐼1 𝑉1 =0 𝑉1 𝐼1 =0 𝐼1 𝑉1 =0

Table 5.1: Summary of two-port parameters

Name Function Matrix equation Condition of Condition of

express In-terms reciprocity symmetry

of

Open circuit (𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) (𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝑉 𝑧11 𝑧12 𝐼1 𝑧12 = 𝑧21 𝑧11 = 𝑧22
[ 1 ] = [𝑧 𝑧22 ] [𝐼2 ]
𝑉2 21
impedance (Z)

Short circuit (𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ) (𝑉1 , 𝑉2 ) 𝐼 𝑦11 𝑦12 𝑉1 𝑦12 = 𝑦21 𝑦11 = 𝑧22
[ 1 ] = [𝑦 𝑦22 ] [𝑉2 ]
𝐼2 21
admittance (Y)

Transmission or (𝑉1 , 𝐼1 ) (𝑉2 , −𝐼2 ) 𝑉 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 = 1 𝐴=𝐷

[ 1] = [ ][ ]
𝐼1 𝐶 𝐷 −𝐼2
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chain (T)
(𝑉2 , 𝐼2 ) (𝑉1 , −𝐼1 ) 𝑉 𝐵′] [ 𝑉1 ] 𝐴′𝐷′ − 𝐵′𝐶′ = 1 𝐴′ = 𝐷′
Inverse [ 2 ] = [𝐴′
𝐼2 𝐶′ 𝐷′ −𝐼1
Transmission

Hybrid (𝑉1 , 𝐼2 ) (𝐼1 , 𝑉2 ) 𝑉 ℎ ℎ12 𝐼1 ℎ12 = −ℎ21 ℎ11 ℎ22 − ℎ12 ℎ21 = 1
[ 1 ] = [ 11 ][ ]
𝐼2 ℎ21 ℎ22 𝑉2
Inverse hybrid (𝐼1 , 𝑉2 ) (𝑉1 , 𝐼2 ) 𝐼 𝑔11 𝑔12 𝑉1 𝑔12 = −𝑔21 𝑔11 𝑔22 − 𝑔12 𝑔21 = 1
[ 1 ] = [𝑔 𝑔22 ] [ 𝐼2 ]
𝑉2 21

Relationship between two port parameters

Two port parameters are related to each other and Table 5.2 provides a conversion table

to convert from one parameter to another.

Table 5.2: Parameter Conversion Matrix

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Interconnection of Two-Port Networks

In this section we will consider various interconnections of two–port networks. We will

see that when a pair of two-ports is cascaded, the overall transmission matrix is equal to

the product of the individual transmission matrices of the two-port networks. When

two-port networks are connected in series their z-matrices add; when they are

connected in parallel, their y matrices add.

Cascaded connection

First let us consider the case in which we connect a pair of two ports 𝑁𝑎 and 𝑁𝑏 in

cascade or in tandem, as shown in Fig. 5.9. The transmission matrix equation for 𝑁𝑎 is

𝑉 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2
[ 1] = [ ][ ]
𝐼1 𝐶 𝐷 −𝐼2

Correspondingly, for 𝑁𝑎 we have

𝑉′ ′
𝐵′] [ 𝑉2 ]
[ 1′ ] = [𝐴′
𝐼1 𝐶′ 𝐷′ −𝐼2′

Fig. 5.9: Cascade connection of two port networks

′
𝑉
[ 1] = [
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴′
][ 𝐵′] [ 𝑉2 ]
𝐼1 𝐶 𝐷 𝐶′ 𝐷′ −𝐼2′

Thus the overall transmission matrix for two port networks in tandem is the matrix

product of individual transmission network matrix.

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Series connection

When two port networks are connected in series as shown in Fig. 5.10, the Z-parameters

of the combination is equal to the sum of the individual Z-parameters.

Fig. 5.10: Series connection of two port networks

𝑧11 𝑧12 𝑧11𝑎 𝑧12𝑎 𝑧11𝑏 𝑧12𝑏 𝑧11𝑎 + 𝑧11𝑏 𝑧12𝑎 + 𝑧12𝑏
[𝑧 𝑧22 ] = [𝑧21𝑎 𝑧22𝑎 ] + [𝑧21𝑏 𝑧22𝑏 ] = [𝑧21𝑎 + 𝑧21𝑏
21 𝑧22𝑎 + 𝑧22𝑏 ]

This can be generalized for any number of networks connected in series and other

parameters of such connections are easier to be found from the resulting Z-parameters.

Parallel connection

Two port networks are in parallel when their port voltages are equal and the port

currents of the larger network are the sums of the individual port currents. Consider the

network shown in Fig. 5.11 below,

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Fig. 5.11: parallel connection of two port networks

Let us find the Y-parameters for the overall two-port network. The Y-matrix equations

for the individual two-ports are

𝐼1𝑎 𝑦11𝑎 𝑦12𝑎 𝑉1𝑎 𝐼1𝑏 𝑦11𝑏 𝑦12𝑏 𝑉1𝑏

[ ] = [𝑦 𝑦22𝑎 ] [𝑉2𝑎 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [ ] = [𝑦 𝑦22𝑏 ] [𝑉2𝑏 ]
𝐼2𝑎 21𝑎 𝐼2𝑏 21𝑏

From Fig. 5.11 see that the following equations must hold.

𝑉1 = 𝑉1𝑎 = 𝑉1𝑏 , 𝐼1 = 𝐼1𝑎 + 𝐼1𝑏

𝑉2 = 𝑉2𝑎 = 𝑉2𝑏 , 𝐼2 = 𝐼2𝑎 + 𝐼2𝑏

In matrix notation, the sum of the individual [𝐼𝑖 ] matrices of two-port networks in

parallel must equal the [𝐼] matrix of the overall two-port network. Thus we have

𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝑦11𝑎 𝑦12𝑎 𝑦11𝑏 𝑦12𝑏 𝑉1

[ 1 ] = [ 1𝑎 ] + [ 1𝑏 ] = {[𝑦 𝑦22𝑎 ] + [𝑦21𝑏 𝑦22𝑏 ]} [𝑉2 ]
𝐼2 𝐼2𝑎 𝐼2𝑏 21𝑎

So that the Y- parameters of the overall two-port network can be expressed in terms of

the Y- parameters of the individual two-port as

𝑦11 𝑦12 𝑦11𝑎 𝑦12𝑎 𝑦11𝑏 𝑦12𝑏 𝑦11𝑎 + 𝑦11𝑏 𝑦12𝑎 + 𝑦12𝑏
[𝑦 𝑦22 ] = [𝑦21𝑎 𝑦22𝑎 ] + [𝑦21𝑏 𝑦22𝑏 ] = [𝑦21𝑎 + 𝑦21𝑏 𝑦22𝑎 + 𝑦22𝑏 ]
21

This can be generalized for any number of networks connected in parallel and other

parameters of such connections are easier to be found from the resulting Y-parameters.
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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Series-parallel connection

In this connection the input ports are connected in series while the output ports are

connected in parallel as shown in Fig.5.12.

Fig. 5.12: parallel connection of two port networks

This can also be generalized for any number of networks connected in series-parallel

and other parameters of such connections are easier to be found from the resulting h-

parameters. The connection requires that;

𝑉1 = 𝑉1𝑎 + 𝑉1𝑏 , 𝐼1 = 𝐼1𝑎 = 𝐼1𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 𝑉2𝑎 = 𝑉2𝑏 , 𝐼2 = 𝐼2𝑎 + 𝐼2𝑏

The overall inverse h-parameters of series- parallel connection can be obtained by

adding their individual h-parameters. So, overall we have

ℎ11 ℎ12 ℎ ℎ12𝑎 ℎ ℎ12𝑏 ℎ + ℎ11𝑏 ℎ12𝑎 + ℎ12𝑏

[ ] = [ 11𝑎 ] + [ 11𝑏 ] = [ 11𝑎 ]
ℎ21 ℎ22 ℎ21𝑎 ℎ22𝑎 ℎ21𝑏 ℎ22𝑏 ℎ21𝑎 + ℎ21𝑏 ℎ22𝑎 + ℎ22𝑏

This can be generalized for any number of networks connected in series-parallel.

Parallel-series connection

In this connection the input ports are connected in parallel while the output ports are

connected in series as shown in Fig.5.13.

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Fig. 5.13: Parallel-series connection

The overall inverse h-parameters or g-parameters of the parallel series connection can

be obtained by adding their individual g-parameters. So, overall we have

𝑔11 𝑔12 𝑔11𝑎 𝑔12𝑎 𝑔11𝑏 𝑔12𝑏 𝑔11𝑎 + 𝑔11𝑏 𝑔12𝑎 + 𝑔12𝑏
[𝑔 𝑔22 ] = [ 𝑔21𝑎 𝑔22𝑎 ] + [𝑔21𝑏 𝑔22𝑏 ] = [𝑔21𝑎 + 𝑔21𝑏 𝑔22𝑎 + 𝑔22𝑏 ]
21

This can aslo be generalized for any number of networks connected in parallel-series

and other parameters of such connections are easier to be found from the resulting g-

parameters.

𝑻 to 𝝅 and 𝝅 to 𝑻 network transformations

If impedances 𝑍1 , 𝑍2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍3 in Fig.5.14 (a) are known and it is required to calculate the

equivalent admittances 𝑌𝑎 , 𝑌𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑐 of the 𝜋 network in the Fig. 5.14 (b), then the

following relationships can be used.

Fig.5.14: 𝑇 to 𝜋 transformation

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

𝑍2 𝑍1 𝑍3
𝑌𝑎 = , 𝑌𝑏 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑐 =
𝑍1 𝑍2 + 𝑍2 𝑍3 + 𝑍3 𝑍1 𝑍1 𝑍2 + 𝑍2 𝑍3 + 𝑍3 𝑍1 𝑍1 𝑍2 + 𝑍2 𝑍3 + 𝑍3 𝑍1

Fig.5.15: 𝜋 to 𝑇 transformation

In this case, impedances 𝑍1 , 𝑍2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍3 in Fig.5.15 (b) are required from admittances

𝑌𝑎 , 𝑌𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑐 of the 𝜋 network in the Fig. 5.x4 (a).

𝑌𝑏 𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑐
𝑍1 = , 𝑍2 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍3 =
𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑏 + 𝑌𝑏 𝑌𝑐 + 𝑌𝑐 𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑏 + 𝑌𝑏 𝑌𝑐 + 𝑌𝑐 𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑏 + 𝑌𝑏 𝑌𝑐 + 𝑌𝑐 𝑌𝑎

Transfer Functions Using Two-Port Parameters

In this section we will examine how to determine driving point and transfer functions

of two-port by use of two-port parameters. These functions fall into two broad

categories. The first applies to two-ports without load and source impedances. These

transfer functions can be described by means of 𝑧 or 𝑦 parameters alone. For example,

let us derive the expressions for the open-circuit voltage ratio 𝑣2 ⁄𝑣1 by using

𝑍 −parameters first and 𝑌 −parameters next. Consider the 𝑍 −parameters equations for

two-port network. When port 2 is open circuited,

𝑉2 = 𝑧21 𝐼1 𝑉1 = 𝑧11 𝐼1

If we take the ratio of 𝑉2 to 𝑉1, we obtain

𝑉2 𝑧12 𝐼1 𝑧12
= =
𝑉1 𝑧11 𝐼1 𝑧11

By letting 𝐼2 of the second y parameter equation go to zero, we derive the open-circuit

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

voltage ratio as,

𝑉2 𝑦12
=−
𝑉1 𝑦22

In similar manner we can derive the short-circuit current ratio of two-port as

𝐼2 𝑦21 𝐼2 𝑧21
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =−
𝐼1 𝑦11 𝐼1 𝑧22

The open and short-circuit transfer functions are not those we usually deal with in

practice, since there are frequently source and load impedances to account for. The

second category of tow-port transfer functions are those including source or load

impedances. These transfer functions are functions of the two-port parameters 𝑧, ℎ, 𝑜𝑟 𝑦

and the source and /or load impedance.

𝐼
For example, let us derive the transfer admittance 2⁄𝑉 of two-port network that is
1

terminated in resistor of R ohms, as given in Fig. 5.16. For this two port network, the

following equations apply.

𝐼2 = 𝑦21 𝑉1 + 𝑦22 𝑉2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = −𝐼2 𝑅

Fig. 5.16: Two-port network terminated in load resistance R

By eliminating the variable 𝑉2, we obtain the transfer admittance as

𝐼2 𝑦21 ⁄𝑅
𝑌21 = =
𝑉1 𝑦22 + 1⁄𝑅

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Note that 𝑌21 and 𝑦21 are not the same. 𝑌21 is the transfer admittance of the two-

port network terminated in a resistor R, and 𝑦21 is the transfer admittance when

port 2 is short circuited. We must be careful to make this distinction in other

cases of a similar nature.

In order to solve for transfer functions of two-ports terminated at either port by an

impedance 𝑍𝐿 , it is convenient to use the equivalent circuit of the two port network

given in terms of its 𝑍 −parameter. The equivalent voltage sources 𝑧12 𝐼2 and 𝑧21 𝐼1 are

called controlled voltage sources because they depend upon a current or voltage

somewhere in the network. Similarly the current sources 𝑦12 𝑉2 and 𝑦21 𝑉1 are controlled
𝑉2
sources. For the circuit in Fig. 5.17, let us find the transfer impedance 𝑍21 = , with port
𝐼1

2 terminated in load impedance, 𝑍𝐿 .

Fig. 5.17: Two-port equivalent circuit terminated in 𝑍𝐿

If we write the mesh equation for the 𝐼2 mesh we have

−𝑧21 𝐼1 = (𝑧22 + 𝑍𝐿 )𝐼2 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉2 = −𝐼2 𝑍𝐿

𝑉2 𝑧 𝑍
Thus, 𝑍21 = = 𝑧 21+𝑍𝐿
𝐼1 22 𝐿

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

It also is clear that the current- ratio transfer function for the terminated two-port
𝐼 𝑧21
network is 𝐼2 = − 𝑧 . In similar fashion, we obtain the voltage-ratio transfer function
1 22 +𝑍𝐿

for the circuit represented in the Fig. 5.18 as:

𝑉2 𝑦21
=−
𝑉1 𝑌2 + 𝑦22

Fig. 5.18: Two port equivalent

𝑉
Next, suppose we are required to find the transfer function 𝑣2 for the two –port network
𝑔

terminated at both ends, as shown in Fig. 5.19. We first write the two mesh equations

𝑣𝑔 = (𝑅1 + 𝑧11 )𝐼1 + 𝑧12 𝐼2

0 = 𝑧21 𝐼1 + (𝑧22 + 𝑅2 )𝐼2

Next, we solve for 𝐼2 to give

𝑉𝑔 𝑧21
𝐼2 =
−(𝑅1 + 𝑧11 )(𝑅2 + 𝑧22 ) + 𝑧12 𝑧21

From the equation 𝑉2 = −𝑅2 𝐼2 , we may now arrive at the following solution.

𝑉2 𝑅2 𝐼2 𝑧21 𝑅2
=− =
𝑉𝑔 𝑉𝑔 (𝑅1 + 𝑧11 )(𝑅2 + 𝑧22 ) − 𝑧12 𝑧21

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Fig. 5.19: Two-port network terminated at both ports

Finally, let us consider the hybrid equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 5.20.

Observe the voltage–controlled source ℎ21 𝑉2 at input port and the current

controlled source ℎ11 𝐼1 at the output port. Let us find the input

impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 . The pertinent equations are

𝑉1 = ℎ11 𝐼1 + ℎ12 𝑉2

𝑉2 = −𝑍𝐿 𝐼2 = −(ℎ21 𝐼1 + ℎ22 𝑉2 )𝑍𝐿

Solving this equation for 𝑉2 , we find

ℎ21 𝑍𝐿 𝐼1
𝑉2 = −
1 + ℎ22 𝑍𝐿

By substitution, we have

ℎ12 ℎ21 𝑍𝐿
𝑉1 = (ℎ11 − ) 𝐼1
1 + ℎ22 𝑍𝐿

So that

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

𝑉1 ℎ12 ℎ21 𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = = (ℎ11 − )
𝐼1 1 + ℎ22 𝑍𝐿

Note that ℎ11 has the dimensions of impedance ℎ22 is an admittance, ℎ12 , and ℎ21 are

dimensionless since they represent voltage and current ratios, respectively.

Fig. 5.20: Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Synthesis of Constant Resistance Networks

In this section we will consider synthesis of constant resistance two port networks. They

drive their name from the fact that the impedance looking in at either port is a constant

resistance R when the other port is terminated in the same resistance R, as depicted in

Fig. 5.21. Constant resistance networks are particularly useful in transfer function

synthesis, because when two constant resistance networks with the same R are

connected in tandem as shown in Fig. 5.22, neither networks loads down the other.

Fig. 5.21: Constant resistance networks

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

As a result if the voltage –ratio transfer function of 𝑁𝑎 is 𝑉2⁄𝑉1 and that of 𝑁𝑏 is 𝑉3⁄𝑉2,

the voltage ratio transfer function of the total network is

𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑉3
= ∗
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉2

This equation implies that, if a voltage-ratio transfer function is to be realized in terms

of constant resistance networks, the voltage ratio could be decomposed into a product

of simpler voltage ratios, which could be realized as constant-resistance networks, and

then connected in tandem. For example, suppose our objective is to realize in terms of

constant-resistance networks.

𝑉𝑏 𝐾(𝑠 − 𝑧0 )(𝑠 − 𝑧1 )(𝑠 − 𝑧2 )

=
𝑉𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑝0 )(𝑠 − 𝑝1 )(𝑠 − 𝑝2 )

Fig: 5.22: Cascaded constant resistance network

We can first synthesize the individual voltage ratios as constant-resistance networks

and then connect the three networks in tandem to realize 𝑉𝑏 ⁄𝑉𝑎 .

𝑉1 𝐾0 (𝑠 − 𝑧0 ) 𝑉2 𝐾1 (𝑠 − 𝑧1 ) 𝑉𝑏 𝐾2 (𝑠 − 𝑧2 )
= = =
𝑉𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑝0 ) 𝑉1 (𝑠 − 𝑝1 ) 𝑉2 (𝑠 − 𝑝2 )

Although there are many different types of constant-resistance networks, we will

restrict ourselves with bridge and lattice type identical networks shown in Fig. 5.23.

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Fig: 5.23 a) bridge circuit b) Constant- resistance lattice circuit

The open—circuit parameters of such networks can be shown to be,

𝑍𝑎 + 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏 − 𝑍𝑎
𝑧11 = 𝑧22 = 𝑧21 = 𝑧12 =
2 2

Fig: 5.24: Analysis of bridge circuit

No we are interested to determine the conditions on the open-circuit parameters

(𝑧11 and 𝑧21 ) such that the input impedance of the lattice terminated in the resistor R is

also equal to R? We can see that the input impedance can be expressed as

2 2 2
𝑧21 𝑧11 𝑅 + 𝑧11 − 𝑧21
𝑍11 = 𝑧11 − =
𝑧22 + 𝑅 𝑧11 + 𝑅

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

In order for 𝑍11 = 𝑅, the following condition must hold.

2 2
𝑧11 − 𝑧21 = 𝑅2

For the lattice network, we then have

1
[(𝑍 + 𝑍𝑏 )2 − (𝑍𝑏 − 𝑍𝑎 )2 ] = 𝑅 2
4 𝑎

Which simplifies to give 𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑅 2 .

Next let us examine the voltage ratio 𝑉2⁄𝑉𝑔 of a constant-resistance lattice whose source

and load impedances are equal to 𝑅 as shown in Fig. 5.25.

Fig. 5.25: double-terminated lattice network

𝑉2 𝑧21 𝑅 𝑧21 𝑅 𝑧21 𝑅

= = =
𝑉𝑔 (𝑧11 + 𝑅)(𝑧22 + 𝑅) − 𝑧21 𝑧12 (𝑧11 + 𝑅)2 − (𝑧21 )2 2𝑅𝑧11 + 2𝑅 2

In-terms of the element values of the lattice, we have

1
𝑉2 (𝑍𝑏 − 𝑍𝑎 )𝑅
= 2
𝑉𝑔 𝑅(𝑍𝑏 + 𝑍𝑎 ) + 2𝑅 2

From the constant-resistance condition, we obtain 𝑍𝑎 = (𝑅 2 ⁄𝑍𝑏 )

1 1 2 1 2 1
(𝑍𝑏 − (𝑅 2 ⁄𝑍𝑏 ))𝑅 (𝑍𝑏 − 𝑅 2 ) (𝑍𝑏 − 𝑅 2 ) (𝑍
𝑉2
= 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 𝑏 − 𝑅)
𝑉𝑔 𝑅(𝑍𝑏 + (𝑅 2 ⁄𝑍𝑏 )) + 2𝑅 2 (𝑍𝑏2 + 𝑅 2 ) + 2𝑅𝑍𝑏 (𝑍𝑏 + 𝑅)2 𝑍𝑏 + 𝑅

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

In terms of 𝑍𝑎 , the voltage ratio can described as;

𝑉2 1 (𝑅 − 𝑍𝑎 )
=
𝑉𝑔 2 𝑅 + 𝑍𝑎

In the following examples we will usually let R be normalized to unity.

Example: If the voltage ratio is given as

𝑉2 1 𝑠 − 1
=
𝑉𝑔 2 𝑠 + 1

By associating the given function with the 𝑉2 ⁄𝑉𝑔 given above, then we can
1 1
observe that 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑠 , 𝑅 = 1 and from 𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝑏 = 1, we have 𝑍𝑎 = 𝑍 = 𝑠 .
𝑏

We see that 𝑍𝑏 is a 1-h inductor and 𝑍𝑎 is a 1-farad capacitor. The final network is

shown in Fig.26 below.

Fig. 26:

Example: let us add 1 more example when the voltage ratio is given as

𝑉2 1 𝑠 − 1 𝑠2 − 2𝑠 + 2
= ∗
𝑉𝑔 2 𝑠 + 1 𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 2

Since the first portion is already synthesized in Fig. 5.xx6, let us concentrate

on synthesizing the function

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

𝑉2 𝑠2 − 2𝑠 + 2
=
𝑉𝑎 𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 2

First we separate the numerator and denominator function into odd and

even parts. Thus we have

𝑉2 (𝑠2 + 2) − 2𝑠
=
𝑉𝑎 (𝑠2 + 2) + 2𝑠

If we divide both numerator and denominator by the odd part 2𝑠, we obtain

𝑉2 (𝑠2 + 2⁄2𝑠) − 1
=
𝑉𝑎 (𝑠2 + 2⁄2𝑠) + 1

We then see that

𝑠2 + 2 𝑠2 2 𝑠 1
𝑍𝑏 = = + = +
2𝑠 2𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑠

1
Which consists of a 2 h inductor in series with a 1- farad capacitor. The impedance 𝑧𝑎 is

then

2𝑠
𝑧𝑎 =
𝑠2+2

1
𝑧𝑎 is recognized as a 1-h inductor in parallel with a 2 farad capacitor. The given voltage

ratio 𝑉2⁄𝑉𝑎 is then constructed as shown in Fig. 5.27.

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Fig. 5.27:

Finally the transfer function for 𝑉2⁄𝑉𝑎 is formed by connecting the networks in Fig.

5.xx6 and Fig. 5.xx7 in cascade/tandem as shown in Fig. 5.xx8.

Fig.5.28:

Next, let us consider the constant- resistance bridged –T network in Fig. 5.xx9. If the

resistance in the network are all equal to R ohms, the network has constant-resistance if

𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑅 2

Fig. 5.29: Constant resistance bridged-T network

Under the constant resistance assumption, the voltage-ratio transfer function can be

given as

𝑉2 𝑅 𝑍𝑏
= =
𝑉1 𝑅 + 𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝑏 + 𝑅

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Example: Let us synthesize the voltage ratio as a constant-resistance bridged-T network

terminated in a 1 − Ω resistor.

𝑉2 𝑠2 + 1
=
𝑉1 𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 1

First let us write the given voltage ratio as

𝑉2 𝑠2 + 1 (𝑠 2 + 1)⁄(𝑠 2 + 1) 1
= 2 = 2 =
𝑉1 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 1 (𝑠 + 1)/(𝑠 + 1) + [2𝑠⁄(𝑠 + 1)] 1 + [2𝑠⁄(𝑠 2 + 1)]
2 2

2𝑠 1 𝑠2 +1 𝑠2 1
So that 𝑍𝑎 = 𝑠2 +1 , 𝑅 = 1, and 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑍 = = 2𝑠 + 2𝑠
𝑎 2𝑠

We recognize 𝑍𝑎 as a parallel L-C tank circuit and 𝑍𝑏 as a series L-C tank circuit. The

final network is shown in Fig. 5.xx11.

Fig. 5.30.

Example: Let us synthesize the voltage ratio

𝑉2 (𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4)
=
𝑉1 (𝑠 + 3)(3𝑠 + 4)

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

In terms of two constant-resistance bridged-T circuits connected in tandem. At first, we

break up the voltage ratio in the given function into two separate voltage ratios

𝑉𝑎 (𝑠 + 2) 𝑉2 (𝑠 + 4)
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑉1 (𝑠 + 3) 𝑉𝑎 (3𝑠 + 4)

For the voltage ratio 𝑉𝑎 ⁄𝑉1 , we have

𝑠+2 𝑠+2 𝑍𝑏1 1 1

= = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = 1Ω, 𝑍𝑏1 = 𝑠 + 2, 𝑍𝑎1 = =
𝑠 + 3 𝑠 + 2 + 1 𝑍𝑏1 + 𝑅 𝑍𝑏1 𝑠 + 2

For the voltage ratio 𝑉2⁄𝑉𝑎 , we have

𝑠+4 𝑠+4 1 2𝑠
= = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = 1Ω, 𝑍𝑎2 =
3𝑠 + 4 𝑠 + 4 + 2𝑠 1 + [2𝑠⁄(𝑠 + 4)] 𝑠+4

From 𝑍𝑎2 , we can obtain

1 𝑠+4 𝑠 4 1 2
𝑍𝑏2 = = = + = +
𝑍𝑎2 2𝑠 2𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑠

Finally realizing elements 𝑍𝑏1 , 𝑍𝑎1 , 𝑍𝑏2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑏2 , appropriately and connecting the two

portions in cascade, we will get the network in Fig. 5.xx12.

Fig: 5.31.

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

Problems

1. The following two networks are interconnected in different arrangements.

Obtain the appropriate parameters of the resulting network when they are

interconnected in,

A) Series connection

B) Parallel connection

C) Series- parallel connection

D) Parallel-series connection

E) Cascade/tandem connection

2. For the network in the following figure show that the driving point impedance

𝑍𝑖𝑛 is equal to 𝑅 when 𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑅 2 . Also synthesize the following voltage ratio in

the form given.

𝑉2 3(𝑠 + 0.5)
=
𝑉1 4𝑠 + 1.5

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 Network Analysis and Synthesis (ECEG-3122)

3. Synthesize the following function as 𝐿 − 𝐶 network with 1- Ω termination.

𝑠2
𝑌21 (𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 2)4
4. For the network given below, synthesize 𝑁𝑎 as a constant resistance lattice with

1- Ω termination resistor.
𝑉2 1
=
𝑉𝑔 4𝑠 + 6

5. Synthesize the following function as constant resistance bridged-T circuit.

𝑉2 2(𝑠 2 + 3)
=
𝑉1 2𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 6

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