Science, Technology and Society ● State-of-the-art facilities and capabilities that

enable local industries to move up the value

Module 5 - Major Development Programs and chain and attain global competitiveness.
Personalities in Science and Technology in the ● Idea of the Philippines as a global leader in
Philippines Information Technology- Business Process
Management Services generating direct
Ariola (2018) - “There are several major development employment of 1.3 million(520,000 of which in
programs in terms of Science and Technology in the the countryside)
country which were instituted by USAID in partnership ● ICT-Based transformation of governance
with the DOST. broadening access to government services (i.e.
health and education) for those in the
The US-Philippines Science and Technology countryside (to bring the Philippines in the top
Agreement was signed by former US Secretary Hillary 50 global ranking of e-government by 2016).
Clinton and Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs ● Improved quality healthcare and quality of life
Albert Del Rosario. through science, technology, and innovation.
● Highly skilled and globally competitive S&T
Development Programs:. human resources in support of the national S&T
programs.
● Storm Surge modeling, training, and study visits ● Science-based weather information and
to National Oceanic and Atmospheric climate change scenarios with associated
Administration's (NOAA) scientific centers. mitigation strategies for a disaster and climate
● Registered 1.3 million fisherfolk to give them change resilient Philippines.
access to Government of the Philippines (GPH)
basic services and help in fisheries Prominent and Major Personalities in Science and
conservation. Technology in the Philippines
● Use of renewable energy and environment-
friendly alternative energy to realize the guiding Regine Cabato - documented 7 Filipino scientists who
vision which is “Energy Access for More”. are changing the world.
● Addressed increasing levels of emission due to
rapid urbanization. Filipino
● Assisted Batangas City in more effective and Profession
Scientists
sustainable local planning.
● Helped the Philippines to improve its ability to Reina Reyes Astrophysicist
respond to natural disasters and adapt to the
negative impacts of climate change by setting Irene Crisologo Radar Meteorologist
up EWS in flood and landslide prone
communities. Geoinformatics and Remote
Julius Sempio
● Introduced mobile and web-based applications Sensing Specialist
of technology.
● Promoted digital literacy. Andreia Carillo Astrophysicist
● Helped create an electronic medical record
system, which facilitated access to 300,000 Kamela Ng Molecular Epidemiologist
patients and generated 700,000 patient
Anthropologist and
consultations which improve delivery health Migs Canilao
Archaeologist
services.
● Initiated support for researching utilization of Sarah Jaye Oliva Geophysicist
oxytocin in Uniject, a free-filled, exact dose of
oxytocin that provides an efficient alternative to
prevent postpartum hemorrhage. In the field of biology, there are other prominent Filipino
● Supported research in tuberculosis (TB) in scientists.
children and the relationship of tobacco and TB
to children. National
Significant Contributions
Scientists
Bautista (2018) - DOST’s “8-point action agenda” ● Research on ecology and
diversity of Philippine
● Science-based know-how and tools that enable amphibians and reptiles,
the agriculture sector to raise productivity to as well as marine
world class standards. Angel Alcala biodiversity and
● Innovative, cost-effective and appropriate conservation of marine-
technologies that enable micro, small and protected areas.
medium enterprises (MSMEs) to develop and ● Led to the national policy
produce competitive products that meet the on marine no-take zones.
world-class standards. Ramon Barba ● Field of plant physiology.
 ● Induction of flowering of M. Luz, co-chair of the National Competitiveness
mango and Council (NCC).
micropropagation of the
rapid multiplying of stock At a forum on Innovation and Entrepreneurship for
plant of important crop Globally Competitive Philippines, the Philippines was
species. falling behind Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia,
● Invertebrate biology and Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. The country is
ecology. second to the last which is Cambodia when it comes to
● Scale assessment of education, science and technology and innovation.
damage to coral reefs
● International conservation 2014 NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST
Edgardo initiatives such as Global
Gomez Reefs and Risks Ambag (2018) - science education in the country cannot
Analysis, Global Coral be considered as strength”.
Reef monitoring
Network and the 2014 statistics - passing rate for the National
International Cora Reef Achievement Test (NAT) for:
Action. ● Grade 6 - only 69.21%
● Marine phycology - marine ● High school - only 46.38%
biodiversity.
● ·Studies on the culture of 2018 PROGRAM FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENT
Gavino Trono ASSESSMENT (PISA)
seaweed species.
● “ice-ice” disease - affected
seaweed farms. The country also participated in the 2018 Program for
International Student Assessment (PISA).
Module 6 - Science Education in the Philippines Conducted by the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), the study
1999-2000 NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST ranked 79 participating economies based on their
students’ performance in reading, science and math.
“Science is the most difficult subject in basic education
in the Philippines.” - Rabino (2014) as cited by Ariola Filipino students had the lowest mean score in reading
(2018 comprehension (340 points, below the 487-point survey
average).
The National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT)
result shows that Filipino answered 48.61% in science ● ranked second to the last in science (357) and
correctly which is less than 50%. math (353), below the 489-point average in
both subjects.
2003 TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS
AND SCIENCE STUDY (TIMSS) The Curriculum is found to be too congested with so
many subjects that are not relevant to development.
The third Trends in International Mathematics and
Science Study (TIMSS) in 2003 shows that for Grades 1-10 Science Curriculum - envisions the
● High school development of scientifically, technologically, and
○ 41 st out of 45 HS II Math environmentally literate.
○ 42nd out of 45 HS II Science.
● For elementary, fourth grade The above curriculum includes inquiry
○ 23rd out of the 25 countries in both
math and science. ● skills
● scientific attitudes
Our country stopped participating in the survey in 2008 ● content and connections.
and so on.
They aimed to investigate the progress of students’
1. High school second year students - 200 points skills
lower.
● UP Diliman
2. Pupils’ score - more than 200 points lower than
that of Singapore which ranked first both in high ● University of Melbourne
school and elementary categories (Ariola, ● Australian government
2018).
Headed by Dr. Marlene Ferido from UP Diliman.
Reported by ABS-CBN on June 15, 2011 - “Philippines
ranks 7th among 9 Southeast Asian nations in the area
of education and innovation”, mentioned by Guillermo
Factors Affecting the Performance in Science ● Philosophy
(1) lack of support for scientific culture reflected in the ● Practical Technologies
deficiencies regarding the school curriculum,
(2) inadequate teaching-learning process Indigenous Technologies - processes or products
(3) insufficient instructional materials and which are the results of studying indigenous science.
(4) lack of training among science teachers.
These technologies are now parts of our lives when
Allocated budget by Philippine government for: they come to
● public educational institutions - onnly 3.3% of ● medicines,
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ● food products,
All levels of education, the Philippines spend only 7.2% ● industry,
which is still below the 40% of Thailand and 28% of ● other aspects of human existence.
Malaysia.
Indigenous Technologies
The budgeting allotted for a school correlate positively
to the students’ academic achievement as confirmed by Medical Incubator - Doctor Fe Del Mundo
Burckbuchler (2009). ● apparatus used to maintain environmental
conditions suitable for a new-born baby.
The teaching-learning process - found out that the Erythromycin - Abelardo Aguilar
learning styles used by the students and strategies ● a bacteria that led to the development of the
employed by the teachers have a great impact on the Antibiotic.
students’ academic performance. Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC ) - Engr. Marinto
C. Martinez
Muvla (2020) - the teacher-student interaction matters ● the gadget has been rigidly tested with
a lot in the academic performance of students. machines and on the road by government
agencies like DENR-EMB, DOST – PICIERD,
Cordero, JM (2015) - modern teaching strategies give ITDI, LTO and private users at the onset of
little significance on the academic performance of legislation of the Philippine Clean Air Act of
students. [Link] 16, 2017.
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALT) - Engr. Aisa
1. Insufficiency of instructional materials in Mijeno in 2014
school is an issue that needs to be addressed. ● Sustainable Alternative Lighting or better
2. Lack of training among science teachers. known as SALT in 2014. They develop LED
lamps fuelled by salt water.
Module 7 - Selection Indigenous Science and
Technologies Salamander Amphibious Tricycle - Atoy Llave
● A-Toy Body kits and the company's aftermarket
Indigenous Science - product of indigenous exterior designs are quite popular.
knowledge perfected by people through life ● Llave's latest creation. Partnership with a new
experiences. company called H2O Technologies, developing
it in particular with the firm's technical head,
Indigenous Knowledge - traditional and non-scientific Lamberto Armada.
knowledge because it includes superstitious beliefs and ● It is amphibious, the Salamander can travel
practices which may be the products of human both on land and in water.
imagination.
Module 8 - The Human Persons Flourishing in
This products may become the foundations of Science and Technology
people’s
● Creativity Aristotle’s View - “Aristotelianism”
● Originality ● It views technology as a means to an end.
● Inventiveness ● Technology is the organizing techniques in
order to meet the demand that is being posed
Indigenous science covers a wide scope of areas by humans.
including ● Technology is concerned with the product
● Metaphysics either it is good or bad based on the value
 given to product and based on its use and effect ● Existentialism - philosophical theory which
to the society (Bautista, [Link], 2018). holds that a further set of categories, governed
by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to
Aristotle’ Four Causes grasp human existence.
● Causa Materialis or the Material Cause - the ● 2 definitions of technology: a means to an end
material Technology lies in enframing, which means a way of
● Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause - the revealing, that is to bring the concealed to
form or the shape. unconcealment and this is a continuous revealing.
● Causa Finalis or the Final Cause - the
purpose or use.
● Causa Efficiens or the Efficient Cause - the Heidegger’s View of Technology as a Way of
agent. Revealing - the real essence of technology is in
enframing (Gestell) which is a way of revealing.
Poesis - to bring forth of something. To bring forth ● Technology as enframing is the mode in which
something requires an external force everything comes into the open and makes
sense for us.
Jacques Ellul’s View (Pessimism) ● The bringing forth of into the open is a two-way
relationship: the concealed is calling out for
● French philosopher of technology
someone to set upon it and bring it to
● Karl Marx of the 20th century
unconcealment and the one who receives the
● prophet of the tech-saturated times according
call sets upon and acts upon to unconceal the
to Andrew Nikiforuk (2018).
concealed.
● He views technology as progressive and
beneficial, but doubtful and harmful in many
Other views of Technology
ways.
Below are top 10 views of technology based on
● His pessimistic arguments on technological
the 2020 National Technology Readiness Survey
progress are:
(NTRS) by Rockbridge Associates, Inc. among 1216
a. it has a price;
randomly samples US adults:
b. it creates more problems;
c. it creates damaging effects; and
1. Technology keeps me better informed.
d. it creates unpredictable devastating
2. Technology gives me more freedom of
effects.
mobility.
3. New technologies contribute to a better
“The totality of methods rationally arrived at and quality of life.
having absolute efficiency” (Nikiforuk, 2018) 4. People are too dependent on technology to
“Technique has taken substance,” and “it has become do things for them.
a reality in itself. It is an object in itself, an independent 5. Technology gives people more control over
reality with which we must reckon.” their daily lives.
“Technique encompasses the totality of present-day 6. Using the latest technology is fun.
society,”. “Man is caught like a fly in a bottle. His 7. Technology makes me feel more productive
attempts at culture, freedom, and creative endeavor in my personal life.
have become mere entries in the technique's filing 8. Reliance on technology lowers the ability of
cabinet. people to think on their own.
9. Technology lowers the quality of
relationships by reducing personal
Heidegger’s View (Existentialism) interactions.
● the existence or the mode of being someone or 10. Too much technology distracts people to a
something. point which is harmful.
● meaning of existence or being. (Bautista, 2018)
● Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), a well-known Mode of Revealing in Modern Technology
German philosopher Modern technology is revealed by challenging nature
● known supporter of existentialism, another instead of bringing forth. It sets challenges on nature in
view of technology. It is a term that belongs to order to:
intellectual history.
 1. Unlock and expose - whatever challenges, the
nature gives to human, it can be addressed by
means of research.
2. Stockpiles for future use - many people
buy products of technology to meet their needs
in the future.

The Danger of Non-stop Revealing

Heidegger mentioned the danger of continuous
revealing:

1. Revealing opens up a relationship between

man and the world but an opening of something
means a closing down of something which
means to reveal something is to conceal
another.
2. When man falls into misinterpretation of that
which is presented to him. That is when he sees
himself in the object before him rather than
seeing the object itself. There is a tendency for
man to be fully engrossed with the enframing
that he fails to weigh the results and
consequences of his setting upon an object
which may be destructive not only to himself but
even to the surroundings and other people
(Bautista, et. al., 2018).

According to Bailey (2014) Heidegger’s analysis can

help us understand how new technologies employed to
modify the body, brain, and consciousness will enframe
our own bodies and identities as something akin to
“standing reserve.” Under trans-humanism, the body
is enframed as an external, technologically modifiable
product.