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Module 1: Design & Engineering
Background
Engineering design is the creative process of identifying needs and then devising a solution to fill those
needs. This solution may be a product, a technique, a structure, a project, a method, or many other
things depending on the problem. The general procedure for completing a good engineering design
can be called the Engineering Method of Creative Problem Solving. Problem solving is the process of
determining the best possible action to take in a given situation. The nature of problems that
engineers must solve varies between and among the various branches of engineering. Because of
the diversity of problems there is no universal list of procedures that will fit every problem. Not every
engineer uses the same steps in their design process, but following list, which includes most of the
steps of the design method that engineers use.
Q1) Show the designing of a wrist watch going through the various stages of the design process. Use
hand sketches to illustrate the processes.
Solution:
Step 1: Identify the need / problem and constraints
Needs/problems
N1) to check the time whenever we want
N2) should be able to carry on wrist all the time
N3) simple and minimum weight
N4) must be wrapped around your wrist all the time
N5) should be able to check current date and day
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N6) Materials used form manufacturing
N7) colour of the product
Constraint
C1) must be small size that can fit in the wrist
C2) time needle must be small but visible
C3) date and day must be included
C4) sweat, water and corrosion resistant
C5) strap must be made of leather
Step 2: Research the need or problem
N1, N2- wrist strap will carry and hold for time
N3 - an analogue or Digital watch is simple and easy. quarts, plastic and low weight Steel material
can reduce the weight
N4 - a leather, rubber or plastic strap can be used to wrap around the wrist always
N5 - a date and day section can be included in the watch face
N6 – for watch’s inner parts quarts materials and steel can be used, outer body parts can be made out
of strong plastic materials. The strap material is leather
N7 – colour choice – Black, blue, orange
C1 - an average wrist size is around 15 to 18 cm so watch face size can be around 13 to 14 cm in
diameter
C2- for better visibility with small size we can use bright colour watch face and dark colour needle also
we can increase the width of the needle
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C3- discussed in the N5 section
C4- watch must be completely closed design corrosion free material must be used for example, Plastic
or corrosion free steel etc.
C5- Strap leather can be used commonly available leather for cost reduction
Step 3: Develop possible solutions
Step 4: Select the best possible solution
From the above solution the best-chosen design is design no 4
Reasons
• Have both analogue and digital clocks can show time
• Even in less battery the digital clock still can work
• Stylish
• More visibility
• Leather strap
• Long lasting materials
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Step 5: Prototype/Model
Step 6: Test and evaluation
There are many criteria that engineers use to evaluate the value of a solution or design, which
may depend on the nature of the problem. If the solution involves a product, great importance may
be placed on safety, cost, reliability, and consumer acceptability. Many designers use prototypes to
test the operation of the design. The designer could then identify any weak areas of the design and
attempt to improve upon them. No idea should be discarded solely on the basis of one prototype or
one test. Many great designs have been discarded prematurely and many working prototypes have
failed to give acceptable products. Indirect evaluation can be used as well, to evaluate a design. Scale
models can be used to test aircraft design at a fraction of the cost of building a prototype. Computer
simulations and mathematical models may not be accurate enough to allow understanding of all the
complexities of component interference or turbulence, but they still may be used to approximate the
design of the first scale model
Step 7: Communication: preparing reports, plans, and specifications
After selection of the preferred design, it must be communicated to those who must approve
it, support it, and translate it into reality. This communication may take the form of an engineering
report, or a set of plans and specifications. Plans and specifications are the engineer’s means of
describing to a manufacturing division or to a contractor sufficient detail about a design so that it can
be produced or constructed. Engineering drawings, written and oral communications, and scheduling
and planning a design project are very important in implementing a design smoothly and efficiently.
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Q2) Find the customer requirements for designing a new car showroom. Show how the design
objectives were finalized considering the design constraints?
Solution:
Step 1: Identify the need / problem and constraints
Need/problem
N1) Design a car showroom withing the provided space and budget
N2) car display space must be there
N3) Reception area needed
N4) need customer waiting room
N5) need service centre
N6) need spare parts sales
N7) need an area for car delivery
N8) need employ office
N9) vehicle loading and unloading
N10) Needed parking space
Constraints
C1) Car display must be in front side
C2) Reception should also in the front side
C3) service centre must be at back side
C4) spare sparts sale section must be near service centre and public accessible
C5) Need to park at least 20 cars
Step 2: Research the need or problem & solutions
N1 – Since the parking should needed for minimum 20 cars, which is one of the constraints (C5) the
design can be done in 50% of place
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N2 – car display can be place on front side since it is one of the constraints(C1)
N3 – Reception area also should be in front from the constraint (C2)
N4 – customer waiting room can be placed near reception Also can be equipped with TV, sofa,
AC and bathroom
N5 – service centre can be placed back side of the building and entrance of the service station
can be given from the left side of the building
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N6 – spare parts sales can be placed near service area for public accessibility too. (Which is
C4)
N7 – Car delivery can be place in front of the car display in building
N8 – employ office can be given behind the customer waiting room area
N9 – vehicle loading and unloading area can be placed at same area as service entrance area
N10 – Parking space can be given at right side of the building
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Step 3: Model design
Indirect evaluation can be used as well, to evaluate a design. Scale models can be used to test
the design at a fraction of the cost of building a prototype. Computer simulations and mathematical
models may not be accurate enough to allow understanding of all the complexities of component
interference or turbulence, but they still may be used to approximate the design of the first scale
model for testing.
Step 4: Communication: preparing reports, plans, and specifications
After selection of the preferred design, it must be communicated to those who must approve
it, support it, and translate it into reality. This communication may take the form of an engineering
report, or a set of plans and specifications. Plans and specifications are the engineer’s means of
describing to a manufacturing division or to a contractor sufficient detail about a design so that it can
be produced or constructed. Engineering drawings, written and oral communications, and scheduling
and planning a design project are very important in implementing a design smoothly and efficiently.
[Link]