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COMMERCIAL PROGRAMMING using OOCOROL
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
Comeninal_ programming. using hghievel_ languages. such as,
FORTRAN, COBOL. BASIC, ALGOL, PASCAL anf Ce commonly
‘own as Prcedre Oriented Programming (POP) an he anaes a
ciled Procedural Programming. Languages (PPL3) ee fines
Tingunges Ih the pocedre-vened pyrene, he problem viewed 4
Seger of thing to be done sich sean callting td pring A
‘number of fants are writen to acomplia thew tk The ey
focus cn fictions. While we concmtte on Ue development of
fons. vey ile enon iver to the dla hae being aed By
‘What happens 1 the aa? How ae hey affced by he fins tat
‘srk on them Inaction rogram, many ego dts wea
fe place a gla so hat they ay Be Socesed by al he fein,
Each fencion may have te own Ivana Glos dn ve more
‘usable oan inadvertent change bys faction Ina large pope 8
‘ve ica to ett what ats wsed by whieh fincton In are We
‘eed to revise an ela ds stucre, we aso teed to eve a
fancions tat acess the data. This ponies an opportunity Er bg
creep. Are serious dcack wth th procera apptac i that
‘doesnot model eal werd problems very well This i ease factors
Se action-oriented and do ot relly sorespa othe Bement of te
ObjechOriemed Languages ae aaron of fnctiona langage, In
‘object-oriented langage, he cde used to wrt the program andthe at
frowssed bythe program ae grouped together ino uns cle ables
‘Onjects ae fumher grouped ito lover which define the ati
‘objets must have. Objects have cen fintons acid wih them,
‘led methods. The Computer cress an objet ough the use of one
Of the objets methods. The method perfoms some ation 1 the data
the object and ret tis valve othe Computer Classes of objects cn
als be further grouped int Merarchle,in which objec oe sean
linkers etvods fom anater els. The stcure povided in Object
COrered Languages makes tem very” usefel” for complied
‘ropramming iss
‘Objects: An objec sa guering together of items of information that
belong together, andthe fnctions that work on them Objet share vo
Characteristics: Sate and Behavior. A software objet maintain esate
in one oF more vrlaler. A verlale i an tem of dts named by an
“demir R software bjes implements ts Beanie mith meh
Imethod is 4 fncon, procedure or woe twcied wan objeee
“Therefore, am object 2 software bundle of variables and seated
Imethods When» pogram in eke the anes eras Py Sending
IRewapes 10 ene another Ths ilomaton i pesed lng wat be
Cases: A class a collection of bjs sna type The syn sed
tocreate an objects not diferent om the stan used cree an meget
fbject in C1 frat has ben defined 3 cats the sateen!
‘mango wilcrente a objec mang belonging the a fat cl
{tprowope or blueprint, which defines the variables und the methods
‘Common fal bjs of certain pe.
Iniroductin COBOL,
(COBOL i am seroym Fr Common Business Ore Langage: ts 2
highlevel language One art understand the way COBOL works
Computers only understand machine cade, binary steam of and
{COBOL cae mut be covered ta machine code sings comple Ruy
the progam sure ough a comple. The compiler fst hes fray
sal ors and then conver into machine angunge. The compet
‘teats an out fle which fe hoown se lead mode This our Te
‘tains execuble coe in the form of Os ahd Ts, COW, ea
Doganming Linge paca aimed a sssingYasnes wblers
{COBOL solves aot more than just buns problems and an
solution o may data roering problems
Evolution of COBOL
During 1950s, when he business were rowing in the west par of the
worl, thee was a need to automate various pacer reat Of
eran an his gave birth oa highest programming guns mt
foebusnedaapecesing.
In 1959, COBOL was developed by CODASYL (Conferense on Dat
‘Systems Language), coavend in 1959 bythe Deparment sf Dees
COBOL compilers tecame. avaiable in 1960, but they wer mt
sandarize. The text version, COBOL was vlesed a 961 wi
Soe eevisins. ln 1968, COBOL wat approved by ANSL 2 a sand
lunging for commercial we (COBOL 48) The Language was ese ant
updated by ANS in 1974 and 1985 to develop subcyuet ern 8h
COBOL and COBOLSS respervel” Most compen 2M
‘COBOL'RS standard, bt here sll ae 3 few COBOL versions at
‘eed as
rz 2002, Object-Oriented COBOL was released, which could use
‘encapsulated objects asa normal part of COBOL programming,
IMPORTANCE OF COBOL
‘+ COBOL was the fist widely used high-level programming language. It
fs an Englsh-like language which is user friendly, and. all the
instructions can be coded in simple English words.
‘+ COBOL is also used a a self. documenting language
‘+ COBOL can handle huge data processing.
‘+ COBOL is compatible wth its previous versions.
‘+ COBOL has effective eror messages, so resolution of bugs is easie,
FEATURES OF COBOL,
‘Standard Language
COBOL is standard language that can be compiled and executed on
‘machines such as IBM AS/400, personal computer, ete.
Business Oriented
COBOL was designed for business-oriented applications related to
financial domain, defense domain, etc. It can handle huge volumes of data
‘because of its advanced file handling capat
Robust Language
COBOL is # robust language as its numerous debugging and testing tools
ae available for almost all computer platforms.
Structured Language
Logical control structures are available in COBOL which makes it easier
to read and modify. COBOL has different divisions, so itis easy to debus,
‘STRUCTURE OF COBOL PROGRAM
‘A COBOL program structure can be sub-divided into the following:
PROGRAM
I
DIVISIONS:
1
‘SECTIONS
Th
PARAGRAPHS:
I
‘SENTENCES
zi
STATEMENTS
I
(CHARACTERS |
Divisions: a COBOL program i divided into about fur (4) diferent
divisions.
‘Sections are the logical subdivision of program logic. A section is a
collection of paragraphs.
Paragraphs are the subdivision of section or division. Is either a
user-defined ora predefined name followed by a period, and consists of
‘zzt0 of more sentencsslentes
Sentences are the combination of one or more statements. Sentences
appear only in the Procedure division, A sentence must end wih apesiod
‘Statements are meaningful COBOL statements that perform some
processing.
‘Characters ae the lowest inthe hierarchy and cannot be divisible.
DIVISIONS.
‘[Link] program consists of four divisions
dentification Division
Its the first and only mandatory division of every COBOL program. The
‘Programmer andthe compiler use this division to identify the program. In