C Programming

Introduction

week 2:Introduction
to C programming
language
Lecturer : Do Quoc Huy
Dept of Computer Science
Hanoi University of Technology

For HEDSPI Project

Topic of this week

• C programming language
– Class Lecture Review
• C language structure
• compiling and running programs
• keywords
– Programming Exercises

1
 What is a computer
program?
• A sequence of processor instructions
designed to achieve a specific
purpose.
• The instructions are executed
sequentially.
• Each instruction has a numerical
code.

Examples of instructions
• Load data (from an address in the
memory)
• Store data (in an address)
• Add two numbers
• If two numbers are equal, jump to
another part of the program
• Instructions are numbers!

2
 C Language Structure
• General format
#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor / Library include
#include <…………………>

main() { Begin
Function main:
[function-body];
[declaration-list] + [statement-list]
} End
.
. Semicolon
.
type func() {
Function func:
[function-body]; [declaration-list] + [statement-list]
}

C Language Structure
(Cont)
• The first C program (hello.c)
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello CP\n");
return 0;
}

3
 C Language Structure
(Cont)
• #include <stdio.h>
– To declare using the standard I/O library. Other
libraries: string, time, math…
• int main()
– To declare the main() function. An C program must
declare only one main() function. The first line in the
main() will implement when the proram starts.
• {…}
– The syntax to open and close a block of codes.
• printf
– the printf() function sends the output to standard output
(monitor). This function will be taught in the next week.
• return 0;
– Stop the program.

C Language Structure
(Cont)
• Another example C code

#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int sum; /* Variable declaration */
/* sum is a variable hold the
sum of two integer */
sum = 75 + 25; /* Value assignment */
printf("The sum of 75 and 25 is %d\n", sum);
}

The sum of 75 and 25 is 100

4
 Keywords of C
• Flow control (6) – if, else, return, switch,
case, default
• Loops (5) – for, do, while, break, continue
• Common types (5) – int, float, double, char,
void
• structures (3) – struct, typedef, union
• Counting and sizing things (2) – enum, sizeof
• Rare but still useful types (7) – extern, signed,
unsigned, long, short, static, const
• Evil keywords which we avoid (1) – goto
• Wierdies (3) – auto, register, volatile

Compiling with gcc

• GNU C Compiler
• Available in the OS Linux
• Perform one or more of the following
– C pre processing
– Compilation
– Linking

5
 Basic gcc examples
• gcc hello.c (compile hello.c
produce executable [Link])
• gcc –o hello hello.c (compile
hello.c produce executable
hello)
• gcc –o hello hello.c other.c
(compile hello.c and other.c
produce executable hello)

Using intermediate files

• From any source file, you can
produce an object file to be linked in
later to an executable

gcc –c hello.c
gcc –c other.c
gcc –o hello hello.o other.o

6
Other important gcc options
• -g: include debugging symbols in the
output
• -l<name>: include a library

• For example, to use mathematic

library of ANSI C: gcc -lm

Exercise 2.1
• Use gcc to compile the file hello.c in
previous exercise last week.

• To view what the program do, run:

./[Link]

7
If the Program has an Error
/* Your name – your class */
/* This is my first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
main( no closing ')'
{
printf("Welcome to C Programming
Introduction.\n");
}
• If this program is compiled, we get the message:
• hello.c : in function 'main'
• hello.c:4: parse error before '}'
Line number

How to correct the mistake?

• Open the "hello.c" in emacs
• Identify the errors, and fix them
• Save the modified file
• Compile it again and then run it

8
 Exercise 2.2
• Use gcc to compile the file hello.c in
previous exercise to an executable
program named sayhello

• Run the sayhello:

./sayhello

Exercise 2.3
• Use emacs to modify hello.c as follow. Then save
file with the name hello1.c
/* Your name – your class */
/* This is my second program in C */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Welcome to C");
printf("Programming Introduction.\n");
}
• Use gcc to compile hello1.c to a file named
hello1.
• Run this file and view if the result is different with
hello?

9
 Exercise 2.4
• Write a program as below then compile it
to a executable file and run to view the
result:

/* Your name – your class */

/* This is my second program in C */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Welcome to C\n");
printf("Programming Introduction.\n");
}

Exercise 2.5
• Now try to write yourself a program that
print a sentence that introduce your self.
And say hello to the user.
• For example:

*************************
My name is Binh Nguyen.
Nice to meet you.
Hope you will have happy time

*************************

10
 Exercise 2.6
• Edit the following program and save it as pi.c. Compile it to
[Link] and run. Place all the files into your directory
week2. Check that you understand the purpose and output
of this program.

#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.142

main()
{
double r, c, ac, as, v;
r = 5.678;
printf("Radius = %f\n", r);
c = 2.0 * PI * r;
printf("Circle's circumference = %f\n", c);
ac = PI * r * r;
printf("Circle's area = %f\n", ac);
as = 4.0 * PI * r * r;
printf("Sphere's area = %f\n", as);
v = 4.0/3.0 * PI * r * r * r;
printf("Sphere's volume = %f\n", v);
}

Exercise 2.7
1. Write a program that writes a
program that writes the name of
the person sitting next to you.
2. compile and run your program;
redirect its output to neighbor.c

11
 Exercise 2.8: Review by
algorithm
• Write an algorithm specifying the
procedure to create a simple
program.

• Your input: a computer.

12