njhz;lhy; Gfo;ngw;w rptdbahh;fs;

md;G, ,uf;f czh;T, ghrk; Mfpa gz;Gfis czh;j;Jk;

ey;nyhOf;fNk kdpjNeak; MFk;. jd;dykw;w md;G> md;gpd;
KjpHr;rpAk; mUshFk;. ‘mUnsd;Dk; md;G <d;Fotp’ vdghH
jpUts;StH. njhlHgw;w kdpjHfsplj;Jk; gpw capHfsplj;Jk;
nfhs;fpd;w cwT mUs; cwthFk;. kdpjh;fs; gpw kdpjh;fsplk;
nfhz;l md;G xU tif, kdpjh;fs; ,aw;ifia ,af;Fk;
,iwtdplk; nfhz;l md;G> mt;td;ghy; NgW ngw;wNwhh;
mbahh;fs; gyh;. Mth;fSs; rpy mbahh;fspd; njhz;L
msg;gwpajhFk;. rptdbahHfs; nfhz;l mUs; vd;iwf;Fk; ed;ik
cilajhf tpsq;FfpwJ. kdpj kdk; nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba gy;NtW
kd epiyfs;, czHr;rpfs;, khw;wq;fs;, jLkhWk; gz;G Mfpatw;iwr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;jp kdpjNeak; tsuf;;$ba tifapy; mbahHfSk;
njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdh;.

mizj;jpw;Fk; %ykha; Kjy;tdha;, tpsq;Fk; ,iwtdplj;J

ngWk; ‘NgW’ vd;gJ thh;j;ijfshy; vLj;Jiuf;f ,ayhJ.
,iwtdplj;jpy; ngWk; NgW vd;gJ ,ay;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ NgW
vd;gjw;F jkpo; mfuhjp ‘eyk;’ vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ.

rptdbahHfs; rhjhuzkhf cyh te;J, kf;fNshL

kf;fshff; fye;J md;G nfhz;L, tpag;gpw;Fhpa gy khw;wq;fisg;
GFj;jp tho;tpy; cd;djkhd epiyapid Vw;gLj;jpdH. mtHfs;
Njhd;WtJk; kiwtJk; mtHfshy; gilj;jUsg;gl;l gilg;GfSk;
kdpj tho;f;iff;F top fhl;Ltdthf mike;Js;sd. cyfpy;
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w tpaf;fj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wq;fSk;, KjpHr;rpfSk;
miltjw;F mbahHfs; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpdH. rptdbahHfs;
midtUk; jq;fis caHj;jpg; Ngrpg; ngUikg;gLtJ ,y;iy.
,th;fs; kf;fSs; kf;fshf ,Ue;J njhz;lhw;wpa epiyapid
nghpaGuhzk; Rl;LfpwJ. mt;tifapy; rptdbahHfspd;
nray;ghLfisAk; kw;Wk; mth;fs; r%fj;jpw;F Mw;wpa
njhz;LfisAk; Ma;e;J vLj;Jiug;gjhf ,t;tpay;
mike;Js;sJ.

jd;dykw;w njhz;lhy; ,iwaUl; ngw;w

rptdbahh;fs;
cyfj;jpy; cs;s capHfis vy;yhk; jd;DapH Nghy;
ghJfhf;Fk; fUiz kdk; cilatHfs; jd;idg; gw;wp ftiy
nfhs;shky; tho;tH. ,jid,
140
 “kd;capH Xk;gp mUs;Ms;thw;;(F) ,y;vd;g

jd;capH mQ;Rk; tpid’’1

(Fws; - 244)
vd;w ghly; %yk; jpUts;StH czh;j;Jfpd;whh;.
kDePjpr; Nrhod; kfd; jpUM&H tPjp topNa NjNuhl;b
Nfhapy; nrd;wNghJ mz;ikapy; gpwe;j fd;W xd;W NjHf;fhypy;
te;J tPo;e;J ,we;jJ. mf;fd;wpid ,oe;j jha;gg
; R muz;kidapy;
fl;bapUe;j Muha;r;rp kzpia mbj;J mjd; thapyhfj;
jd;Fiwia kd;dDf;Fj; njhptpj;jJ. mg;gRtpd; epiyapid
mwpe;j kd;dd; mikr;ruitiaf; $l;b Muha;e;jNghJ tof;F
Nrhod; kfd; tag;gl;lJ. vdNt fd;iwg; NghyNt nghd;dhy;
fd;W xd;W nra;J mij jhdk; nra;ayhk; vd;W mikr;rH
kd;dh;f;F mwpTiu $wpdhh;. mjw;F kd;dd; jhk; nra;Ak; jhdk;
jha;g; gRtpd; JaH Nghf;Fkh vd tpdtpdhd;. gpd;G jha;g; gRtpd;
Jd;gj;ij mUs; cs;sk; nfhz;L Nehf;fpa kd;dd; jd;dhYk;,
jd;fPo;g; gzp nra;NthuhYk;, fs;tuhYk;> tpyq;fhYk;,
cl;gifahYk;, ntspg;gifahYk; kf;fs; Jd;Gwh tz;zk;
mUSld; fhj;jy; kd;dh;f;F flik vd rhod; ciuj;jhd;.
,jid>

“khdpyk; fhtyd; Mthd; kd;caph;fhf;Fk; fhiyj;

jhd; mjDf;F ,ilA+W jd;dhy;, jd; ghprdj;jhy;,

Cdk;kpF gifj; jpwj;jhy;, fs;tuhy; capHfs; jk;khy;,

Mdgak; Ie;Jk; jPHj;J mwk; fhg;ghd; my;yNdh?’’

(ng- G -gh –121)

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
kDePjpr; Nrhod; jd;Fyk; tpsq;f te;j xNu kfidj; jhNd
NjNuhl;b mtDaph; ,of;f VJthfpg; gRtpd; JaH Nghy; jhDk;
JaUw;whd;.

,iwabahHfs; vd;NghH cly; KOtJk; ePW G+rp, kuThp

jhpj;J ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L tpyfp, jtr;rhiyapy; jq;fp, tUNthH
NghNthH nfhLf;ff; $ba ghy; gok; Mfpatw;iw cz;L
kfpo;e;J, mUs; toq;fp ,Ug;gtHfs; my;yH. J}a;ikahd kdk;

141
nfhz;L gpwH gLk; Jd;gq;fis jk;khy; fisa ,ayhtpbDk;,
mj;Jd;gj;jpw;fhf Ntz;b mjidg; Nghf;ff; $ba mUs; cs;sk;
gilj;jtHfs; rptdbahHfs;.
,tHfs; kd;dHfshfNth my;yJ r%fj;jpy;
cah;e;jth;fshfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;Lg;ghNlh>
tiuaiwNah ,y;iy. capHfSf;fhf ,uf;fg; gLk; gz;G vtUf;F
cs;sNjh mtUila cs;sj;jpy; ,iwtd; Fbnfhs;thd;
vd;gjid gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

,j;jifa gz;G kDePjpr; Nrhodplk; mUl;gz;Gfshd md;G,

mwk;, ,wf;fk;, fUiz vd;gd tpaf;fj;jf;f tifapy;
tpsq;Ftjhfr; Nrf;fpohh; Rl;b ,Ug;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. jd;
kfdhfpa tPjp tplq;fdhy; NjHf;fhypy; miugl;L ,we;j fd;wpd;
jha;g; gRtpw;fhf jd; kfidNa ,of;Fk; vz;zk; kDePjpr;
NrhoDf;F Vw;gl;lij Muha;fpwNghJ kDePjp;r; Nrhod;
kd;DapHfs; midj;Jk; rkk;, vd;w cz;ikia tOthJ
Nghw;wpdhH vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

kDePjpr; Nrhod;, kd;dH kugpNy Njhd;wpapUg;gpDk; Mztk;,

fd;kk;, khia, kw;Wk; nrUf;F vd;gtw;iw xopj;J, khz;lJ
rhjhuz m/wpiz capH vd;W fUjtpy;iy. ‘fz;Zf;F fz;’
vd;w jpz;zg;giug; Nghy; capUf;F capHjhd; rhpahd ePjp
vd;gij czHe;J nraypy; ,wq;fpdhH. NkYk; Nrho kd;dd;
Mo;e;j ,iwnewp nfhz;l jpz;zpa rpe;ij cilatH vd;gJk;
njhpfpwJ. kDePjpr; Nrhod; Fbfisf; fhf;Fk; flik jkf;Fs;sJ
vd;gij czHe;jjhy; Mtpd; JaHjPHj;J mUs; newp jiof;fr;
nra;jhH. ‘kd;dd; capHj;Nj kyHjiy cyfk;’ vd;w GwehD}w;W
thpia csq;nfhz;Nlhuhf tpsq;fpdhH.
kDePjp;r; Nrhod; jd;id mLj;J ehl;il Ml;rp nra;tjw;F
gps;is ,y;iy vdf; ftiy nfhs;stpy;iy. Fbfs; kPJ
nfhz;bUe;j md;G gw;W nghWg;G Nghd;w fhuzq;fNs kd;dd;
,t;thW jPHg;G toq;ff; fhuzk; vd;gijr; Nrf;fpohh; $Wk; tuyhW
nfhz;L mwpaKbfpwJ.

nka;g;nghUs; ehadhhpd; njhz;L

Nrjpehl;il Mz;l nka;gn ; ghUs; ehadhH rptd; mbahH
fUj;jwpe;J Vty; nra;gth; Mthh;. ,th; murpay; newp jtwhky;
kf;fis mUSld; Ml;rp nra;Js;shh;. ,th; rptd; Nfhapy;fspy;
Mly;, ghly;, G+ir jtwhJ epfo Mtd nra;jNjhL jhd; Njba
142
nry;tKk; Kd;NdhH nry;tKk; rptdbahHfs; te;jNghJ Fiwtwf;
nfhLj;J te;jhH NkYk; mbahH NtlNk nka;gn ; ghUs; vdj;
njhOJ tho;e;J te;jhH.
Kj;jehjd; vd;w kd;dd; nka;g;nghUs; Nte;jid nty;Yk;
Mirahy; gd;Kiw gilAld; te;J ahid, Fjpiu, fhyhl;gil
Nghd;w gilfis ,oe;J Njhw;Wg; Nghdhd;. gpd;dh; ngha;g;nghUs;
Nte;jd; epiy mwpe;j Kj;jdhjd; ntz;zW P fhj;J mbahH Ntlk;
nfhz;L jpUf;NfhtY}H NrHe;jhd;. tpsf;Fj;jphp jd;dfj;Nj fUik
nfhz;L Rw;wp xspiaj; jhq;fp epw;wy; Nghy Gwj;Nj rptdbahH
Ntlk; nfhz;L mfj;Nj Nte;jid mopf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; muz;kid
mile;Js;shd;.
nka;gn
; ghUs; Nte;jdpd; nka;f;fhtydhd jj;jd; Kj;jdhjd;
ghy; IAw;W mDkjpf;f kWj;jNghJ Nte;jDf;F cWjpg;nghUs;
$w te;jjhfr; nrhy;ypj; jj;jidf; fle;J nrd;whd;. mbahH
tUifia czHe;j nka;g;nghUs; Nte;jdpd; kidtp Nte;jidj;
Japy; vOg;gpdhs;.
jq;fs; tUifahy; kq;fyk; te;jize;j njd;Wf; $wp
Nte;jd; ngha;j;jt mbahiu tuNtw;whd;. mbahH ‘cq;fs;
ehafdhH Kd;dk; ciuj;j Mfk E}y; kz;Nky; vq;Fk; ,y;yhjJ.
xd;W cdf;F ciuf;ff; nfhz;L te;Njd;’ vd;whd;. nka;g;nghUs;
Nte;jd; Mfkj;ij ciuj;jUs Ntz;Lk; vd mbahhplk; Ntz;l
Kj;jdhjid Nte;jd; jdpj;jpUe;J Mfk E}y; Nfl;lUs Ntz;Lk;
vdf; $wpdd;. mf;Fwpg;gpid czh;ej ; Nte;jdpd; kidtp
mt;tplj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePq;f clNd Kj;jdhjd; Gj;jff;ftsp
mtpo;g;ghd; Nghd;W mjpy; kiwj;J itj;jpUe;j fj;jpahy; Nte;jd;
jd;id tzq;Fk; NghJ jhf;fpdhd;. me;epiyapy; Kj;jehjd;
GFe;jNghNj kdij Nte;jd; kPJ itj;jpUe;j jj;jd; gha;e;J
Kj;jehjid jhf;f Kad;whd;. nka;gn ; ghUs; Nte;jd; rptdbahH
Ntlk; nfhz;ljdhy; Kj;jehjd; ‘ek;ktH’ vdj; jLj;jhH.

“Cop ngahpDk; jhk; ngauhH rhz;whd;ikf;F

Mop vdg;gL thH’’2 (Fws; - 989)

vd;W jpUts;StH czh;j;Jfpd;whh;.
Nkw;$wpa Fws; newpf;F Vw;gj; jj;jdplk; Kj;jehjidg;
ghJfhg;ghf efH vy;iyapy; jPq;F NeuhJ nfhz;L Ngha;
mDg;gptpl;L tUkhW Ntz;bdhH.

143
 jd;idf; nfhy;y te;j Kj;jehjDf;Fk; nka;g;nghUs;
Nte;jd; mUs; nra;jhd;. Kj;jehjidf; nfhz;LNgha; ghJfhg;ghf
mDg;gptpl;L jpUk;gp te;j jj;jdpd; flik czHit Nte;jh;
ghuhl;bg; Gfo;e;jhH. murpay; Rw;wj;jhiu mioj;Jj; jd;idg;
NghyNt jpUePw;wd;G ghJfhj;Ja;a Ntz;bdhH. ,jid,

“kiwj;J mtd; GFe;j NghNj kdk; mq;F itj;j jj;jd;

,iwg;nghO jpd;fz; $b thspdhy; vwpay; cw;whd;
epiwj;jnrq; FUjp Nrhu tPo;fpd;whH ePz;l ifahy;

jiwg;gLk; mstpy; jj;jh ekHvdj; jLj;J tPo;e;jhH’’

(ng. G. gh -482)
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
kdpjd; fhye;NjhWk; #o;r;rpahy; NghH nra;J ntw;wp
ngWjy;, gpwHnghUisj; ftUjy;, gpwH kidtpia mila
vz;Zjy; Nghd;w nray;fs; fhye;NjhWk; ele;Njwpf;
nfhz;bUf;ff; $ba epfo;thFk;. cz;ikahd mwpthYk;>
Mw;wyhYk;> tplhKaw;rpahYk; ntw;wpngw KbahjtHfs; Kbtpy;
#o;r;rpiaf; ifahz;L jtwhd ghijapy; ntw;wp ngWtJ vd;w
vz;zj;ijf; nfhz;L tho;e;Jk;, tho;e;J nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.

,JNghd;w ,opthd FzKk;, kdKk; gilj;j Fs;sehpf;

Fzk; nfhz;l kdpjHfSf;F ,iwaUs; cz;lh? vd;w Nfs;tp
fhye;NjhWk; kf;fsplj;jpy; Nfl;fg;gl;L tUtJz;L. ,j;jifa
kdKk;> FzKk; gilj;jtUf;F ,iwg; ghJfhg;G cz;L vd;gij
nka;gg
; pj;Jf; fhl;LtJ jhd; nka;gn
; ghUs; ehadhH Guhzk;.
Kj;jehjdpd; ngha;j;jt Ntlj;ij nka;j;jt Ntlk; vd;W
ek;gp jd; ,d;Dapiu <e;jhH nka;gn
; ghUs; kd;dd;. ,k;kd;dDf;F
Kj;jdhjdpd; Nghyp Ntlk; njhpAk;. xw;W Muha;e;J gilngUf;fp
khw;whd; typawpe;J nty;Yk; Mw;wy; gilj;j kd;dDf;Fg; Nghyp
Ntlj;ij mwptjpy; ,lH xd;Wk; ,y;iy. vd;whYk;
,iwiaAk;> ,iwtbtj;ijAk>; rptdbahiuAk;>
nka;gn; ghUs; kd;dd; md;G ghuhl;bdhH vd;gij mwpa ,t;thW
nra;ag;gl;lJ. nka;g;nghUs; kd;dd; jd; capiu ,of;fg;
NghfpNwhk; vd;gJ njhpahky; ,y;iy. capiu tpl Nkyhf
epidj;J rptdbahh; Ntlk; G+z;l Kj;jdhjid tzq;fpdhH
vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. ehadhhpd; nka;f; fhg;ghsd; jj;jidj; jLj;J,
144
jd;Dapiuf; ftHe;j Kj;jdhjdpd; capiuf; fhf;Fk; nghWg;ig
jj;jdplNk xg;gilj;jhH vd;gij mwpAk; NghJ ‘md;Gk; rptKk;
,uz;ly;y xd;Nw’ vd;Dk; jpU%yH fUj;ij nka;g;gpg;gjhf
nka;gn
; ghUs; ehadhhpd; tuyhW top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

rz;NlRu ehadhhpd; njhz;L

Nrho ehl;by; kz;zpahw;wpd; njd;fiuapy; jpUr;Nra;QY}h;
vd;w Ch; cs;sJ. ,t;T+h; jpUg;gde;jhSf;F mz;ikapy;
Fk;gNfhzj;jpypUe;J nrd;id nry;Yk; topapy; ,t;T+h; cs;sJ.
Nra; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; Kufg; ngUkhd; R+ud; KjyhNdhiu
nts;sg; gilNahL nrd;W vOe;jUspaNghJ KUfdhy;
epWtg;gl;lJ ,t;T+h;. vdNt Nra; ey;Y}h; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.
gpd;dhspy; ,JNt jpUr;Nra;QY}h; vd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
jpUr;Nra;QY}hpy; vr;rjj;jd; vd;w me;jzH Fyj;jhHf;F
tprhurUkd; vd;w Mz; kfT Njhd;wpdhH. vr;rjj;jdpd; kidtp
gtpj;jpiu, tprhurUkd; kiwfSk; Mfkq;fSk; fw;WzHe;J $j;jg;
ngUkhd; jpUtb ruz; vdf; nfhz;L tho;e;jhH.

xU rkak; CH gRf;fis Nka;f;Fk; Mad;, xU gRitf;

Nfhyhy; kpf mbj;J Jd;GWj;jpdhd;. mijf; fz;l tprhurUkH
fz;zPH tbj;jhH. gRf;fspy; KdptHfSk; fzq;fSk;, Gdpj
jPHj;jq;fSk; mlf;fk;. Mjypd; Mtpdq;fisj; Jd;GWj;jyhfhJ
vd;whh;. me;jg; gRf;fspd; Nky; mUs; cs;sk; nfhz;L jhNk
Mtpdk; Nka;f;Fk; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,jid,

“mwptpdhd; MFtJ cz;Nlh gpwpjpd;Neha;

je; Neha;Nghy; Nghw;whf;fil’’3 (Fws; - 315)

gpwhpd; Jd;gj;ijf; fz;L kdk; tUe;jp mtw;wpd; Nky; mUs;
nfhs;sNy mwptpw;F moF vd;W ts;StH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
kd;Daph;ghy; mUs; nfhz;l mbahH cs;sNk Mz;ltd;
ciwAk; Nfhapy; vd;gJ ,uhkypq;f ts;syhH fUj;jhFk;. ,jid,

“vj;JizAk; NgjKwh njt;TapUk;

jkKapHNghy; vz;zp cs;Ns
xj;Jhpik cilatuha; ctf;fpd;whH
ahtutH cse;jhd; Rj;j

145
 rpj;JUtha; vk;ngUkhd; elk; GhpAk;
,lk;vdehd; NjHe;Njd; me;j
tpj;jfHjk; mbf;Nfty; Ghpe;jplvd;

rpe;ijkpf tpioe;j jhNyh’’4

(jdpj;jpU khiy – 8)

“vy;yhk; ,d;Gw;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJNt

my;yhky; NtW xd;W mwpNad;: guhguNk!’’5

(jhAkhdth; guhguf; fz;zp – 43:221)

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
elkhLk; Nfhapy;fshfpa kd;DapHf;Fr; nra;Ak; njhz;L
glkhLk; Nfhapy; gukw;Fr; nra;Ak; njhz;lhFk; vd;gJ jpU%yH
thf;F. ,jid>

“elkhLk; Nfhapy; ek;gHf; nfhd;wPapd;

glkhLk; Nfhapy; gukHf;fJ MNk’’6

(jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuk; gh- 1857)
tprhurUkH jhNk gRf;fis Nka;f;fj; njhlq;fpdhH;. gRf;fs;
ed;F Gy; Nka;e;jd. epiwa ghy; fwe;jd. gRf;fs; NkAk; ,lj;jpy;
jhNk ghy; nrhhpaj; njhlq;fpd. tprhurUkH kzypy; ypq;fk;
gpbj;J itj;J mjpy; gRf;fis ghy; nrhhpAkhW nra;jhH. Chpy;
xUtd; ,f;fhl;rpiag; ghHj;J ‘tprhurUkd; ghiy tPNz nrhhpar;
nra;fpwhd;’ vd;W nrhd;dhd;. CuhH tprhurUkH je;ij
vr;rjj;jdplk; $wpdH. gR jhNd ghy; nrhhptijg; ghHj;j
vr;rjj;jd; gRit mbj;jNjhL ypq;fj;ijAk; fhyhy; rpijj;jhd;.
tprhurUkH Nfhiy Xq;fpdhH. mJ Nfhlhpahf khwp vr;rjj;jid
ntl;baJ.
G+jfzq;fs; GilR+or; rptngUkhd; fhl;rp je;jhH.
‘vk;nghUl;lhy; je;ijia tPo;j;jpa cdf;Fj; je;ij ehk;’ vd;W
thd;thf;F vOe;jJ. rptd; Nfhapypy; midj;J cilikfisAk;
fhf;Fk; rz;Brg;gjk; tprhurUkUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.

146
 tprhurUkH mUs; cs;sj;jpw;F ,iwtd; rz;Brg;gjk; ngw;W
tprhurUkd; rz;NlRtu ehadhH MapdhH. ,jid,

“te;J kpifnra; jhijehs; kOthy; Jzpe;j kiwr; rpWtH

me;j clk;G jd;DlNd mudhH kfdhH MapdhH:
,e;j epiyik mwpe;jhuhH? <wpyhjhH jkf;fd;G

je;j mbahH nra;jdNt jtkhy; md;Nwh rhw;Wq;fhy;?’’

(ng. G. gh -1269)
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
tprhurUkdhf tho;e;J rptNahfk; fhuzkhf rpt topghL
nra;J vtUf;Fk; vspjpy; fpilj;jpuhj rpt rz;Brg;gjk; ngw;W
rz;NlRtuH MapdhH vd;gij mwpAk; NghJ rptdUs; vt;tsT
caHT ngw;wJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

‘rpthaek vd;W rpe;jpg;ghHf;F ,lH xUNghJk; ,y;iy’

vd;gij KOtJk; czHe;jtH tprhurUkH. je;ijapd; fhiy
mhpe;j gpd;Gk; mtH rptNahfj;jpy; tPw;wpUe;jhH. mijf; fz;l
jphpGuhe;jfUk; cldbahff; fhl;rpf; nfhLj;J tpz;ztUf;Fk;
fpl;lhj caHe;j gjtp ey;fpdhH vd;gijf; Nfl;Fk;NghJk;,
gbf;Fk;NghJk; rptNahfj;jpid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
vj;jid Jd;gk; thpDk; ,d;dy; thpDk; mtw;iw tpLj;J
rpttopghL ,ilawhJ eilngw Ntz;Lk;. mt;topghL ek;ikf;
fhj;J ey;topg;gLj;Jk; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
tprhurUkH kf;fl;F ,d;wpaikahj mwpTiu toq;fpaij
Nehf;Fk; NghJ kz;Zyfg; gw;W tpLj;Jg; gpwthg; Nghpd;gk;
miltjw;F ehk; rpy fLikahd Kaw;rpfisAk>; gapw;rpfisAk;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; tprhurUkH tho;f;if top mwpa
KbfpwJ.
kf;fs; grpf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; czT cl;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
cly; eyKw czT cl;nfhs;tJ Nghy; Ik;Gy czHT eyKwf;
fhuzkhd ,iwnewpia NtiyNjhWk; rptdbahh;fs; epidf;fj;
jtWtjpy;iy capHfs; ,iw czHitAk;, mUs; czHitAk;
ngUf;fp tPl;bd;gk; ngwr; rz;Br ehadhH tuyhW topfhl;Lk;
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

147
jpU%y ehadhhpd; njhz;L
ee;jpak;ngUkhd; jpUtUs; ngw;wth; jpU%yh;. ,th; mzpkh,
kfpkh, yfpkh, fhpkh Kjypa vz;tifr; rpj;jpfspy; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpAs;shh;. ,th; xU Kiw fapiy kiyapypUe;J nghjpif
kiy mfj;jpaUld; rpyfhyk; ciwa vz;zp njw;F Nehf;fp tUk;
topapy; fq;ifj; Jiwapy; ePuhb, fz;zg;gH topgl;l jpUf;fhsj;jp,
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH topgl;l jpUthyq;fhL, fhQ;rpGuk; Kjypa
jyq;fis topgl;Lf; ,Wjpapy; fhtphpf; fiuia mile;Js;shh;.
mq;Fs;s jpUthtLJiwg; ngUq;Nfhapy; rptngUkhid tzq;fp
md;W ,uT jq;fpAs;shh;.
jpUMLJiwaUNf rhj;jDh}; vd;Dk;; Chpy;
MLNka;gg ; tDf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jtd; %yd;. xU ehs; %yd;
gRf;fs; eLNt ,we;J fple;jhd;. ,we;j %yidr; Rw;wp
gRf;$l;lq;fs; epd;Wnfhz;bUe;jd. mt;topNa te;j NahfpahH
gRf;fs; midj;Jk; %yidr; Rw;wp epd;W fjWk; epiyfz;L
mtw;wpd;ghy; mUs; nfhz;lhH. jdf;F $L tpl;Lf; $L ghAk;
tpj;ij njhpe;jikahy; jd;Dliy ghJfhg;ghf Xhplj;jpy;
itj;Jtpl;L %yDlypy; Nahfpahh; NrHe;jhH. gRf;fs; caph;ngw;w
jk; jiytidf; fz;L kfpo;e;J Nka;e;jd. %yd; cly; GFe;j
NahfpahH khiyapy; gRf;$l;lj;NjhL rhj;jD}H te;jile;jhH.
%yd; kidtp jd; fztd; vd tuNtw;Wj; njhlg;NghFk; NghJ
NahfpahH mtSf;Fj; jd; epiyia tpsf;fpdhH. %yd; kidtp
mth; $wpaij ek;ghky; CHkd;wpy; Kiwapl;lNghJ CHg;
nghpatHf;F NahfpahH jd; epiyia tpsf;fpAs;shh;. CHkf;fs;
midtUk; xg;Gf; nfhz;ldH.
gpd;dh; jd;Dliy NahfpahH Njbf;fhz Kbatpy;iy. %yd;
clypy; ,Ue;Nj %thapuk; Mz;Lfs; tho;e;J kd;DapHfs; thor;
rhpia, fphpia, Nahfk;, Qhdk; Mfpa ehd;F epiyfis tpsf;Fk;
tifapy; jpUke;jpuk; ,aw;wpdhH.
gRf;fspd; tUj;jj;ijg; Nghf;f jpU%yH clk;ig ,oe;J
mUs; Ghpe;jpUf;Fk; ghq;F ntspg;gl;ljid>

“vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;

jd;id ed;whfj; jkpo; nra;AkhNw’’7

(jpUke;jpuk; 81:3-4)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
148
 “CDlk;gpw; gpwtptple; jPHe;Jyfj; NjhH ca;a
QhdKjy; ehd;Fkyh; ey;jpUke;jpu khiy
ghd;ikKiw Xuhz;Lf; nfhd;whfg; guk;nghUshk;

Vdvap wzpe;jhiu xd;wtd;jhd; vd vLj;J’’

(ng. G. gh- 3594)

“Kd;dpamg; nghUs; khiyj; jopo; %thapuk; rhj;jp

kd;dpa% thapuj;jhz; bg;GtpNky; kfpo;e;jpUe;J
nrd;dpkjp mzpe;jhHjk; jpUtUshy; jpUf;fapiy

jd;dpy; mize; njhUfhYk; gphpahik jhsile;jhH’’

(ng. G. gh- 3595)
vd;w ghly;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
vdNt jpU%yh; %thapuk; Mz;Lfs; tho;e;J
kz;ZapHfSf;F ee;newp mUs; Ghpe;jhH. vd;gJ njhpfpwJ.
mbahHfisg; nghUj;j tiuapy; tUtJk; kiwtJk; tpe;ijahf
,Ug;gij nghpaGuhzk; czh;j;JfpwJ. mt;tifapy; %yd; vDk;
Mepiu Nka;gg; hd; clypy; GFe;J rpthDG+jp ngw;w rpj;jH
jpU%yh; ngUkhDk; irtk; jiof;fg; ghLgl;lij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
$L tpl;L $L ghAk; tpe;ij vDk; ml;lkhrpj;jpfspy;
xd;whd ,t;tpj;ijapid ey;topf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhl;ba
jtr;rPyHfs; ,UtH. mth;fspy; xUth;jhd; jpU%yh;.
jpU%yH %thapuk; Mz;Lfs; tho;e;J Mz;nlhd;Wf;F xU
ghly; tPjk; %thapuk; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpdhH vd;gJ tpe;ijahf
,Ue;jhYk;, mthpd; fUj;Jf;fisj; jpUke;jpuj;jpd; thapyhff;
fhZk;NghJ msg;ghpa cz;ikfis mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifj;
jj;Jtq;fs; clw; $w;wpd; ,d;wpaikahj fUj;Jfs;, clw;
rf;fuq;fspd; jj;Jtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; $wp ‘mz;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ gpz;lj;jpy; ciwfpwJ’ vDk; Mokhd fUj;Jf;fis
cyfpw;F czHj;jpatH. jpU%yH gQ;Nre;jphpaq;fs;
fd;Nke;jphpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikfs;, nray;ghLfs; $wpf;
fl;Lg;ghLila tho;f;ifia cyfpw;F czh;j;jpAs;shh;.

149
 kdpjdha;g; gpwg;gjd; rpwg;Gf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fkplj;J gpw
caphpdq;fis tpl kdpjdha; gpwg;gJ NkyhdJ vd;Wk;
mg;gpwg;gpw;Fhpa jd;ikfNshL tho Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $wpAs;shh;.
jpU%y ehadhhpd; ghly;fs; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy;
Ghpe;J czHT nfhz;L kdpj Fyj;ij nray;gl itf;fpwJ.
‘kz;zhtJ jpz;zk;’ vg;gb cyfg; gw;iw mWj;njhopf;Fk;
gl;bdj;jhhpd; thf;fpid jpU%yH ghly;fs; nka;gg ; pf;fpd;wd.
jpU%yH rptdUs; ngw;W kz;ZapHf;fhf ,uq;fpj; jd;Dapiuf;
nfhLj;J %TyfpDk; epiyj;j Gfio mile;jhH vd;gJ Nrf;fpohh;
ngUkhd; $Wk; jpU%yhpd; tuyhW top mwpaKbfpwJ.

jpUkiwf;fhl;Lf; Nfhapy; NeHtop topghL

jpUkiwf;fhl;Lf; NfhapYf;Fj; jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk;
jpUehTf;furUk; nrd;wNghJ mt;T+Hf;Nfhapy; fjT %lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH ehturhplk; Nfhapy; jpUf;fjT jpwf;fg; ghl
Ntz;bdhH. jpUehTf;furH jpUkiwf; fhl;biwtid cUfpg;
ghbdhH. fjT jpwe;jJ. kf;fs; midtUk; NeHtop nrd;W ,iw
topghL nra;jdH. jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; xU Njthuk; ghbj; jpUf;fjT
rhj;jpdhH. md;W Kjy; jpUkiwf;fhl;Lf; NfhapYf;Fs; kf;fs;
NeHtopapy; nrd;W topgl;ldH. ,jid,

“mj;jpU thapy; jd;dpy; mw;iwehs; njhlq;fp NeNu

nka;j;jpU kiwfs; Nghy Nkjpdp Gf;Fg; Nghw;w
itj;JvjpH tof;fk; nra;j tuk;G,yhg; ngUikNahiuf;

ifj;jyk; Ftpj;Jj; jho;e;J tho;e;jJ fly;#o; itak;’’

(ng. G. gh- 2492)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

jpUtPopkpoiyg; gQ;rk; jPHj;jy;

jpUehTf;furUk; jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk; jpUtPopkpoiy
mile;jNghJ thd; ngha;j;jJ> Mw;wpy; ePH Xltpy;iy> gQrk;
te;Jw;wJ> Nfhapy;fspy; ehs; topghLk;, rpwg;G topghLk; Fiwe;jJ>
kf;fs; tWikAw;W czTf;F topapd;wp thbdH. rptdbahHfs;
nghpJk; tUe;jpdH. rptngUkhd; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;, jpUehTf;furh;
,th;fs; ,UtH fdtpYk; Njhd;wp ‘jpUtPopkpoiy Nfhapy; fpof;F

150
Nkw;F thapy;fspy; gbf;fhR jUNthiu czh;j;jp mJ nfhz;L
kf;fs; tWik jPHf;FkhW mUspdhH.
jpUehTf;furHf;F thrpjPHe;j nghw;fhRfs; fpilj;jij itj;J
mth; cothug;gil nka;j; njhz;L nra;jijAk; me;j cz;ikj;
njhz;bw;Ff; fhuzkhf nghw;fhRfs; fpilj;jpUf;fyhk; vdj;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH fUjpdhH. jdf;Fk; thrp jPHj;j fhrUSkhW
rk;ge;jH ghbaijAk; rk;ge;jUf;Fk; jpUehTf;furUf;Fk;
nghw;fhRfs; fpilj;jd. me;j nghw;fhRfisf; nfhz;L; kf;fl;Fg;
giwaiwe;J midtUf;Fk; czT ey;fp kf;fspd; tWikiaj;
jPHj;jjid>

“thrp jPuNt, fhR ey;FtPH

khrpd; kpoiyaPH, Vry; ,y;iyNa!

,iwth; MapdPH, kiwnfhs; kpoiyaPH

fiwnfhs; fhrpid, Kiwik ey;FNk!’’9

(jptPopkpoiyg; gjpfk; gh-1:1-
2)

“fhjnyhLe; njhOnjLj;Jf; nfhz;L epd;W

ifFtpj;J ngUkfpo;r;rp fye;Jnghq;f,

ehjHtpUk; gbahHfs; ehSk; ehSk;

ey;tpUe;jh Az;gjw;F tUf vd;W,

jPjpy;giw epfo;tpj;Jr; nrd;w njhz;lH
jpUtKJfwpnea;ghy; japnud; wpd;d
VjKwh jpdpJz;z Cl;b mq;fz;

,Ujpwj;Jg; nghUe;jtUk; ,Ue;j ehspy;’’

(ng. G. gh- 2469)
vd;w ghly;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

,iw newpf;Fk; Qhdj;jpw;Fk; Fyk;, taJ vd;gd

Kf;fpaky;y. gOj;j rpe;jidAk; ,iwKjpHr;rpAk; NghJk; vd;gij
cyfpw;F czHj;jpatHfs; jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk;, jpUehTf;

151
furUkhtH. kf;fs; njhz;Nl kNfrd; njhz;L vd;gJ Nghy
njhz;L nra;J ,iwnewp fhj;jdH.
xt;nthU mbahUk; mtutH nra;j Co;tpidf;Nfw;g
Qhdrpj;jp mile;Js;sdh;. Gj;jHf;F ehL, kidtp, kf;fs; vy;yh
tw;iwAk; Jwe;jjhy; Qhdk; gpwf;ftpy;iy. ,y;ywj;ijj; Jwe;J
gy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwFjhd; mth; Qhdk; ngWWs;shh;. jpUQhd
rk;ge;jH %d;W tajpy; cikahspd; Qhdg;ghiyg; gUfp
mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jpaijAk;> jpUehTf;furH Kjypy; Gwr;rkak;
xOfpg; gy ,d;dy;fSf;Fg; gpwF ,iw Qhdk; fpilf;fg;
ngw;wijAk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ mbahHfspd; tho;f;if Ke;ija
gpwg;gpd; Co;tpidfis mDgtpj;j gpwFjhd; ey;tpidg; ghw;gLtH
vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk; Qhdk; gpwe;jTld; mt;tbahHfs;
fhdfj;jpy; ciwe;J tpltpy;iy. Qhdj;ijNa nry;tkhfg; gw;wpf;
nfhz;L cyfpy; mwpahik ,Uspy; %o;fp ,Ug;gtHfis
ey;topg;glj; njhz;lhw;wp cs;sdh;.
kdpjFyk; kl;Lk; filj;Njw Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;
mbahHfSf;F ,y;iy. kd;DapHfSk; filj;Njw Ntz;Lk; vd
mbahh;fs; tpUk;gpdhHfs;. mtHfs; ‘jkf;nfd KayhJ Nehd;whs;
gpwH;f;nfd KaYeh; cz;ikahNd’ vd;w GwehE}w;Wg; ghly;
thpfis nka;ahf;fpatHfs; MtH;. mbahHfs; jyq;fs; NjhWk;
ele;J nrd;W ngUkhid tzq;FtJ kl;Lk; Nehf;fk; my;y.
,iwtdpd; mUs; gz;ig kf;fSf;Fg; ghly;fs; thapyhff; $wp,
,iwtDf;Fk; ,iwabahHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa J}a;ikahd md;G
cwT Vw;glTk; toptif nra;jtHfs; mtHfs; jkf;nfd vijAk;
Nrkpj;J itf;ftpy;iy vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

guitahH; ney;iyg; gFj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;

Fz;ilA+H fpohH Re;juHf;F Ntz;ba ney;iy xt;nthU
Mz;Lk; mspj;J tUk; epiyapy; xU Kiw kioapd;wpg; Nghf
mt;thz;L ney; nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy. Re;juH ngUkhd; jpUth&H
,iwtid Ntz;lf; Fz;ilA+hpy; ney; kiyaha;f; Ftpe;jijAk;
Re;juH ,iwtid kPz;Lk; Ntz;l, ney; jpUth&H tPjpfspy;
epiwe;jijAk;> mr;nra;jp mwpe;j guitahH jpUth&hpy; mtutH
tPl;Lf;F Kd;dpUf;Fk; ney;iy mtutH vLj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;W
giwaiwe;J njhptpj;J kfpo;r;rp nfhz;lijAk;> Nrf;fpohh;
$Wfpd;whh;. ,jid>

“tz;njhz;lH jkf;fspj;j new;fz;L kfpo; rpwg;ghH

152
 ,d;Wq;fs; kid vy;iyf; Fl;gLnew; Fd;nwy;yhk;

nghd;jq;F khspifapw; Gfg;nga;J nfhs;f’ vd

ntd;wpKu riwtpj;jhH; kpf;f Gfo;g; guitahH;’’

(ng. G. gh- 3186)
vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
,t;tif ,d;gj;ijg; Nghy; ghujpahhpd; kidtp fld;
thq;fp itj;jpUe;j fhy;gb mhprpiaAk; fhf;if FUtpfSf;F thhp
,iwj;J mit milAk; kfpo;r;rpapy; jhd; ,d;gk; Ja;j;jhH vdpy;
mthpd; mUl;jd;ikapid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,jid>

“fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; rhjp – ePs;

flYk; kiyAk; vq;fs; $l;lk;
Nehf;Fe; jpirnayhk; ehkd;wp Ntwpy;iy

Nehf;f Nehf;ff; fspahl;lk;’’10

(ghujpahh; ftpijfs; g – 116)

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

Re;juhpd; njhz;L
xU Kiw Re;juh; jpUg;Gf;nfhypA+hpy; cs;s (mtpehrp)
jyj;jpw;F tPjp topNa nry;Yk;NghJ mOFuy; Nfl;lJ. mth;fs;
Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; vd;d? vd;W Re;juh; Nfl;f mq;F cs;NshH
,U tPl;bYk; Ie;J tajpy; rpWtHfs; ,Ue;jdh;. ,UtUk; kLtpy;
Fspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ xUtid Kjiy cz;lJ. xUtd;
gpioj;J capH ngw;W te;jhd; capUld; te;j rpWtDf;Fg; G+Z}y;
mzptpoh eilngUfpwJ. ,ijf; fz;L kfid ,oe;j ngw;NwhH
jd;kfd; epidTtu mtd; ,Ue;jhy; ,g;NghJ cgeak;
nra;tpf;fyhk; vd;W vz;zp mOjjhfTk; njhptpj;jJk; Re;juh;
mg;ngw;Nwhh; Jahf;;fz;L kdk; nghwhky; mth;fis mk;kLTf;F
mioj;Jr; nrd;W mtid tpOq;fpa Kjiy thOk; ,lj;jpidf;
fhl;l Ntz;bdhh;. gpd;dh; Re;juH ngUkhd; ,iwtid Ntz;bg;
mUl; gz;NghL gjpfk; ghb kLtpy; ,we;j gps;isia caph; ngwr;
nra;jhh;. ,jid,

“ciug;ghH ciuAfj;Js; ftyhH jq;fs; cr;rpaha;

153
 miuf;fhluth MjpAk; me;jKk; Mapdha;
Giuf;fhL Nrhiyg; Gf;nfhypA+H mtpehrpNa

fiuf;fhy; Kjiyiag; gps;isjur; nrhy;Y fhyidNa’’11

(Re;juh; Njthuk; gh 7: 999:4)

“ciug;ghH ciu vd;nwLj;jjpUg; ghl;LKbah Kd;DaHe;j

tiug;ghd; ikapy;ePs; jlk;Gae;J kwyp ike;jd;
capHnfhzHe;J
jpiug;gha; Gdypd; Kjiytap Wlypw;nrd;w Mz;LfSk;

jiug;ghy; tsHe;j njd epuk;g Kjiythapy; jUtpj;jhd;’’

(ng. G. gh - 4244)

vd;w ghly;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho top fhl;ba ts;StUk;,
,jidNa Rl;Lfpd;whh;. ,jid>
“jd;DapH jhd;mwg; ngw;whid Vida
kd;Dap nuy;yhk; njhOk;’’12
(Fws; - 268)
vd;W jpUts;StUk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
Kjiy tpOq;fpa Gjy;td; tsHe;j epiyNahL ntspNa
te;jhd;. mtidf; fz;l ngw;NwhH kdk; kfpo;e;jdH.
vy;yh capHfisAk; jd;Dapuhf vz;Zfpd;w mUSs;sk;
fz;Lk;, capNuhL tUfpd;w jd; kfidf; fz;Lk; mtd; ngw;NwhH,
Re;juiu mb gzpe;J tzq;fpg; Nghw;wpdH.

“fiuf;fhy; Kjiyiag; gps;is jur; nrhy;Y fhyidNa”13

(ehy;th; kzpkhiy g - 59 gh-39-4)

,e;epfo;T Re;juh; kw;wth;Nky; nfhz;l md;Gk; mUl; gz;Gk;

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk;,
“flf;fspWmlf;fpa fUizkwt”14

(rpyk;G milf;fyf;fhij gh thp-53)

154
 “gw;wpa fiyQhpd; grpg;gpzp aWj;Jg;

gy;yhz;L Gue;j ,y;Nyhh; nrk;ky;”15

(rpyk;[Link];fyf;fhij gh-thp-89-90)

,f;fUj;ijNa rpyg;gjpfhuKk; czh;j;JfpwJ.

jtW nra;Ak; Foe;ijapd; Fw;wj;ijg; nghWj;J md;G
nrYj;Jk; md;idiag; Nghy; ,iwtd;, gpionra;Ak; mbatiuAk;
jk; md;ghy; mtHfspd; kdij khw;wp ey;topg; gLj;jp xOfr;
nra;thH. ngUkhid ‘ePH gpj;jNdh gpjw;Wfpwha;’ vd mioj;j
Re;juUf;F ,iwtd; jpUtUs; nfhLj;Jf; fj;Js;shH. Re;juH
kz;Zyfpy; tWikahy; thLk; kf;fspd; grpj; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;f
,iwtid Ntz;b ghly; ghb kio nghoptJ Nghy; ney;kzp
nghopar; nra;jJk;> mtw;iwg; ngw;W kf;fspd; Jd;gj;ijg;
Nghf;fpaJk;> Kjiy cz;l rpWtidg; gpiof;f itj;jJk;
,t;thW Re;juh; kf;fSf;F njhz;lhw;wpaij mwpaKbfpwJ.
Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH tho;e;j fhyr; R+oiyg; gpd; Nehf;fpg;
ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gwr; rkag; gpbapypUe;J kf;fisf; fhf;f
Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,Ue;jjhy; mfr; rka mw;Gjq;fis
epfo;j;jpdhH. vd;gJk; mNjhL Re;juhpd; mUl;gz;Gk; GydhfpwJ.

jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; njhz;L
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhd; jpUj;jyq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W
,iwtidg; ghb kfpo jpUj;jyg; gadhkhfg; Gwg;gl;L rk;ge;jg;
ngUkhd; jpUthr;rpuhkk; vd;Dk; gjpia mile;jhh;. mq;Fs;s
,iwtid tzq;f jpUj;jyj;jpw;F te;jNghJ mt;T+hpy; thOk;
nfhy;ypkotd; vd;gtUila kfs; ‘Kayfk;’ vd;Dk; Nehahy;
gPbf;fg; gl;lhs;. ke;jpu xslj Kaw;rpfshy; gad; ,y;iy.
mjdhy; jd; kfis rptrf;jp Kd;Nd fplj;jpdhd;. mij mwpe;j
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mtDf;F mUs; Ghpe;J ele;jijf; Nfs;tpAw;whh;>
mq;Nf czh;tpoe;j ngz;izg; ghh;j;jhh;> MSilag;gps;isahh;
rptngUkhidg; ghh;j;J mUl; gz;NghL gjpfk; ghb Kbe;jTld;
kotd;kfs; Neha; ePq;fp vOe;J epd;whs;. ,e;j epfo;T
Qhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhdpd; kdpj Neaj;ijAk; mthpd;
mUl;gz;igAk; czh;j;jp nry;fpwJ. ,jid,

“mzpfpyh; jhutd; nrhd;d

khw;wk; mUnshLk; Nfl;L me;epiyapy; epd;Nw

155
gzptsh; nrQ;rilg; ghr;rpd;Nka
guk;nghUs; Mapdhiug; gzpe;J gzpe;J
kzptsh; fz;lNuh kq;ifia
thlkay; nra;tNjh ,th;khz;gJ vd;W
jzpT,y; gpzp jtph;f;Fk; gjpfj; jz;lkpo;
ghbdh; rz;ig ehjh;”
(ng. G -gh- 2221)
vd;W gpzp jth;f;f jz;lkpo; gjpfk; ghbdhh.; NkYk;,

“kd;Dk; fTdpahh; Nghw;wp epw;f

kotd; gae;j koiy nkd;nrhy;”
fz;zp cWgpzp tpl;L ePq;f

fJk;vdg; ghkpir epd;W vOe;J

nghz;zpd; nfhbnad xy;fp te;J

nghUtypj; jhijAil mzpe;jhd;”

(ng. G. gh - 2222)

vd;Wk; cw;w gpzp tpl;l ePq;fTk; mUspdhh; ehTf;furh;.

“md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah; md;Gilahh;

vd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;F”16 - (Fws;-72)

“md;NghL ,iae;j tof;nfd;g MUaph;f;F

vd;NghL ,iaj;j njhlh;G”17 - (Fws;-73)

“md;G<Dk; Mh;tk; cilik mJ<Dk;

Ez;ngd;Dk; ehlhr; rpwg;G”18 - (Fws; -74)

md;gpy;yhjth;fNsh vy;yhk; jkf;F vd;W ciug;ghh;. Mdhy;

md;Ng ew;rpwg;ig cUthf;fp ey;tho;Tf;F topfhl;Lk; .vd;W
ts;StUk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

xU Kiw jpUkUfy; vd;w CUf;F jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhd;

te;jNghJ mq;F tzpff; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngz; xUj;jp
‘rilaha; ruz; eP’ tpilaha; ruz; eP’ ‘thswT jPz;lTk; jhd;
jPz;lapy;yhy;’ kUfy; ngUkhNd mgak; vd;W mOJ

156
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. me;j mOFuy; Nfl;L jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhd;
mq;F nrd;W mg;ngz;zplk; tprhhpj;jNghJ mg;ngz; jhd;
jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s ,Ue;j jd; khkd; kfDld; ,t;top
te;jNghJ mtd; ghk;G fbj;J ,we;J tpl;lhd;. vd;W $wp
mOjhs.; mts; gLk; Jaiuf;fz;l jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhd;
kdk; nefpo;e;J mUl; gz;NghL gjpfk; ghb ,we;j kzkfid
vOg;gp mt;tpUtUf;Fk; jpUkzk; nra;J itj;J mth;fis
tho;j;jp mUspdhh;. ,jid,

“rilaha; vt;taph;f;Fk; jha; Mdhidr;

rq;fuid rfpfz;l kTyp ahid

tpilahid Ntjpaid ntz;zPw;whid

tputhjhh; Guk;Kd;Wk; vhpar; nrw;w

gilahid gq;faj;J NktpdhYk;

ghk;G mizapy; Japd;whYk; guTk; Nfhyk;

cilahid cilahNd jFNk ,e;j

xs;,ioahs; cs;nkypT vd;W vLj;jg;ghl”

(ng. G. gh-2385)
vd;w ghlybfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. NkYk;,
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhd; gy jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
,iwtid tzq;fp juprdk; nra;J kapyhg;G+h; te;jile;jhh;. mq;F
rptNdrh; vd;w nrl;bahh; jhk; jtkpUe;J ngw;w jk; Foe;ij
G+k;ghitia ghk;G fbj;J ,wf;f mg;G+k;ghitia vhpj;J
vYk;igAk; rhk;giyAk; xU Flj;jpypl;L mf;Flj;ij Nghw;wpg;
ghJfhj;J te;jhh;. ,r;nra;jpawpe;j jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhd;
fghyPRtuiu tzq;fp rptNdriu mioj;J cd; Gjy;tpapd;
vYk;Gs;s Flj;ijf; nfhz;LtUk;gb $w rptNdrh; mf;Flj;ij
nfhz;L te;J ,iwtd; Kd; itj;jhh;. ”kl;bl;l Gd;id” vdj;
njhlq;fp Ig;grp Xztpoh fhh;j;jpif tpsf;fPL khh;fop Mjpiuehs;
Kjyhd tpohf;fis fhzhky; NghjpNah G+k;ghtha; vd;W xd;gJ
Kiw mioj;j gpd; gj;jhtJ Kiwahf fghyPr;ruk; mkh;e;jhd;
ngUQ;Nrhjp fhzhky; NghjpNah G+k;ghtha; vd mioj;jJk; Flk;
cilj;J vOe;J epd;whs;. ,f;fUj;ij,

157
 “Njw;wk; ,y;rkz; rhf;fpaj; jpz;zhh; ,r;nra;if

Vw;wJ md;Wvd vLj;Jiug;ghh; vd;wNghJ

Nfhy;njhbr; nrq;if Njhw;wplf; Flk;cilj;J vOths;

Nghw;W jhkiug;NghJ mtpo;e;J vOe;jds;”

(ng. G. gh- 299 )

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,f;fUj;ijNa,

“muk;NghYk; $h;ika NuDk; kuk;Nghy;th;

kf;fl;gz; gpy;yh jth;” 19 - (Fws; 997)

vd;W ts;StUk; kf;fl; gz;igf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

,tw;wpypUe;J jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ngUkhdpd; jd;dyk;
fUjhj NkNyhq;fpa md;Gk;, kdpj Neaj;ijAk;, mUl;gz;igAk;
ek;khy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
jpUehTf;fur ehadhhpd; njhz;L
Nrhoehl;by; jpq;fShpy; mg;G+jpmbfs; tho;e;J te;jhh;.
,iwtdplk; nfhs;Sk; gf;jpia ehTf;furhplk; nfhz;L xOfpdhh;.
jd; gps;isf;Fk; jhd; itj;j jz;zPh;g; ge;jYf;Fk; ehTf;furh;
ngaiuNa itj;jhh;. ehTf;furh; xUKiw jpq;fSUf;F te;jhh;.
mg;G+jpabfspd; nra;ifiaf; fz;L jpifj;jhh;. ehTf;furiu
mg;G+jpabfs; tpUe;Njhk;g tpUk;gpdhh;. mjd; fhuzkhf
mg;G+jpabfspd; kfd; thioapiy mhpar; nrd;whd;. Mq;Nf ehfk;
jPz;b ,we;jhd;. kfid kiwj;J mg;G+jpf;F tpUe;jspj;jhh;. mg;gh;
kfitg; gw;wpa nra;jpawpe;J kfitj; jpq;fSh; NfhtpYf;F
vLj;Jr; nrd;W ngUkhd; Kd;fplj;jp gjpfk; ghbdhh;. mg;G+jpabfs;
kfd; kaf;fk; njspe;J caph; ngw;whd;. ,jid,
“md;W mth;fs; kiwj;jjDf;F msT,we;j fUizauha;f;

nfhd;iw eWQ; rilahh;jk; Nfhapypd;Kd; nfhzh;tpj;Nj

xd;W nfhyhk; vdg;gjpfk; vLj;Jcilahd;rPh;g;ghlg;

gpd;iwtplk; Ngha;ePq;fpg; gps;isczh;e;J vOe;jpUe;jhd;”

(ng. G. gh :1478 )
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

158
 “xj;jJ mwpthd caph;tho;thd; kw;iwahd;
nrj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;”20
(Fws; 214)
vd;W ts;StUk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
Kd;gpd; mwpahj mg;G+jpabfspd; Nky; md;Gk;, fUizAk;,
kdpjNeaKk; nfhz;l ehgTf;furhpd; mUl;njhz;Lk;;
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
fz;zg;g ehadhhpd; njhz;L
ehad;khh;fspy; xUtuhd fz;zg;ghpd; mUl;gz;G
midtiuAk; tpaf;Fk; tifapy; mikfpwJ. Nfhj;jk;gp ehl;by;
cLg;G+h; vd;w rpw;W}hpy; ehfd; vd;gtd; Ntlh;Fyj; jiytd;. mtd;
kfd; jpz;zd;. gUtk; va;jpaJk; jpz;zd; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;whh;.
Fy tof;fg;gb fhl;by; Ntl;ilahbdhh;. mg;NghJ fhyj;jp
kiyiaf; fz;L mq;Fs;s FLkpj;Njtiu tzq;fpdhh;. NkYk;
FLkpj;NjtUf;F G+Tk; ePUk; nfhz;L G+ir nra;J tzq;fp
,iwtDf;F mKjspf;f vz;zp ,iwr;rpia itj;J cz;Zk;gb
Ntz;bdhh;. ,g;gbNa Ie;J ehl;fs; fope;jd> Mwhk; ehs;
Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwr;rpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tUk;
Ntisapy; ,iwtd; tyf;fz;zpy; FUjp Xbaijf; fz;L kdk;
gijj;jhh;. rpe;ij fyq;fpdhh; nra;tjwpahj jpifj;jhh;> ,jw;F
fhuzk; ahJ vdj; Njbaiye;jhh;> gr;rpiy nfhz;Lte;J fz;zpy;
mg;gpdhh;. FUjp epw;ftpy;iy. ‘cw;w Neha; jPh;g;gJ CDf;F Cd;’
vd;Dk; gonkhop epidTf;F te;jJ. jk; tyf;fz;iz Njhz;b
vLj;J ,iwtd; jpUTUtpy; mg;gpdhh;. clNd FUjp epd;wJ.
jpz;zdhh; kfpo;e;J ,d;Gw;W $j;jhbdhh;.
NkYk; jpz;zdhiu Nrhjpf;f ,iwtd; jd; ,lf;fz;zpy;
FUjp topar; nra;jhh;. mijf;fz;l jpz;zdhh; gijj;Jg; Nghdhh;.
chpa kUe;J ‘fz;Nz’ vd vz;zpdhh;. mLj;j jd; fz;izAk;
vLj;J mg;g vz;zpdhh;. jk; fz; Njhz;ba gpd; ,iwtdpd; fz;
njhptjw;fhf nrUg;gzpe;j fhiy mt;tplj;jpy; Cd;wpdhh;.
jpz;zdhh; jk; ,lf;fz; Njhz;l Kw;gl;lhh; me;epiyapy; fhsj;jp
,iwtd; fz;zg;gh epw;f vd Kk;Kiwf; $wp jk; jpUf;fuj;jpdhy;
jPz;bdhh;. gpd; fhl;rp nfhLj;J mUs; Ghpe;jhh;. ,jid,

“nrq;fz; nts;tpilapd; ghfh; jpz;zdhh; jk;ikMz;l

Mq;fzh; jpUf;fh sj;jp mw;Gjh; jpUf;if md;gh;

jk;fz; Kd;,lf;Fk; ifia jLf;f %d;W mLf;Fehf

159
fq;fzh; mKjthf;Ff; fz;zg;g epw;f vd;wJ”

(ng. G. gh- 832 )

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

NkYk;,
“cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu” 21

( kzpNkfiy ghj;jpuk; ngw;w fhij gh thp-97)

kdpjd; kdpjd;ghy; fhl;LtJ md;G Mdhy; fz;zg;gNuh

mijAk; fle;J Xh; m/wpizg; nghUshd fy;ypd; kPJ nfhz;l
cz;ikahd md;ig ,iw md;gha;, newpaha; czh;j;Jk;
Nghf;if ehk; vd;dntd;W ciug;gJ ,JNt cz;ikahd
mUl;gz;ghFk;.

njhFg;Giu
md;G tsHf;f ,y;ywj;jhH jhdk; nra;tH. mUs; tsHf;fj;
Jwtwj;jhH jtk; nra;thH. jd;DapH Nghy kd;DapH Ngzpa
kd;dd; kDePjpr; Nrhod; tuyhw;iw mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

nka;gn; ghUs; ehadhUk;, Vdhjpehj ehadhUk; giftDf;Fk;

mUSk; ed;neQ;Rila rptdbahuhf tpsq;fpaij mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
Re;juH Kjiy cz;l gps;isia tutioj;Jg; ngw;Nwhhpd;
fz;zPH Jilj;J mUspdhH. jiytid ,oe;j gRf;$l;lk;
fjwpaJ fz;l Nahfpah $Ltpl;Lf; $Lgha;e;J %yd; clypy;
GFe;J CHg;gRf;fspd; thl;lj;ijg; Nghf;fpajd; %yk; gpw
caph;fSf;Fk; rptdbahh;fs; njhz;L nra;jij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Re;juH; ,iwtidj; jkpopy; gjpfk; ghbg; ngw;w ney;iy
mtH kidtp guit ehr;rpahH gyHf;Fk; gFj;Jf; nfhLj;jjpd;
%yk; mthpd; njhz;Lzh;it mwpa KbfpwJ.
mbahHfs; jpUePw;wpd; ngUikiag; Gwr; rkaq;fSf;Ff;
fw;Wf; nfhLj;jNjhly;yhky; cyfwpar; nra;jtHfs; MthHfs;.
njd;dhl;ltUf;F chpajhfr; irtk; Njhd;wpdhYk; ve;ehl;ltUk;
nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlr; nra;jdH.

160
 mbahHfs; vg;NghJk; nra;af;$ba mw;Gjq;fis
Xirapy;yhky; nra;Jtpl;L mjdhy; kdpjFyk; milaf;$ba
ed;ikfis XH Xukhf epd;W kfpo;r;rpAld; ghHf;Fk; ghq;F
cilatHfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wdH. Njthuk; ghba mbahHfs;
jkf;nfdr; rpe;ij nra;ahr; nrk;ikAs;sk; nfhz;ltHfshf
tpsq;fpdH.
kf;fsplj;jpy; ,iwAzHitAk; njhz;LzHitAk; Cl;b
tsHf;ff; $ba newpapy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;ltHfspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs; jpUQhdrk;ge;jH, jpUehTf;furH, Re;juH
Nghd;NwhuhtH.
mbatHfs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;w cWjpg; nghUs;fs;
%d;iwAk; capH %r;rhff; nfhz;L kf;fs; ,dk; thoj;
njhz;lhw;wpdH. gpwthg; Nghpd;gk; kd;DapHfs; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nguthf; nfhz;L jq;fspd; tho;f;ifia Kd;Djhuzkhff;
nfhz;L tho;e;js;sdh;.

161
rhd;nwz;; tpsf;fk;

1. rPdpthrd;.(g.M) ghpNkyofh;(c.M) jpUFws; - 244

2. NkyJ - 989

3. NkyJ - 315

4. ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; jdpj;jpU khiy gh– 8

5. jhAkhdth; guhguf; fz;zp – 43:221

6. [Link];fthrfd;. ckh gjpg;gfk; jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuk;

%yKk; ciuAk; gh 1857

7. NkyJ 81 :3

8. nka;ag;gd;.r ghujpahh; ftpijfs; g – 116

9. Rg;gpukzpag;gps;[Link]. Re;juh; Njthuk; gh 7: 999:4

10. rPdpthrd;.(g.M) ghpNkyofh;(c.M) jpUFws - 268

11. Kj;Juhk%h;j;jp (c.M) ehy;th; kzpkhiy g - 59 gh-39-4

12. khzpf;fthrfd;.Qh (c.M) rpyk;G milf;fyf;fhij gh

thp – 53. g- 80

13. NkyJ - 89 -90. g- 83

14. rPdpthrd;.(g.M) ghpNkyofh;(c.M) jpUf;Fws; - 72

15. NkyJ - 73

16. NkyJ - 74

17. NkyJ - 997

18. NkyJ - 214

19. ,yl;Rkzd;.,uh.k.c.M) kzpNkfiy %yKk; ciuAk;

ghj;jpuk; ngw;w fhij gh thp-97

162