6. Structural Desigy 1. Introduction Plain cement concrete (PCC) consists of cement, fine aggregate, coarse agore and water. The tensile strength of PCC is very low. Numerically, direct tensile strengy, f concrete is about 10-15% of its compressive strength (normally 10%). Flexural tensile stren, of concrete is 10-25% (normally 15%) of compressive strength. The high strength concrete lower percentage of flexural tensile strength. Due to this, uses of PCC are limited. To improy, the direct tensile as well as flexural tensile strength of concrete, some amount of reinfor is added, The concrete obtained after placing the reinforcement in PCC is called reinforeeg Some of the properties related with concrete aré as follows:- . 1. 5% & 10% voids reduce the strength of concrete by 30% & 50% respectively. 2. *Compressive strength of cylinder made of concrete is always more than the compressive strength of cube of same size. ; : 3. *As the size of cube increases the strength (compressive) of the cube increases but the rate of increasing strength is in decreasing rate. The ratio of 30cm concrete cube and f 15em conerete cube is approximately 1.1 : . 4. *Characteristic compressive strength is the strength of concrete below which not more than 5% of test results are expected to fail. pb 5. *Designation of concrete is done as Myx where M refers to mix and gx refers to characteristic compressive strength of concrete. 6. Young's modulus of concrete = 5700 4/7, (1S 456-1978) = 5000 /f (IS 456-2000) 5 7. Young's modulus of elasticity of steel is taken 200 KN/mm’. 8. Poisson's ratio:- It is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain. It is * denoted by #. High strength concrete has lower poisson's ratio. For concrete its value varies from 0,10 to.0.20. : 9. *Uses of concrete Ms— Mio ~PCC Work Myoand above —RCC Work (18456-2000) Myoand above — PSC Work 10. For the structures that are built to resist bombing only mild steel is used, as it is more ductile. JI. *Conereting work should be done above 20°C but most preferable temperature is 27+ 2c. 12. Manufacture of cement concrete i) Storage ii) Batching (M. Box-40X25%35) iti) *Mixing- a) hand mixing (10% more cement required) b) Machine mixing (time- Minimum 2 min) revolution-15-20 per minute, (required-25-30), iv) Transportation v) Placing, vi) Compaction vii) Curing viii) Finishing. 13. The strength after 28 days may be only 50% of the ultimate strength if concrete is cured at,0°C & it may only 30% of its ultimate strength if itis cured at -10°C. 14.*Unit weight of plain cement concrete and reinforced concrete should be taken 258Note:- 1. Reuse of steel can be dot a) = 9 @ °) 8) h) — 3. *Minimum radius for bend _ 4, *Mixing time generally sho 24KN/m? & 25KN/m? respectively 15. Unit weight of steel (kg/m)= 2” 16 Where D= Diameter of stel in mm ne upto 25 times only, 2. *Steel fc c formwork can be used only upto $9 times while ‘timber form work 4 to 5 times, Should not be less than diameter of the bar. ingredients for uniforms Some be less than 2 minute after mixing all 7g ner u 5. Efficiency of mixture is generally taken about 90% > 6. *Factor of safe fety of concrete is based on its ultimate stress while for steel yield stress. : asin Temes Ou digh fnidin e |-in-aggregate:- i: 7 enema egate:- The mixture of fine aggregate & coarse aggregate is called all-in- Alkali a reaction:- It is the reaction between the active silica constituent of the aggregate an ali in cement. Due to this reaction alkali gels are formed which have swelling nature causing to crack in cement. Bleeding:- The separation of cement paste from the mix in the case of lean and wet concrete is termed as bleeding, Bulking of fine aggregate:~ The increase in volume of a given mass of fine aggregate caused by the presence of water is known as Bulking of fine aggregate. It varies 15% to, 30% but for very fine sand upto 40% also which is not acceptable for concrete. The bulking of aggregate is zero in case of either aggregate is fully dry or fully saturated. The maximum bulking occurs at a moisture content/water of 4%. Clinker:- After burning the constituent ingredients of cement the achieved compound is called clinker. . : Deterioration of concrete:- It can be defined as the decay of concrete taking place due to a number of causes like sulphate attack, chloride attack, salt solution etc. It causes due to, corrosion of concrete and corrosion of steel. 3 ; Effective depth:- It is the distance between extreme compression fibre and centroid of: tensile steel. : , Equivalent area of RCC section:-Let and 0, be the tensile and compressive stresses developed in steel and surrounding concrete and strain in concrete/steel is. And o,, =O ie. Stress in steel =m x stress in concrete i area = modular ratio X area of steel : Ti cars et Tt is the process of hardening upper surface of concrete without haedeata be inner surf face and large amount of heat is produced: in the process. It occurs 259 ;due to little amount of gypsum are added. Rapid cevelonment ots sega Also by in this case li is ted. Som Ise set but in this case little heat is generat e meet em nares as a result of contactinh hot clinker or hot temperature in the ring mill ities left in concrete mass on n a : hollow spaces and cavi rn Sut 1), Honeycomb Honeyeonts ies concrete could not reach. These look like honey e insi crete mass W I i or inside the conct not only reduces the load bearing capaci but water fing nest. Honeycombs as a defect d L : aneas cae reinforcement rods and rusting and corrosion ae ‘dae wi k) _Laitance:- Excess water present in concrete comes at the surface along cement ang i ich is laitance. forms thin layer of chalky material which is known as sie. i i i steel and moduli of elast 1) Modular ratio:- The ratio of moduli of elasticity of s i @) va a icity op concrete (E,) is called, modular ratio. It is denoted by, m. i.e. m=" or Ze ‘ i ining little or no fine aggregate is calfey m) Nofine conerete:- A concrete mixture containing r ! » nofine conerete. It [Link]. and cement only. The CA is graded to pass 20mm sieyg with not more than 5% passing through a sieve of 10mm. Ratio (1:8) by volume or S0kg of cement 0.28m’ of aggregate with W/C ratio 0.4. : 5 ; n) Neutral axis:- It is the line of intersection of compressive and tensile fibres. At the feutral axis normal stress and strain is zero. a 0) Neutral axis distance:- It is the distance between extreme compression fibre and neutral Pp) Optimum water:- There is fixed amount of water which gives maximum strength of concrete, is called optimum 1 decrease the strength by 15% while an increase of 50% may decrease the b. q. Plumb conerete:- A concrete containing cement and coarse aggregate (plumb-big stones) is known as plumb concrete but quantity of plumb should not be more than 50% of total value of plumb concrete. Interstices ( > 15cm) should be filled with cement concrete 1:3:6 (C: bajri: CA). The plumb concrete is laid in layers using the cement concrete as mortar for honey comb structure. r) Resultant compression:- It is total compressive force acting on the cross section of the beam, It is equal to value of the compressive stress diagram. 8) Resultant tension:- It is the total tensile force acting on the c/s of the beam. T= Area of steel X Tensile stress in steel ‘) Specific surface:- The ratio of surface area of the particles to its weight is called specific surface. Specific surface of different cement are as follow: OPC- 2250 em’/gm, RHPC- 3250 cm*/gm, LHPC-3200 em?/gm and SRPC- 4000, om/gm. u) Segregation:- It is the separation of larger aggregate (coarse aggregate) as compared 0 fine aggregate from the fresh concrete. The Process of separation of coarse aggregate from cent stir * ae seareation The maximum height of placing to prevent - segregation should be 1.5 m. Fresh: con ic in spite of incline Salaun crete should be placed vert cally in spite of inclined y) Setting and hardening. Setting is a phenomenon, which changes a cement paste morta or a fluid concrete to a solid but in a weak state while hardening is the process by which weak set cement mortar/concrete attain strength,, Different Strength *Compressive strength:- ¢, Oo wil 3 Compressi to withstand loads tendin; ive strength is tI | ; / against deformation in a testing ee size. It can oe ana 7 a patel ai aesune se chine, red by plotting applied force p) *Shear strength:- Shear strength j i : is the sti type of yield or structural tength of a mater; . Peis a force that tends cote Mere the material or component sania Oe rallel to the directi Produce a sliding fail ponent fails in shear. A. shea pal rection of the force. When lure on a material along a plane that is shear. The shear strength of c. 8 paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in o) *Flexural strength:-Flexural strength is measrue of an unreinforced concrete tea strength is 15-20 % of compressive stre coarse grain used, 4) esrunt tir ts Tensile strength of concrete is defined as load required to fail the eT EenTioe crack. A measure of the ability of material to resist a force that tends to pull It apart. {t is expressed as the minimum tensile stress (force per unit area) needed to a the material apart. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15% ao ane strength (Normally 10%). Tensile strength of concrete determined by © of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a no slab to resist aure in bending. Flexural gth depending upon the type, size and volume of 4, R.C. Sections in Bending 4,[Link] Plain cement concrete beam fails by developing cracks on tension side even under small load. This is because flexural tensile strength about 15% (10-25%) of its compressive strength. To prevent this failure it is required to place steel bars on tension side. Steel bars take care of. tensile stress. 41.1. *Diameter of bar for different element 1. Slab -6 to 16 mm Generally Simm) 2, Beam -10 to 25mm. 3. Column -12 to 38mm 4, Distribution Sia 4.1.2. *Clear spacing between bar - 1. Minimum horizontal spacing (whichever is greater) i) Maximum diameter of bat, Pox ii) Maxirium size of aggregate plus Smm 2. Minimum vertical spacing (whichever is greater) i) Maximum diameter of the bar ii) 2. mmaxininum size of aggregate ii) mm 413. Cover Block and COV coe of mortar used for maintaining required cove. Te Saves blanks bo Sh nd be to resist the compressive force exerted by steel as mortar for concrete block should TF el, The center-to-center spacing of the cover block vl toe aire I arpose “of cover block is to provide cover to the reinforcement ul re e mal 261yearest extreme fiber. The dig 7 steel and the ni zs Cover is a distance between outer face of steel called effective cover. Cove. : between centroid of the steel and nearest extreme fiber, is different elements of the structure is given below:- r [Link]. Element Covel 1_| Slab 15mm 2__| Beam _ 25mm 3__| Column (200x200) _| 25mm ‘Column (>200x200)_| 40mm. _ : ; toute 2¢ or 25mm whichever is greater. 6 | End ofreinf. 2¢ or 25mm whichever is greater. Footin; 75 mm i Sea : ‘50 mm plus above cover 4.1.4. Purpose of Cover i) Good grip between steel and concrete. ii) To protect steel from corrosion. iii) To protect steel form acid, salt etc. 4.1.5, *Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate ane The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the limits specified butin one-fourth im t s of the: ; provided that the concrete can be placed without difficulty so as to surround | all reinforcement thoroughly and fill the comers of the form. 201 r¢ suitable. Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete into sections, z may be permitted. In concrete elements with thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement or small cover, consideration should be given to the use of [Link]-nominal maximum size. 4.1.6. *Bar Bending Schedule ine Cending schedule is a descriptive list containing details regarding the exact shape, ‘Size, dimension and diameter of each and every bar together with the Weight and number ofbay Tequired for specific work, 4.2. *Permissible Stress in Reinforcement Permissible stresses in reinforcement as per IS456-2000 are given below:- [Link]. | Types of Reinf. | Characteristic strength (6) | Permissible stress ((¢,,) 1 Mi steel bars | 250 Nimm? 140 Nimmt (If dia < 20mm), rade I) otherwi e : 2 | HYSD Fe4iS [415 Nim? 230 Tina — 3_[HYSD Fe500__[ 500 Nimm? 275 Nim? 4.3. *Assumptions of RC Section in Bending i) Atany c/s the plain section before bending remain plai it i) Madu ofeay Of tee & concrete constant Being iff e tensile str inf od Stresses are taken up by the reinforcement alone and none by the iv) All the compressive sty ) A come "SSeS are taken up by the concrete alone and none by the ee Petveen conrete & ste is sufficient to resist tensile or compressive4d (Working Stress) stresses in concrete as Per. Boat 8456-2000 Aare given below: (Ninm’) in | (N/mm? Stress Design bond concrete | compression im) Modular stress in limit ratio (m) state method Cote On . mm?) Mio 3 25 a Tha i : ee : : E 13. Me 83 6 09 it 7 13 0 8 ; 14 Ms | 115 | 9 233 15 May == 1310 S12 Li Ms | 145-[ 11 18 Mg | leon [13 a se Note:- 1. The bond stress given shall be 584 2For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 o yercent. x 45.*Types of RCC Section: pes: The reinforced section depending upon the amount of reinforcement of following three a) Under reinforced section:- URS is the one that is so proportioned that the stress in steel reaches its permissible value earlier than concrete; The stress in concrete will be lesser than its permissible value. It has ductile failure. In case of under reinforced section actual neutral axis shift above the critical NA since concrete is not subjected to full value of permissible compression strength. Since failure is initiated by yielding of the tension steel, so it is also known as primary tension, failure or tension failure. b) Over reinforced section:- ORS is the one that is so proportioned thatthe stresses in concrete reach its permissible value earlier than steel. The stress in stel willbe lesser than its permissible value. It has brittle failure. In case of over reinforced section neutral axis shin lower the critical neutral axis since steel i not subjected to full value of permissible tensile strength, Since failure is initiated by failure of concrete, so it is also known as primary compression failure or compression failure. : ‘one that is so proportioned that the stresses in concrete and ©) Balanced section:- BS is the it De aes It is also known as critical section or steel reaches their permissible value at the same time. 1 on Tance failure Incase of balanced section actual and critical economical section. It has bal : neutral’ axis coincide with each other since concrete and steel are subjected to full i i i tively. compression and tensile stress at a time respect 46. i ile Reinforced Rectangular Section [Link] Reinforced & Dou! Lae Tobie come ca F ngth of plain concre ts compressive To oe inh al is laced in tension zone. The RCC section, which is reinforced only in tensi ve called single reinforced section. : ; i yin tension zone, is a am can be increased by increasing the tensile on ie ion steel. To Moment of resistance of a bea : i } increment in moment of resistance, is 10% proporonsia St. NAGE in tension ST i js rei .d in tension as well as compression 200% overcome this difficulties beam is reinfores 263known as doubly reinforced comerete section. | Doubly reinforced “tice is prided wd lowing aera d & 10 resist greater beng; j) When the breadth and depth of the beam i ft in moment as compared to singly reinforced elon When the beam is continuous over sever! i ee . When the member in subjected to coors ea 8. iv) When the beam is subjected to oer ae ¥ is subjected to impact loading, ~ ; eee een ate ay Wack the of effesive span 10 over day (UD) isms thon? © 25 for simply supported beam and continuous beam respectively. Ded beams are designed based on aout moment, 4,[Link] Area of Steel in ‘ompression akon ‘ The expression for equivalent area of steel in compression is given by:- = mA ~ Ave = A,(m,~1) = A,(15m=1) v 4.8. *Reinforcement in Beam 1. Maximum tension reinforcement of beam shall not be greater than 0046p but minimum tension reinforcement should not be less than 0.3% and 02°% of cvs sectional dimensional for plain bar and HYSD deformed bar respectively. 2. Maximum compression reinforcement of beam shall not be greater than 0) 2, 3. Minimum area of tension reinforcement shall not be less than that given by following: As=0.85bd/f, 4. Side face reinforcement is provided if depth of beam exceed 750mm, The total area of side face reinforcement shall be greater than 0.1% of web area and equally distributed on both face subjected toS 300mm or web thickness whichever is lesser, 5. At least ‘4 th of the tension steel should be carried straight into the ‘Supports so as to provide anchorage. 6. Incase of cantilever beam/slab, the main reinforcemnent ig Provided top face of thebea m. 74.9. Curtailment of. Reinforcement in Beam Flexural reinforcement should not be terminates following conditions is satisfied: 1. *Shear is less than two-thirds reinforcement, if: ‘any. 2, For 36 mm and smaller bars, the Continuing bars provide double the area required for flexure at the cut-off point and the shear does not exceed three-fourths that permitted. 3. Stirrups in excess of those normally required are provided each way from the cutoff for a distance equal to.75% of the effective depth of the member, 4.10. Maximum Deflection in Beam 1, *To control the deflection the sp be as follow (IS code: 2000) d in a tension zone unless one of the ‘hat normally permitted, including allowance for she an to effective depth ratios for Spans upto 10 m should Cantilever 7 Simply supported 20 Continuous 26 2. For spans above 10m the values in m may be multiplied by 10/span in metre, except 2645, Shear and Bond for R.C, Section Shear strength:- The concrete has low resist: between tensile & compressive strength, That ing neat Sheet strength ofthe concrete isin spond strength:- The resistance of slipping op Met les are due to actual tension subjected to a force is called bond ste j concrete, adhesion between steel bar & s elton ‘According to IS 456:2000 the following Yala ls concrete and interlocking of lugs. i) Bond strength of deformed bar is 60% moran” ii) For bars in compressi ) en Pression, the value of bond stress for bars in tension shall be increased 45,1. *Shear Failure of Beam After the experimental test o1 it tas reinforcement illu occurring was on pen vi reinforcement but without shear a) De tension failure:- Diagonal tension failure occurs near the support where shear force is large as compared to bending moment. The crack formed due to direct tension makes an angle of 43° with the horizontal,” me a b) Diagonal compression failure:- Diagonal compression failure occurs between support and mid span where’ shear force as well as bending moment has equal importance. The crack formed due to direct compression makes an angle between 45°90" with the horizontal. c) Flexural tension failure:- Flexural tension failure occurs at mid span where bending moment is large as compared to shear force. The crack formed due to flexural tension makes an angle of 90° with the horizontal. 5.2. *Shear Reinforcement It is provided in a beam to resist diagonal tension and prevent diagonal tension failure. Even diagonal tensions are within limit some minit i i It is provided by any one of following forms: i) Vertical stirrup ii) Inclined stirrups ns iii) Longitudinal bars bent-up along with stirrups. : os Out of all three types of stirrups, the fi m ffecti used, inte an aaa ‘of shear force is resisted by main longitudinal bars of beam and vertical component of shear force is resisted by yertical stirrups. 5,2.1.~—Design of Shear Reinforcement - Vv ‘Nominal shear stress, 7) = bd Where, 7, = nominal shear stress Itz, < x 7 Se eiiiin shear reinforcement of Ay shall be provided in the form of stirrups <7, ther 0.465, to take’ shear force, ie. Aye If r,>7, then shear reinforcement shall be provide ” 265VS, Vs=V- 1, bdand Ay 9 aps in beam is minimum near the supports, Note: 1. *The cle spacing of vertical stirrups in beam is mini! oe The oc spacing of vertical stirrups in beam is maximum towards the centre of thy span of the beam. ¥ 3, The ele spacing of vertical stirrups in bear is minimum at the ju anction of beams op beam and column. 4.*The permissible value of shear stress depends on percentage of stee! as well as grade of concrete. shear reinforcement shall not exceed 0.75d for 5, The maximum spacing of shear reinfé vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups a 5.22, Shear Stress Diagram ; 2", Shear force diagram of a homogeneous beam is rectangular. : 2, *Shear stress diagram of a homogeneous beam is parabolic having maximum at neutral = 3. *Shear stress diagram of reinforced concrete beam is, fs Shearstresi= fen NA : TAx breadth of beam 4, Maximum shear stress in a rectangular beam is 1.5 times that of average shear stress, 5.3. *Development Length {It is the minimum length of bar which must be embedded in concrete beyond any section or overlap so that no slippage takes place. It is denoted by, Ly 45°. 1, = £2 (Tension), 4g dpm £2" (Compression) 5 ty There are three methods for achieving the development length depending upon the different conditions:- a). *Anchorages:- They are provided to get the sufficient development length at the end of bar. Its value is given by:- [Types of bend paaie 45" o o a oe Note: 1. 90" bend is also known as standard bend*.\7 ! B fae es is also known as standard hook®. . In case of stirrup 90 inimum stra ae ip 90° bend, the minimum straight length beyond'the curve should 4. In case of stirrup 135° ber ini i ue p nd, the minimum straight length beyond the curve should 5. In case of stirrup 180° bend, ini i as , the minimum straight length beyond the curve should 6. *Considering seismic forces inclination of stirrups (L of stirrup) should be 135° with 266its alignment for bett be less than 75mm," SM®MENt of concrete avin 106 a ‘annie ‘ 1B L/hook but shoul yp *SotciagLageings }0k but should not should be lapped. The sling or el bas ar not avai th et lable then two steel bars . th of below Of Steel bars under di . different iti i pacar nt conditions are given | 2, Flexural tension *"¢ 01244 whichever is greater. 3. Direct tension + 1401304 whichever is greater. 4, Straight length of lap in hook - 15 on ote g whichever is greater. If the diameter of bar is greater than 361 mm whichever is greater, 36mm, additional spirals should be provided around the , lapped bat ) Bundalling:~’The development le cach bat ch individual bar ineceeed wie, ot of each bar of bundled bars shall be that for the for i * 33% for four bars in contact ‘Wo bars in contact, 20% for three bars in contact and 5.4, Steel Beam Theory for DR Beam a) Tension is resisted by tension steel, b) Compression is resisted by compression steel. c) Area of tension steel=Area of compression steel. d) Concrete does not take either compression or tension, e) Lever arm=c/s distance between compression and tension steel. 55. *T Beam v The T-beam is the commonest type of reinforced concrete slab and beam monolithic construction. The part of beam projecting downward is called stem, rib or web of the T-beam and the slab portion is called flange of T-beam. When there is only on one side of slab and the | shape of inverted.L, it is called Lzbeam. ~ a) Design of breadth (b) of flange (Minimum of.. i) 1/3" of effective span of the T-beam. ii) Distance between centre of ribs of adjacent beam. iiiybw of the rib plus 12t the thickness ofthe flange. But should not be less than 1/20 of clear span. b) Depth of rib (overall) 1 i) Forlightioad > Gg 1 ii) For medium load © —P57515 of the span. 1 iii) For heavy load = 4 of the span. dimum of «+++ ©) Width of the rib/web (bw) (Maxi , i) 2.5 times the sum of diameter of bars. ii) Minimum size-15em. iii) 1/3" of d but not less 2 than 2t and more than 5 d. 267a aetna ich is concealed in slab is known as hidden i :- A beam which is co : . a) Hiden a eae thickness of conceal beam should be thickness of dep} conceal beam. slab, a type of beam which connects two shear walls or any other clement, ji = It is i ’ y en fi Cera are used for withstanding lateral loads in SoS ne ¢) Spacer bar:- When more than two layers of bar are required en these es of a separated by placing a piece of bar along the breadth of beam, w! Space bar, Space bar is perpendicular to the main bar of the member. . Axially loaded R.C. Columns i ; al cofunas shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the unsupported lengyy of column/500 plus lateral dimension/30, subject to a minimum of 20mm. 6.1. *Short and Long Columns left For short columns, 3<“#<12 and 10<——< 40 Toxin k For long Column, a >12 and 4.5 40 Fin Where leq = effective length of column b= least lateral dimension of column Trin= least radius of gyration of column. Note:-* If a <3_ then itis called pedestal. In case of pedestals in which steel reinforcement is not taken into account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.15% of the c/s area shall be provided, The ratio of effective length of column and least lateral dimension is called slenderness ratio. 6.2. Load Carrying Capacity of Column 1. Load carrying capacity of short column, P= 'q. Act O Age 2. *When the column is provided with helical stirrups around the longitudinal steel bars, P=105[0,..4, +0,..4,.] ; Where . ,=permissible stress in concrete in compression ‘Ac = area of concrete ©..=Permissible stress in steel in compression Age area of steel in compression 3. Load carrying capacity of long column P= Clo A+ 0,Ay] Where C, = reduction coefficient left left = 125-2 =1,25_ 485 160F, 26863. *Design consideration for co} a) Minimum diameter of bar may b) Minimum no. of bar a ~4 (recta, a c) Minimum %ge of steel neular), 6 (circul it Poa , ar column) & 8 (octagonal) d) Maximum %ge of steel ' 4 2 = 6% (Bi . placing and confinement of con mane sidering. practical, probl i ; ‘iin oe problems during 2) Spacing should not greater than 300 mim (owe eeeBe of tel is imited to 49%), f) In any column that has a larger (longitudinal see! an cross. load, the minimum percentage oF aan area than that required to support the required to resist the direct Stress and not erie rea are ot cere area, g) A reinforced concrete column having heliod six bars pe : ig helical h) Maximum diameter of bar — (Special cases above 38 mm) mm) i) The unsupported length between e e ; lateral dimension of a column nd restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least 6.4, Design consideration (Lateral tie of column) 1. Diameter of lateral ties i) be fo Maximum of both ii) 4, 25mm 2. Pitch, P of lateral ties (Minimum of all) i)» P should not greater than least lateral dimension of column, ii) P should not greater than 16 Jai, P should not greater than 48 4, 3. Pitch of helical tie (Minimum of all) i) 1/6" of the core diameter ii) 75mm 4. 5. *The purpose of lateral tie is to : ; 6. *Axially loaded column with low percentage of steel are more economical per tonne of load supported than columns with higher percentage of steel. 7. *The richer the concrete, the more economical is the design of column. 8. *A Jong column fail by buckling while short column crushing. ction e e 65, *Core or Kernal of Column 5600" hic if lad is, applied, there wil be entirely f c/s of column wit i on i compressive ne oe and no tensile ‘stress will bevinduced. The core of some standard'section is tabulated below:- [Link]. | Sectiosn (Size) a 1 | Square (BXB) 5 4% 2 Rectangular (BXD) ‘ “73 D, 3. | Circular (Dia-D) Dy, 2692 88tub 1) stab rest on avo aldo, iets ay a one-way slab, ii) 1 > anal stab reat on for wd, nets a a one-way slab h Wt t Dan slab rest on four side Ht is designed ws two-way \ slab, I it is designed as one-* . {When slab is supported on four sides and h > 2, il is designed as one-way slab to resist the 4 dy in P BLM. in shorter direction, When slab is supported on four sides and-/” $2, it is designed ay twovay slab to resist both M, and M, bending moment.) 7.1, Design consideration for slab a) Slab is considered one metre wide beam. cover is 15mm or maximum diameter of the bar whichever is greater, 4) Cover at the end of the reinforcing bar is 2 or 25mm whichever is greater. e) *Maximum diameter of main steel bar is : of the overall depth of slab, f) *Main steel is provided in shorter direction and distribution steel in longer direction, 1. 8) *Distribution” reinforcement~in~ a~-simply-supported'» blab» is™ provided -to i iS. h) Minimum clear spacing between bars is maximum of the following:- i) Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate + 5 mm ii) Maximum diameter of bar, 4,4, i) *Maximum c/c spacing between the bars i) For main steel ii) ez me steel Where d is the effective depth of slab, ’ J). *Minimum steel in the slab i) (Mild steet) ii) (HYSD bar) ie, The area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be \ 0.129% ofthe ale rain case of pain & deformed ba respeatnve 1) For slab spanning in two directions, the shorter ofthe two spans should Ge used fo calculating the span to effective depth ratio, 1) *For simply supported slab, the Span to overall depth ratio shi Spanning in one dtection || ——— 4g nau be upto Spanning in two directions © —___ 35 m) *For continuous supported slab, the span to overall depth ratio should be upto Spanning in one direction © ——~ 35 pt 270Spanning in two directions But in case of cantilever n) For two-way slabs of shorter s; a ratio should be upt (loading in) San) with mild steel, the span to overall depth Simply supported slab Saget Continuous slab a For HYSD bars of grade Fe 415. 0) * nti 40 40 , 0.8 should multiply the values given above. In case of cantilevers, the camber at free end should normally be taken 7.2. Torsional Reinforcement In case of a slab, simply supported aloni | i » simply ig four edges with c wiry tions moment i ince at ach of he fer somee Tecead cote provided in the form of square mesh (2 layer) placed at slab at each corner to resist torsion moment.. : Hbothneat tt to aml bottom face of the i) Length of mesh=1/5 of shorter span. ii) Area of bar/unit width of slab in each layer should be % of the area of steel for maximum +ve BM in the slab. 7.3. *Flat Slab a) Flat slab:--A concrete slab reinforced in two’ or more directions, generally with drop b) Drop panel:-A flat slab is a one-way or two-way system with thickenings in the slab at the columns and load bearing walls called ‘drop panels’. c) Column heads/Capital:- Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the column at the support. To resist this negative moment the area at the support needs to be increased .this is facilitated by increasing the dimension of column at top which is known as Column heads/capital. 4) *The minimum thickness of flat slab ‘should be 125 mm while maximum thickness depends upon the span of the slab. 71.4. *Ribbed slab 2 : : Areinforced concrete slab with equally spaced ribs parallel to. the sides, having a waffle appearance from below, ig called ribbed slab. Ribbed/waffle slabs provide a lighter and an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extend of foundations. It is also knownObjective questions ity of concrete depends on " Oe — b) aggregate Fe! °) Sas area of the aggregate a2 “ ea fei : t ratio in cor ; Sy b) small creep and shrinkage 3 sei bond d) all of the above . The entrapped air in concrete 7 > a) increases workability b) decreases workability c) increases strength d) none of the above \ 4, *The property of fresh concrete, in which the water in the mix tends to rise to the surface while placing and compaction is known as a) bleeding 4 ee ée ¢) segregation shrinka ae 5 ean of ingredients from concrete during transportation is known as a) bleeding b) creep c) segregation d) shrinkage 6. *Segregation is responsible for ; a) honey comb concrete b) porous layers in concrete ) sand streaks in concrete 4) all of the above 7. *After casting, an ordinary cement concrete on drying a) shrinks b) expands : c) remains unchanged * d) can expand or shrink 8. The workability of concrete can be improved by a) more sand b) more cement ©) more fine aggregate d) fineness of coarse aggregate 9. *The workability of concrete can be improved by 7 a) increase the size of aggregate _b) decrease the size of aggregate ©) increasing the coarse aggregated) increasing the flaky aggregate 10. *Workability of concrete is directly proportional to a) grading of the aggregate b) time of transit c) aggregate cement ratio ) none of the above sy LL. *The workability of concrete is inversely proportional to a) water cement ratio ») size of aggregate 9) time of transit 4) none of the above 12. *An air entraining agent when added in concrete improves a) atength b) workability ©) density 4) durability 1 13, *The strength of concrete is directly proportional to a) cement water ratio ) water cement ratio water aggregate ratio with inerease in ») size of aggregate 4) moisture content ¢) sand cement ratio 14. *The strength of concrete increases # a) water cement ratio c) aggregate cement ratio 15, Strength of concrete increases with AZ 4) increase in water cement ratio) increase in fineness of cement 27220. 2. 23. 24. 25, 26. 27. 28, 21. ¢) decrease in size of aggregate 4) deg 5, *Strength of concrete increases with "°*S it curing time a) increase in water cement ratio oe b) ‘ c) decrease in size of aggrepate 7 aa in Water cement ratio . The durability of concrete is proportional tg wine time a ea b) water cement ratio Strength of concrete is 4) cement aggregate rato Cc 2 =k{—¢__ a) for Grea) b) fani( eee 9) fa =K{ SoA) ate a Ward 4d) fax Cer) where, f,, =strength of concrete [Link] ate the absolute volumes of aggregate, cement, and water respectively K= constant ). *The approximate ratio of the direct tensile strength to direct compressive strength test a) 0.33 b) 0.25 c) 0.10 4) 0.05 ‘The approximate ratio of direct tensile strength to flexural strength is a) 0.25 b) 0.33 ©) 0.5 d) 0.90 *Strength of concrete show an increase with a) decrease in rate of loading b) increase in rate of loading ©) unaffected by rate of loading —_d) depends on application of load The young 's modulus of concrete E, is (IS 456-2000) a) 1000f,z b) 5000Vf ©) 5700f d) 1000Vfx *Poisson’s ratio for concrete ese a) increase with richer mix ) decreases with richer mix ©) remains constant 4) increases with poor mix *Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is between 3.5 b)3.5-5.0 ©) 5-6. 4) 6-70 é The grade of concrete not recommended by 1S: 456 is a) Miso b) Man ©) Moo ; d) Msoo *The durability of concrete is affected by ~ a) cider ) vinegar ) alcohol 4) both (a) and-(b) of above yroportion Mim grade of Cant? Pe 7k) bat ake Sigg €) none of the above # *Mao grade of concrete proportion * 13 d) I: 27329. *High increase in temperature.........the Strength of concrete, a) increases b) has no effect ¢) decreases d) none of the above 30. Concrete gains strength due to a) chemical action, of cement with Coarse aggregate b) hydration of cement ©) evaporation of water 4) all of the above F 31. *Placing of concrete should preferably be done at a temperature o a) 10°e b) 20° ©) 2742" d) 32% 32. “Inert material of cement Concrete mix is a) water b) coment hove c) aggregate d) all of the above ae ae 33. ee building the ae joint is normally provided ifthe length of building exceeds a)20m b)30m 5 c) 45m 50m Ay) *Shear stress diagram of a homogeneous beam is a) rectangular 6) triangular ©) parabolic d) elliptical 35. *The compressive strength of concrete determined from 150mmX150 mm cylinder as compared to that determined from 150mm cube is a) more b) less ©) equal d) none of the above 36. *As the size of the cube increases the strength of cube a) decreases ») increases ¢) increases but decreasing rate ) decreases but decreasing rate 7\. 37. Addition of sugar in concrete results in a) increase in setting time by about 1 hr ») increase in setting time by about 4 hr ©) decrease in setting time by about | hr 4d) decrease in setting time by about 4 hr 38. *The initial and final setting times for ordinary portland cement are 2 approximately related a) T=540+t b)T=270+ | ©) T= 9041.2 d)T=90+ Where T & t are the final and initial setting time, 39. *Unsoundness of cement due to Magnesia can be determined by 5 peace test b) vicat's needle ¢) le chatelier’s apparatus d i # “White cementis produced in‘ Al Consistency a) flyash kiln ) coal kitn c) oil fired kiln ; 4) electrical form kiln 141. *Modulus of Tupture is measure of a) direct tensile strength b) split tensi 9 feral ttetasec ) split tensile strength rect compressive Strength 2742. 43. 44, 45. y ay C 48. 49. 50. Sl. yn 32. 54, 55. 56, *Shrinkage in concrete increases its a) tensile strength b) flexui ral strength c) bond strength — 4) shear strength Modulus of elasticity for concrete improves by a) age bhi i ¢) shorter curing period 4 alotoeae’ Which types of vibrator is Benerally used in concitie ¢ a) surface b)sereen c) needle 4) none The relation between the modulus of i i tensile (Strength is given ie Tupture (f.,), splitting strength (f,,) and direct a) fe>fa>fe b) fasfacf, > ff | 0) f=fa=fey 4) none of the above AG/ The relation between modulus of rupture (f,) and cube strength of concrete (fey is nf a) fer = 0.35 Vx ) fer = 0.7 fy ©) f= 0.5V fey 4) f= 1.2 Prercragcs the split soles (f.) and compressive strength (f,.)for cube TN ©) fa = 0.5 fax 4) f= 12VEx *The centre to centre spacing of vertical stirrups in a rectangular beam is a) minimum near the support _b) maximum near the support c) minimum near the centre d) none of the above “The modular ratio m in terms of permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete cube (in N/mm’) is given by a) 280 py 2800 30.56 30.5 280. ) 280 20.5 rte *Presence of oils in water for concreting a) improves strength ) gives more slump c) reduces workability d) reduces strength *In cold weather, concrete curing should be continued for ..... days a7 b) 14 ; 21 d)28 : a Ifconcrete grade is Mzo then what [Link] the modular ratio % a) 7.08 3 oe 7 . 5 . Seetice vibrator is effective only when the thickness of concrete does not exceed a) Som 'b) 70cm c) 15cm 4) 20cm The maximum bulking factor for sand is a) 1.00 ota a a0 ©) 1.20 5 ee . is lly occurs at a percentage moisture content “Th bulking of sand general a 1¢ maximum, 18 ou a4 B of combined aggregates and C of fine If A is fineness modulus of coarse, a combined aggresine ites, is given by then P the proportion of fine to combined aggregal ions #100 a) P= x100 B B-C . . B-C 100 C-B d) P=——* ) P= 100 A-B 57. *The size of fine aggregates does not exceed 2) 275mm 0) 375mm ©) 4.75mm. 7 d)5.75mm 58. *Factor of safety is given . 5) timate oad ty working _load a) working load ultimate load ©) (w+u)load 4) (u—wload 59. *The factor of safety for steel as compared to concrete is a) same b) lower ©) higher ) constant 60. *The factor of safety for steel is based on its a) yield stress b) ultimate stress ) both (a) and (b) of above d) none of the above 61. The modular ratio for design purpose for Mis concrete is taken as a) 12.67 _ b) 15.67 ¢) 18.67 d) 21.67 62. The approximate allowable stress in bending compression in RCC is a) 0.25fck b) 0.33fck ¢) 0.44fck d) none of the above 63. The approximate allowable stress in axial compression in RCC is a) 0.25fck b) 0.33fck c) 0.44fck d) none of the above |. *The tensile strength of concrete for RCC beam design is a) 0.2fck b) O.1fck c) 0.05fck d) none of the above . *Permissible tensile strength of ‘concrete, Mjso is a) 150kg/em? b) 15kg/em? c) 150N/mm? ) 1SN/mam? ._ In the working stress design, the allowable bending compressive strain in RCC 4) 0003 Ty 00068 ig comp strain in RCC is ©) 0.002 4) none of the above 67. The ultimate bending compressive strain in RCCis a) 0.003 b) 0.0035 ¢) 0.0003 d) none of the above 68. *The ratio of ‘modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete is a) modular ratio ) poisson's ratio c) elasticity ratio ) none of the above 69. *Shear in a concrete beam is caused by a) props only ) variation of B.M along the span c) weak bond 4) none of the above 70. *The quantity of coarse ageregate required in 100 m’ of concrete having mix 1:2:4 276274m b)79 m? osm eat 4) 92m? . *Dimensions of a beam need be i 2) 10 fem! ea i ie ct stress is more than 90 kgfem i 8) 25 keen? . *The maximum shear stress (qua,) in a rect fi tangular hi is a) 1.25 times the average ) 1.50 times the feed renee 9 1.75 times the average 4) 2.0 times the avenge} 5 aa RoE. works the proportion of See 1:1.5:3 the volume of the cement is in Im* ) 0.5m 01 m . *The ratio of C:FA:CA (1:1.5:3) represents concrete, a) Mis b) Mp ) Mos af 4) none of the above . “If ratio of concrete ingredients i.e. cement, sand and aggregates are in the ratio 1:3:6 the grade of concrete, is a) M100 ») M150 c) M200 M250 . *The beam section is redesigned if the shear stress exceeds the allowable shear stress by times a)2 b)4 6 a8 . The advantage of reinforced concrete, is due to a) monolithic character b) fire-resisting and durability ) economy because less maintenance cost ) moulding in any desired shape €) all of the above . *Weight of steel per cubic meter (m*) a) 1000kg ) 2000kg ©) 7850kg : ) 8850kg .. *The unit weight of RCC is taken as ; a)2.2 tm? r b)2.3.m? c)2.4t/m* d25tm ). *Bond strength of HYSD bar as compared to plain bar is more a) 20% b) 30% ) 40% €) 60% . *Strength of tor steel as compared to mild steel is a) more bpless c) equal d) no relation . *Slender column is a column 4) short _ b) long : d) column of varying c/s teaming to load [Link], the permissible load, W on a short column reinforced with longitudinal bars and. lateral stirrups, is a) stress in concrete x area of concrete ») stress in steel x area of steel 27784. 85. & 86. 87. 95. ) stress a «in steel x area of steel ) stress in concrete x area of concrete + stress steel x area of steel e ig et ich is fixed at both ends to the *The ratio of effective length of a column which is ' between the supports is about ry n the supp 1 distan, a)2.0 ) 0.50 opal The ats ofthe atetive length ofa cantilever column to its height is about a)25 b)2.0 o) 1.5 d)1.0 kote than *The minimum cover to the ties or spiral should not be less a)8 mm 5 H mm c) 12mm mm 1 : an the column, the minimum cover is provided at the end of reinforcement is e) 10mm f) 25mm or2¢ of bar whichever is greater 8) 40mm or greater than diameter of bar h) at least ¢ of the bar .*The limits of percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement in a column is given by a) 0.8% to 6% b) 0.8% ©) 1% t04% 4) 1.0% to 6% .*The maximum reinforcement in a column to consider the practical problem is a) 4% b)5% ) 6% d) 8% ). *Minimum amount of steel required in RCC column (230x350) is ) 360 mm? b) 460 mm? c) 560 mm? ) 600 mm? ~ *The minimum number of main bars in circular column is a)4 b)6 °)8 di2 . *The minimum number of main bars in octagonal column is a)4 b)6 a 8 d) 12 5. as per IS: 456:2000, minimum diameter of reinforcement in a column shall not be less a) 12 b)1 o) 18 a a *The diameter of bars normally used in column a) 10-25 m b) 12.25 m 9 14-25 m : ) all of the above ‘The slendemess ratio of R.C.C column is i I a) e b) 7 i c) D d) none of the above Where, r= radius of gyration 1= effective length 278b)15 } 98. Oe effective length of a 32 ¢) di oe Ae yas re so. umn 4.40 mts sendemess ratios 93s lone coh i 460 e long column takes 99. ’ tackles lesser load ; soup to short column due to Acie al oe nee 100. *A column fail by buckling is c ae . 2) big cofurnn et gob wile failure by crushing is called ¢) small column ad shan soins 101. *Buckling occurs in a column a) great ) short ¢) too great 4) none of the above 102, *The maximum spacing between longitudinal bars in a column is a) 200mm b) 300mm | ) 400mm 4) 500mm 103. In a column the pitch of the ties shall be a) least lateral dimension of the column b) 16% 6 of the smallest longitudinal bar c) 48* 6 of transverse reinforcement, 7 d) least of the above : | *The load carrying capacity of helically reinforced column compared to a tied column is approximately a) 5%less. b) 5% more ¢) 10% less 4) 10% more 105. For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, thé minimum cover shall neither be less than the diameter of bar nor less than a) 15mm b) 20mm c) 25mm d) 40mm 106, *Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the than (as per IS:'456-2000) a) 20cm ¢) 30cm. 107. *Ima singly reinforced beam on i tirely by. concrete. @) compression is bome et when embedded in concrete x maa Sais raisers to the centre line of the beam before bending remain plane ay (etions ater bending rete and steel have different values within te limits of periphery of column should not be more b) 25cm, d) 15cm 279deformation ofthe beam / / ee ee ingly rei the effective depth is measure ois 108. “Ina singly reinforced beam, te Sr a) tensile edge ie rine ) neutral axis of the beam 4) longitudinal i vor nt sag \ 109, *By over-reinforcing a beam, the moment of resistance can a) 10% b) 15% c) 20% d) 25% theory of doubly reinforced beams 110. According to the steel beam a) tension is resisted by tension steel ) compression is resisted by compression steel oer ) stress in tension steel equals the stress in compressio! 4 . 4) no stress is developed in compression concrete as well as in tension concrete ¢)all of the above ‘ a 111. Distribution of shear intensity over a rectangular section of beam, follows a) acireular curve b) a straight line 4) an elliptical curve c) a parabolic curve : - 112.*The spacing of transverse reinforcement of column is decided by the following consideration. a) the least lateral dimension of the column b) sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod in the column c) forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement 4d) all of the above 113. Minimum embedment of reinforcement in concrete flexural member should be a)30¢ b) 409 ©)506 4) 60% 114, *Main reinforcement in RCC beam is used for 3 bending moment b) shear force ¢) moment of resistance ) none of the aboy 115, *Shear reinforcement in RCC beam is used for ies 3 bending moment b) shear force c) moment of resistance d) none of th 116. *Bottom reinforcement in beam age eben " 9 compression b) tension ©) both qd 117, pe depth of a beam causes depres stows ) economy in steel b) economy it A f at i e Sareea ae io the section dal ofthe above : in a rectangular R.C.C beam, the rati i 4 2 ise eam, the at a em shear stress to average shear stress is 0) 143 : 41.53 119. *Side face reinforcement is i 2) 250 mm pose i a when depth of the web in a beam exceeds Ee 2 750 mm 000m le maximum spacing of side face rei a 2) 100mm ce oe ina beam should be c) 300 mm d aoof the section then maximum shear stress 8 4) ind b) F/(be?) «) FIO) , 1p. tina singly reinforced beam, the ettearne ofthe above a) outer face of outer steel © cover is measured from 6) inner face of outer steel ») centroid of stel patna singly reinforced bean, i dst above remy concrete j ; stel, the section is said to be ncrete is stressed to its allowable limit earlier than a) over reinforced section b) under rei c) balanced section @ Teinforced section . economic i jo4.*An under reinforced section meane °° Seton a) steel is provided at the under side only b) steel provided is insufficient c) steel provided on one face only d) steel will yield first 125. "The types of failure in which stress i its permissil time is called balance failure. At this sem leaie ores ist ae a) above the critical neutral axis’ b) match with critical neutral axis ¢) below the critical neutral axis) alll of the above 126, "Ina RCC beam, if amount of steel increases the depth of N.A. a) constant ») decreases c) increases 4) none of the above 127.*The minimum length of bar which must be embedded in concrete beyond any section to develop bond is a) development length b) lap length ¢) splice length d)curvedlength =. 128. The lap length of a direct tension reinforcement bar in an RCC beam should be more than 2)30 times the diameter of the bar b) 48 times the diameter of the bar c) 24 times the diameter of the bar 4) twice the development length or 30 times the diameter of the bar 129, The minimum straight lap length in tension bars with hooks in R.C.C beam is a) 15 times the diameter of the bar or 200mm b) 12 times the diameter of the bar or 400mm ¢) 20 times the diameter of the bar or 400mm d) none of the above eee 130. The minimum lap lengt a) 24 times the diameter of the bar or lap length ) 30 times the diameter of the i or ind en i i of the bar or Jap len 3 3 aes & sana of the bar or the twice the development length 131. The minimum vertical spacing of the main bars in R.C.C. beam should be a) diameter of the bar or maximum size of the aggregate + 5mm P)maximum si of te Dr maximum sof he pret ; - 4) none of the above hat the splice of compression reinforcement in R.C.C. 281concrete Mas under bending compressig, b) 7 Nim? d) 25 Nim’ cover block is more than the comp: 132. *Find the compressive strength of a) 6N/mm c) 8.5 N/mm” ; i. 133. Generally compressive strengt c i i block is the concrete. The main function of cover block ' i, 2) edna cover side of steel _b) maintain cover below steel ( re c) maintain cover above steel 4) maintain Fedbateaiirr rae and formvon, 134. The minimum cover to the main bars in R.C.C. pen outs ie a) 15mm or diameter of the barb) 25mm or ce mois c) 25mm size of the aggregated) 40 mm or diamet ofthe ba 135. The minimum thickness of the cover at the end of a reinforcing bar shoyiy bi diameter of the bar subjected fo a minimum of rn a) 10mm A eae 15mm. a8 ee ee ae ae cae bet Suppor ing supported beam is to resist in that zone ; a) tensile stress b) compressive stress c) shear stress 4) bond stress : 137, *Singly reinforeed beam & doubly reinforced beam are decided based on a) bending moment, b) shear force c) bending moment & shear force 4) none of the above 138. *A doubly reinforced beam is used a) when extra safety factor is required b) when the depth and width of beam is restricted ©) when depth of beam is more than the width ) a large moment of resistance is desired 139. In the analysis of doubly reinforced beam the assumption made is a) tension is resisted by concrete only ) compression is resisted by concrete only ©) the deformations in concrefe and steel on both sides remain proportional to their distance from the neutral axis ) all of the above 140. zu doubly reinforced beam is economical as compared to a singly reinforced ben, cause a) the size of the section in small ») the depth of the section in small c) compressive steel is under stressed 4) concrete is not stressed to its full value 141, In a doubly reinforced beam the maximum sh a) along the centroid shear stress occurs b) along the natural axis ¢) on planes between neutral axis and the tensile reinf it 4) on planes between neutral axis and th ere 142..*Steel beam theory is used for © compressive reinforcement a) design of simple steel beam b) steel beam encased in concrete 282excel times allo Imes allowable sj ed beams ignoring ieee Stress ive str Y nissible stress in steel in tengine 85 in c permissible stress in steel in tension 8 in con wh Prncural axis fora singly rein forge ban? and Meee used is M , 5c poate byo.35 fumed beam willhe nS Mitten the yoo de i . 4) 0.45 4 )* cantilever of effective depth of 59, 4. Fer gion limit is om, the maxi ' } fection ‘imum span to satisfy vertical 30m b)3.5m 4.0m d) 4.5m _ evelopment length of br in tension a aan Per LS: 456 is given by A 490s, by $e. wd 4tbd 290s do, a fi d) Ss V5bd ) ed m7 +The maximum diameter of bars in beam is limited to a) 25mm. 40mm ; c)one eighth of the least dimension of the beams done tenth of the depth ig The transverse shear reinforcement in RCC beams canbe provided as a) ties b) closed loops only ¢)open or closed loops 4) helical loops 14s, fina beam spacing of shear reinforcement is kept...... at centre as compared to end. ) minimum b) maximum o) constant d) none of the above 149.A simply supported beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam if the ratio of effective span to overall depth, is a2 b)25 33 435 150.A continuous beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam if the ratio of effective span to overall depth, is )2 b)25 33 d)3.5 151,*A beam curved in plan is designed for : a) bending moment and shear. 'b) bending moment and torsion ©) shear and torsion ~@) bending moment, shear and torsion 1.*An RCC beam 23X46cm in size has a span of L meter and carries a uniformly Gisibuted total Toad of w kg, It is reinforced with 2 bars 25mm. The deflection of the beam would b Swit wh Sut »y ME aaa ) SABI ot <) none of the above 384ET at bottom '[Link] to shrinkage stress, forcement only, al tends to 4 simply supported beam having rein 283a) deflect downward b) ee : ¢) deflect upward or downward, oe sone oft aove ci in ; “ oa eal hogs b) diagonal compression est 4) horizontal shear vertical shaet . 155. cael crack is introduced in a re to 3 iM &SF d) none of the above 156. a case of cantilever beam, main reinforcement is provided ” a) top face of beam ») bottom face of beam c) middle face of beam d) all of the above 157. *Shear stress is not taken by : a) horizontal steel b) vertical steel ) inclined steel d) none of the above 158, *In RCC. beams, the tension reinforeement can be cut off at a point when itis, needed if k a) enough bond length is available ; b) shear at cut off point does not exceed two third of permissible at that section ) bending moment is zero 4) none of the above 159. *The radius of bar bend to form a hook should not be less than a) twice the diameter ») thrice the diameter ¢) four times the diameter 4) five times the diameter 160. The length of straight portion of a bar beyond the end of the hook , shoul 2) four times the diameter 0) five times the diameter "7 beat ean ‘Gi oe ine the Sane d) seven times the diameter -*The anchorage value of standard hook is taken as 16 times the di reity bar, ifthe angle of the bend is equal to ese meer of he iy a) a ») 40° ol d) any : of the above 162. *For bars in ten oh nemsion standard hook has an anchorage value equivalent toa sgh leg a) 8 b) 126 ¢) 16 4) 206 163. *The anchorage value of standard bend is 4 % nae: bag 9) 12g 4) 169 164, *The reinforcement is bent at an j tat an inclinati a) 45° ation of angle at the ends of the ae tot s of the beam, 165.*IM RCC beam, N.A'mians 0 a) not applicable c) natural axis a eutral axis 166. *Which ofthe followin, normal axis 16 Statements j a) depth of neutral axis decreases py Correct? As the area of steel increases ©) lever arm increases depth of neutral axis increases ) none of the above 284al axis of a T-beam exists ne 1, The tn the flange b) at th iS itt ne slab dal oe of the sab ¢) Beam behaves like a rectangular beam, of wid the . 7-b* within the flange it 3A s within the fang b) remaine «ce dual to its ara 7 6 uae with geometrical center ots Win the web flange if its neural axis «nie fhe above gyn Il depth of rib (j ' pa onan over 8 lepth of rib (in ase of heavy load) eT ofthe span wy Sei 4 30 15) Span 7 5 ofthe span 4) none ofthe above [Link] simply supported slab altemate os are curtailed at ) fo of span &) Fthof pan 1 °) a of span 4) 7 thof span imum ratio of span to depth ratic ir in. a a lept io of a slab simply supported and spanning in one 925 »)30 )35 z a) 40 : yn. The maximum ratio of span to depth ration of a slab simply supported and spanning in two direction, is 25 ) 30 935 d) 40° 17.*Ina slab, the pitch of the main reinforcement should not exceed its effective depth 2) three times ») four times o) five times 4) six times 174,*The designed main bars is placed in two way slab 2) along the short span 'b) along the long span ¢)perpendicular to length of slab 4) all ofthe above 17S.4ina slab, the pitch of the distribution reinforcement should not exceed its effective depth a) three times b) four times _ 0) five times d) six times 116.*Distribution reinforcement in a simply supported slab, is provided to distribute a) load 'b) temperature stress ¢) shrinkage stress : d) all of the above 'T.*The amount of reinforcement for main bars in a slab, is based on ) minimum shear force b) maximum shear force ¢) minimum bending moment ) maximum bending moment "8. The minimum cover in a slab is neither less than the diameter of bar nor less than )15 mm ) 20 mm, 925 mm 30mm n ; ; ize should not "[Link] spacing between horizontal parallel reinforcements of be 8° size sould no 285be less than b) two diameter DO ) four diameter c) three diameter 7 ; ts 7 180. stele spacing between horizontal parallel reinforcement of the differen, eu eee §) two times of thinner bar one times of thinner bar i i *y one times of thicker bar d) two times of thicker bar 181. For a continuous slab of 3mx3.5m:size the minimum overall depth of skb i tion limit is. n a vy 75em ) 9em d) 12cm : , 182, *The ratio of diameter of reinforcing bars and the slab thickness is 1 1 = Jy 3 1 1 °) 7 d) : 183. Ifthe thickness of the slab is 100 mm then maximum diameter of bar placed in slay shy be a) 8mm b) 10mm: c) 12mm d) 16mm 184, An RCC roof slab is designed as two way slab if a) it supports live load in both direction ») ratio of spans in both directions is less than two 6) slab is continuous over two supports ) slab is discontinuous at edges 185. *If the comers of a two way slab are held down firmly a) the buckling takes place b) the deflection at the centre increases c) the cracks develop near the comers 4) all of the above 186. "The slab built integrally with the supporting columns without any beams is a) flat slab b) one way slab 6) 0 way slab 4) continuous slab 187, *The enlarged head of a supporting column of a flat slab, is, technically known as a) capital b) drop panel. - ~~ a 9 ie head 4) none of the above : a icl a Part of a flat slab over its Supporting column, is technically known as ; ie ied b) drop panel ae lumn hea : 4) none of the above 7 : Nao vey io ie main reinforcement is provided along the slal cl b) °) diagonal of the slab 7 raat Hab 190. *The main reason for placing of main bar at top in case of cantilever slabis a) compression at top b) load at to ae c) tension at top d)all of the above 191. Ina two way slab the lifting of comers occurg due to 286go moment at the centre 3) 220 nal moments on the slab o)coanced moments on the slab °) one ofthe above trensth of mesh of torsional reinforceme nt in slab : 9-1 ofshort span b) 1st op hee is 2) i4® of long span ; 8 1/5 ory sPan rina two way slabs the torsion steel is provide at te 9) top tom 7 poth (a) and (b) of above 4) none of the at the minimum diameter of bars for slab ig generally lad 36mm ) 8 mm oa lab, when subjected to ait 5A circular slab, w1 subject external loadin, hemisphere b) elipsoig © “7S to assume as shape of ¢) semi-hemisphere 4) paraboloid Arib slab is provided for 4)plain ceiling b) acoustic insulation c) heat insulation | 4) all of the above iy-The development of bars in compression as per 18456-2000 g given by ) 9, b) $e, 3tyy 40, 0 ce a) 2%. Stuy 6r,4 188, *Modulus of elasticity for steel as per 1S 456-2000 is 2)2X10°N/em’ b) 200 KN/mm? ¢) 200 KN/em* d)20KN/mm? 199. *Minimum grade of concrete to be used in reinforced concrete (IS 456-2000) a) Mis b) Mio °)Mio d) Mos 200. *The minimum cover at the end of reinforcement should be 229 b) 25mm ¢) mini. of (a) and (b) above ‘d) max. of (@) and (b) above 201, Fora cantilever beam, the span to effective depth ratio generally restricted to a7 b) 10 15 : oo dy 20 : %[Link], slab the permissible compressive stress in bricks is generally taken as 4) 15 kom? b) 25 kg/m? ©) 40 kg/om? d) 50 kg/m? 21. The slope of weep hole is generally provided at (spacing- 1.5 to 3.0m) ling : b) 1in8 ‘ Lin 16 )1in32 i * ‘Weep holes are provided in retaining and breast walls to °) increase ceepactioa b) increase architectural beauty 9 drain off the water from the fillings ) none of the above 287fhe distribution pressure on the soil jg Si igid base, t 205. In case of foundation of rigid bas ain Frangfnoaneit a) uniform 3 minimum in the central zone d) none of the et 206. The minimum overall depth kept at the edge of R.C. footings a) 50cm b) 25 em o) Som d) 10cm 207. "Ifa beam fails in bond, then a) increase the depth of beam b) use thinner but more number of bars o) use thicker but less number of bars €) providing vertical stirrups : : 208, *The resistance offered to slipping of ‘steel bars in concrete is due to a) adhesion ») frictional resistance c) mechanical resistance d) all of the above 209. *When the material is loaded with tensile force at both ends then test is knowns a) tensile b) compressive c) shear d) all of the above 210. * The safe bond stress between concrete and steel is determined by a) tensile test b) compressive test c) shear test ) pull out test 1 211. *The ratio = of the column is considered as a long column if its value is a5 »)10 o) 15 d) 20 212. a cover provided in the column having size less than 200 mm X 200 mm a) 15 »)20 25 440 213, *The types -of failure occurring in a beam due to shear force is termed as a) diagonal tension failure b) flexural tension failure ¢) diagonal comp. failure d)all of the above k 214, *Tensile strength of Fess is taken as c a) 415 Nim? b) 230 N/mm? ©) 145. Nimm? 4) all of the above {. 215.*An RCC element, 1 mde ide wi ; ep and 0.5.m-wide will fequire minimum rei s cpesocint a htitcaecareaeg ea 2 sm ) 1000 mm2 0mm | 4) 50,000 mm2- 216, ina singly reinforced beam (concise) ang : a) only concrete will resist tension coe b) only steel bas wll resist tension ©) both concrete and steel will resist fension d) both concrete & steel resist compressi 217. *Laps in bars are equal to : = a) bond length ¢) 1.5 to twice bond length a rowel length above 288418. ¢The amount of reinforcement “4) maximum bending moment c) maximum shear force Pinna shy 419, *A column is considered as a Jon in bend : its slend 2 2 : ¢)20 d)24 990, *The states of concrete are : a) elastic and hardened state bv ) plastic and hardened state ) a oe state fe for an bars in a slab i is based upon : Shear force ng moment ‘Mess ratio is more than : Tone of 271. *A balanced design of a beam is condi to the permissible stress, ition Where the’... stresses occurring are equal a) est F b) average ee . 4) none of thes 222. *The ultimate tensile strength of structural x a) 160 Nimm2 b) 260 mee Steel is about : oe seam win 20 Nimm2 293. *A reinforced concrete beam will - ; , ap crack if tensile stress Set up in the concrete below the a) less than the permissible stress b) more than the permissible stress ) equal to the permissible stress d) any one of the above 224, *The moment of resistance of an under-reinfore a) compressive force developed in concrete b) tensile force developed in steel <) both of the above d) none of the above 225. *In a beam section, if the steel reinforcement is of such a magnitude that the permissible stresses in concrete and steel are developed simultaneously, the section is known as : ed section is computed on the basis of : a) balanced section b) critical section ©) economical section 4) any one of the above 226. *A rigid frame is a structure composed of members which are connected by:: a)a single rivet b) rigid joints ¢) simple bearing 4) none of the above 227. *Which of the following factors influence the strength of concrete? a) compaction b) curing 3 water cement ratio 4d) all of the above 228, *what is the minimum period for which the lime concrete in foundation be left wet without the construction of masonry over it? a) 15 days 5 i _ ¢) 9 day 29. ra ayes of tensile reinforcement bars are placed in a flexural members in such a Way that the effective depth would be: ) maximum b) niet ©) negative PO a Gas cia 230. *For a reinforced concrete section the shape of shear stress gram 2) wholly parabolic 289231. *The one 233. by wholly rectangular jeutral axis bove neutral axis, and rectangular below n‘ al c) parabolic axis and parabolic below neutral axis opr axis and pal d) rectangular above neutral slab is one: — if rt and bends in two direction g one direction by the slab which bends only along one direction ¢) reinforced in one direction only ye above . i _ 7 ¥ fe reinforced concreted section, the failure starts at: . In an i e 2) compression face » an = eutral axis oS ' : me maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section of ; flexural member at failure shall not be less than ( if fy is the characteristig stre a) which {elasticity ofstel): metho, is jodulus of elasticity : NOE 7 ) fy/(1.15Es) + 0.002 ¢) fy/(1.15Es)+0.003 4) 0.0300 234, *A flat slab is supported : a) on beams ~ b) on columns c) on beams $ columns 4) on column monolithically built with slab 225, beams loaded transversely the maximum compressive stress develops gn a) top fibre b) neutral axis c) bottom fibre d) every cross section 236, *The ratio of ultimate strength to working stress is : a) distribution factor b) load factor ©) safety factor ) shape factor 237.4In the: ®) bending moment in exces of Mia of singly reinforced section b) bending moment equal to Min of singly reinforced section ©) shear foree ofthe beam section 239.5), htt free in excess ofthe V lm of single reinforced section tod ode of td tess of RCC section fora cones mix of My for lini rd of design shouldbe (fr pain bars ae aa : ols by 14 4 doubly reinforced section, the required compressive reinforcement ig Provided fy 239, *Large size a, d18 Seregate is better in yield high stren, a) 2/3 of the minimum thickness of the ibe wath but in no case greater than on6. 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[100 6 | 135] a [170] a [205] a ae [este [tor] o [se] a [171 |b [206] 7 [e Ler tb [102] b [a7] a [172| o [207] 33 Le [68 | a |103| 4 [138 b |173{ a 208) b ae Leo |b [104| b | 1s9[c [14] 2 |200] = 35 | a | 70 | ¢ | 105] ¢ 1140) ¢ 475 ¢ {210 4