A LEVEL MATHEMATICS — MODULE 5S — INTEGRATION INTEGRATING TRIGONOMETRIC & NATURAL LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, Now that we have derivative expressions for sin x, cos x, tanx,e* and Inx we can extend our idea of ‘reverse chain rule differentiation’ to include the integration of: ee eth | sin(ax+b) , cos(ax+b) , sec?(ax +b) ro) [rea aad a” Sate me) a Inkxl +e fz e* e+e sinx —cosx+e ae eae sec? x tanx +c e.g. Determine the indefinite integral s weae.g. Determine the area under the graph of y = e®* from x = Oto x Le gee) ot} eile@-e oJ / \ bat 4 Cer-') e.g. The graphs of y andy =—x—1 intersect at x =0 and x= 1. Find the area of z-2 the region enclosed between them. sep qrigl ~ bette gmp ~—~o— -{ 2 \\ Area. “Ve -@-")) ox \ = se ixtiax Z-z 51 = [2x -21 +4x°4 oa wx-1 = (aralrelatcir et) — (etafon2| 4040) = Zl +egtl —~Zuer = 1% -22 Cm is form represents the T aiea eg. Determine the indefinite integral f cos(2x — 1) dx. Cees (2x—-T) dx = os (cos (ex -T). 2dx at gin(2x-1) +¢eg. Determine the indefinite integral f sec? (1 — x) dr. fot rs) ae = —fettird) cde = tan(tr-2) to e.g. Determine the area under the graph of y = sin (2x + 27r) from x = 0 as far as the first Point at which the graph cuts the positive x-axis. = sin(2x+ 41) => 45 sin (2C=+#0) Period 180° XX gifted te the left by 30° EXERCISE 1 1. Determine each of the following indefinite integrals: (a) Segax fe? dx (c) Ssin(@x - 1) dx (a) fcos (4 ~ wees 2. Determine the exact value of each of the following definite integrals: (a) f2,2ze*ax 0) ( (A)ar fesin2xax (a) {G cos(1 — x) dx ae 2 & 3. Show that [(e* e*)dx = 4. Determine the area under the graph of y = cea from x = 2tox = 5. Determine the area under the graph of y= 1+sinx fromx =O tox =“REVERSE CHAIN RULE” FOR COMPLEX INTEGRALS Integrals of the form fv@y se and J. oo , or more generally, feVa)reo and @) f FC) an be determined through a “reverse chain rule” process. a(f@)) Differentiation: £60 +5x)' = 4x? +5x) G@x+5) Integration: 4Gx? +52) Gx+5)de = «bes8) 4, = Gx? +5x)' +e yt Complex Simple part part NB: The simple part must be the derivative of the inside of the complex part. It may be necessary to manipulate the ‘simple part’ in order to get it into the desired format: e.g. Determine f xalx? +5 de Firstly, let’s convert the root to exponential form and then write the integral with the 1 complex part first, as it would appear after using the chain rule: f(x? +5)? xd correct. Notice that the ‘simple part’ (ie. x) isn’t q We thus need to “fix” it by performing a manipulation: 3 fl +5)? Ixde rule”: We can now proceed with the integration thinking of it as the “reverse of the ch: (e45)F +e 1 G-x) e.g. Determine J 2x +1 eg. Determine eere.g. Determine f cos® x sin x dx Re - ys Jd ( (cos2d. senx dx 5 - ae = +e e.g. Determine — re Ll = cos seo(2x? 4x) ‘S Secx = ( cosCret—4e). Cex? 2) de J - 4 ( os ax? te). (bx? 4) o£ ed cinQ ant ux) +o e.g. Determine J cos® 3x sin 3x dx f Cees)". Suite dx = 4 Seemed 2 —SiBx- = -4 Cees tx)! 4+¢ - é = -+t cosbax +e 1g EXERCISE 2 Determine each of the following indefinite integrals: 1 ? IP de 2) [3xv7-3x" de 3) Ja (a) fx@? +1) (2) [3xv7=3x @) Jo , , sind (4) fsin? xcosxdx (5) J2?sin(s* ax © [j= (7) ftan8 x sec? x dx (8) J sin? 4x cos 4x dx (9) f cos? 2x sin 2x dx 2 Ef (10) lee (11) Jx°6-3x*)Sae (12) Sw 5‘TECHNIQUES FOR INTEGRATING OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: It can sometimes be useful to make use of standard trigonometrical relationships (such as the squares identities and double angle formulae) to help determine more complex trigonometrical integrals. Reminder: — cos*@ +sin?@=1 ; 1+tan?@=sec*@ ; cot?@+1=cosec?6 sin2A = 2sinAcosA cos 2A = cos? A~ sin? A cos*A-1=1-2sin?A eg. Determine f sin? x dx > Dew = |—eos2x sung cost FE \- 25m : sintae = b — Ecos ee 5 (sits ox = [Cer seoy = 2 (t= - 3 feos 2a de = $ (1ex = 4 (ees te BOE = a Th Sweet — eg. Determine f cos? xdx Oseeg, cost = | — Sut dx z r . (eosPrdc= ( cost*x + cosx « J = CC [= sunte) coo Ix = (eeex ax ~ ( CemxS cose ox Foeay = Sux — Comey pe — b sine TO = ome z a’INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS Partial fractions can be very useful when integrating rational functions. By way of example, consider the integral [ mown This is a very complicated integral, but it can be made much simpler by expressing the rational function in partial fractions and splitting the integral into two simpler integrals, each of which can be determined directly: sett = (2 mown = IG = [yates lage = 2fAyar+ foyer x42 2in|x— 3] +In[x +2] +c 0 eg. Determine Saient ax -¥ 8 Ce-Ve2) oe » =3 ing Sconseog ote) a 3 zZ excl moe reas a8eg. Determine fi" i= EXERCISE 3 (1) Determine each of the following indefinite integrals: (@) fgax (b) [ at vax ©) Jette (2) (3) (4) Evaluate each of the following, expressing each answer as a single logarithm: ares sets 5_6x aaa OL aneae O haat inthe form 4+ = +—£ where A, B and C are constants. 1 5 xpress Soy Hence find Neen dx. eee 3__3 Express 557 In partial fractions. Hence find the exact value of J So ax, giving your answer asa single logarithm.£@ INTEGRANDS OF THE FORM ——— Fix) Be on the lookout for integrands of the form 2 as they can be Integra very simply using the F@) u “reverse chain rule” approach. By way of example, consider f ~~ ce =) cosx dx where cosx is the dervatne of 1 +sin.x. We can thus ~ dx. Note that this can be written in the form f (= cosxdx =In[1+sinx| +c. integrate using the “reverse chain rule”: | (2 £@ dx = ni¢ool +e 1@) eg. Find fSe—SRe = { (-sux +cosx) Je cose H 5m eg. Find ()S—Sax = - usw leq laws — usw legeg. Find f Stan4xdx W Suyx dx See cine te + HSH 4. ude q cet wait pal = —Zlal cooex| a } Uf gon coat to eomplifas Larrbar F in |cos 4x7! a = = is (be Zz le ( (eas = lu | sec 4xl to rn (ne (tawee = f cee sux dx {coed =( uw veo, Sune Exercise 4 (a) Determine each of the following indefinite integrals: (a) faax (o) fpfeax (o f2oae (4) Stan 3xdx (2) Evaluate each of the following integrals, giving your answer in an exact form (a) Sax 0) Sxttede (0) fede) Boas 0 Te cosaxINTEGRATION BY PARTS. This method of integration is mainly used in the case of a product of two completely unrelated functions ~i.e. where the one is not related to the derivative of the other. vd Consider the product rule for differentiation: Lom= we 4 yt ae de ad du We can rearrange this as follows: w= Gn) vy gs = RO” Integrating both sides gives: | fu dew [vd ade ae de This formula is known as integration by parts. To use the formula to integrate a product of unrelated functions, we need to let one of the functions be w and the other From w we differentiate to determine &, and from & we integrate to determine v. We can then substitute w, v and & into the integration by parts formula. NB: Is ertcal to make the correct choice for w and In general, fone ofthe terms in the product is of the form x", itis sensible to let this be w. ‘+ When using integration by parts, the integral that you generate should be simpler than the original integral. If it isn’t, then you probably made the wrong choice for 1. For integrands involving Inx, generally let u = Inx. eg. Determine fxcos2xde lA uae ge = (x eosex dx = i s F pF Sut —4 eam ee 4 ile.g, Determine fxe™ dx oe w 3 a ek wae! * ee! ve felon = 3 feted =ge" (xen = x te jge™ lox Ly att 3 epee ~ 4 [et o= = dse* _1( a doc 3 qe 3 5 are -Le*™4e eg. Determine f° xInxdx 9% For intention Loy pats with Goce, let We Lace = lane wh gv la geo x . a =e - Ve (ede 8 ee Le txt,Ldx i (xe bve dxe clue ee “fk =e lye - i Joe fa? Lee z f=4 % f x lux dx 2 - (43 lag -L@S) — (4S ur -£@) = Wingy —lb —2tu2 41 = B2ln2? — 22 AIS = Ablu2 —2Z I'S Fyre —15 12eg. Determine f° xe“ dx in terms of a. e.g. Determine f Inx dx At first glance this doesn’t seem to be a “by parts” question. However, if you let u = Inx and = 1, then the “by parts” process works rather well: s finxdx = Inx.x—fxtdx = xInx—Jfidx = xiInx-x+ce This is a very useful result. Although it’s not necessary to memorise it, it is however extremely useful to remember how to get to it. 13Exercise 5 (1) Determine each of the following indefinite integrals: (a) fxe?**t dx (b) fxSin3xdx — (c) fIn2xdx (d) fx cos 4x dx (2) Evaluate each of the following integrals, giving your answer in an exact form: (0) [Link]™* dx (a) {fxinxdx INTEGRATION USING A GIVEN SUBSTITUTION Sometimes a clever substitution can simplify an integration problem. 14degptlion ate im terns J eg. Evaluate f giaae using the substitution u? = 2x + 1. uw =ax4! => aes wet . «ed ( _bx ( dx = J J2xtt When x =0 whan seh a 3 ( 2 dx = (02 Yo ert! s* EXERCISE 6 Use the given substitutions to find the following integrals: 1 = (2) fgkprdx Use the substitution u= 3x +4 (2) Sx@e—1)5dx Use the substitution u = x —1 (3) f3xVx+2dx Use the substi +2 jon u? = (4) Soar Use the substitution x (5) Use the substitution u = In.x to show that f° wane de = 22-2. (6) Use the substitution u = 4 +x? to show that fo 7m=q dx = 3(16~ 75). 2 tution w= ae 2p (7) Use the substitution u = 3x + 1 to show that f, Gay dx = GIn2— >. 151 INTEGRATING FUNCTIONS OF THE FORM ———> x4a Note: If f(x) =4tan~* (2) where a is a constant, then f'(x) = ix e.g. Determine the indefinite integral f = Syde. . , ME re fir cau) to wane whe iedgmd oo she fons ceva oe (to = J Sx 45 EXERCISE 7 (1) Determine each of the following indefinite integrals: 2 ese 0) Set (0 Saye 2 @) fe () Jaen (0 Safe . p5v5_10 (2) Evaluate: (57 ax 16