Social Sciences + are vast fields of scientific studies that investigate human societies and the cifferent forces that work within them. These diverse fields examine how people interact and develop culture. Disciplines Branches of Social Sciences History + Asystematic study of human past events in order to understand relationship of the causes and effects of events in the development of societies. is derived from the Greek word Historia, which means inquiry or investigation’ Political Science + Primarly studies human behavior in relation to poitical systems, governments, laws and international relations. It examines the relationship between people and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international levels. Economics + Stucos the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods and services in society, Economics endeavors lounderstand and explain human activities in relation to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. ‘Anthropology + A scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time, A major concern of anthropology Is the aplication of knowledge to help solve problems through the study of culture Paychology + Studies how the human mind wotks in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions. It analyzes how people and groups experience the world through various emotions, ideas, end in cifferent conscious states, Sociology + Asystematic study of people's behavior in groups. Is derived from the Latin word socio which means ‘people tagether* and Greek word logos which means the study of Geography ‘+ Astudy ofthe interaction between people and their environments. Geography was derived from the Greek words: geo meaning sEarth’ ‘and graphos meaning ‘charting’ or ‘mapping®. It explores both the physical properties of Earth's surface and their relationship with human societies. Demography + According to the Max Pianck Institute for Demographic Research (2016), demography is the scientific study of human populations ‘across time. It examines the population growth through the analysis of statistics on birth, human movement, morbidity agedness and mortality Applied Social Sciences ‘+ Focus on the use and application of the different concepts, theoretical models and theories ofthe social science discipiines to help Understand society and the afferent problems and issues it faces. The applied social sciences is utlized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problems of society (Gouldner, 1989), Disciptines/Branches of Applied Social Sciences Counseling + provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problem sin thei lives. Through counseling, professional guidance is given to an individual and thisis done by applying psychological methods ike collection of case history data, personal interviews and aptitude tests Social Work + Focus on the improvement of individual and collective well-being of families, groups, and communities. Having been trained in the ‘social sciences to interact and understand social realities, an applied social science practitioner has a good theoretical anc conceptual ‘foundation for social work practice. ‘Communication Studies+ Provide adequate training lor careers in the communication incustry—rold ol mass media. Practitioners in the applies social sciences have enough training inthis area because they are equipped with theories and concepts about communication that allows them to Understand and Inform the public about the social, politica, cultural and economic realities. WHAT IS COUNSELING? NNystul (2003) defined counseling as basically as art and a science wherein you endeavor to weigh the objective and subjective facets of the counseling process. + Counseling as an ART = subjective dimension of counseling * upholds flexible and creative process = modifies the approach te meet the developing needs ofthe clients, “withthe act of giving oneself and being compassionate in counseling process, + Counseling as a SCIENCE * objective dimension of the counseling process. J counselors possess skils o formulate objective observations and inferences. People trained in counseling are usually psychologists. They can also be from other professions. How Does Counseling Help? Counseling can help you in these ways: 1m Tolearn new skils and better ways to cope To understand what you are experiencing ‘= Tolearn new ways of looking what is happening to you + To solve problems and make decisions 1m Tolear about your strengths and how to use them Cari Ragers, the founder of Humanistic Counseling, said The curious paradoxis when laccept myself lust as lam, then can change’ Goals of Counseling to help people utlize thelr prevaling social skils and problem-solving skis Gibson and Mitchell 2003) identifies detailed and expansive counseling goals Development Goals '& assist in meeting or advancing the client's human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, ana physical wellness. Preventive Goals 1m helps the cient avoid some undesired outcome Enhancement Goals + enhance special slls and abilities Remedial Goals + assisting a client to overcome and treat an undestrable development Exploratory Goals ‘= examining options, testing of sils, tying new and aifferent activities, et. Reinforcement Goals. '& helps clientin recognizing hat what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine Cognitive Goals 'm involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skils Physiological Goals Involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health Psychological Goals 1m aldsin developing good social interaction skils, learning emotional contro, and daveloping postive self-concept ‘Scope of Counseling ‘= Counseling is necessary in almost every aspect of a person's lfe- cognitive, behavioral, social, psychological, and others. It's also applied to individuals, family and groups. INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING. 1. Adolescent identity, concerns, teen-parent relationships, peer relationships2. Aniety 3. Anger Management aren’ concerns within The fay unt, sbing relations, school experiences Gander deity, sesutty,homoxoxalty 7. Relationships: personal &interpersonal dynamics Sexual abuse recovery ‘[Link]: challenges, imitations, transitions 1 Singles: single, newly singe, single through civorce or being widowed ‘tSpiritualty *2Stress management 48. Workplace stress and relationships 14, Young adut: identity, relationships, vocation MARITAL & PRE- MARITAL COUNSELING 1. Marital and relational dynamics, 2. Extended family relationships 3. Fertility issues FAMILY COUNSELING 1Adolescent & child behaviors within family dynamics ‘Adult children 3. Divorce & separation issues and adjustment 4. Family dynamics: estrangement, conflict, communication 5. Family of origin/ extended famiy issues PRINCIPLES *+ fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of bellet or behavior or for a chain of reasoning FIVE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING AUTONOMY + the principle that adcresses respect for independence. and self-determination. The essence of this principle is allowing an individual the freedom of choice and action JUSTICE + does nat mean treating all incividuals the same. If an inividualis to be treated different, the counselor needs to be able to offer a rationale that explains the necessity and appropriateness of treating the individual cfferently BENEFICENCE + reflects the counselor's responsibility to contribute to the welfare ofthe client. Simply stated, it means to do good, to he proactive, and also to prevent harm when possible, [Link]. + Isthe concept of not causing harm to others, Often explained as above all co no harm, this principle is considered by some to be the ‘most eritcal ofall the principles, even though theoretically they are all of equal weight FIDELITY + Involves the notions of loyalty, faithfulness, anc honoring commitments. Clionts must be able to trust the counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship if growth is to occur ‘CORE VALUES + Core values are personal ethics or ideals that guide you when making decisions, building relationships and solving problems. Respect for Human Dignity this means that the counselor must provide a client unconcitional positive regard, compassion, non-judgmental attitude, empathy, and trust Partnership + Acounselor has to foster partnerships withthe various disciplines that come together to support an integrated healing that encomoasses various aspects such as the physical, emotional spiritual, and intellectual Autonomy. + This entails respect for confidentiality and trust ina relationship of counseling and ensuring a safe environment that is needled for healing. It also means that healing or any advice cannot be imposed on a client,Responsible Caring + this primarily means respecting the potential of every human being to change and to continue learning throughout his/her life, and especially in the environment of counseling Personal integrity + Counselors must reflect personal integrity, honesty, and truthfulness with clients. Social Justice + This means accepting and respecting the diversity ofthe clients, the diversity of incviduals their cultures, languages, lifestyles, Identities, ideologies, intellectual capacities, personalities, and capabilties regardless of the presented issues, ROLES & FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL COUNSELORS INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT + Seeks toidentty the characteristics and potential of every client; promotes the clients self-understanding and assisting counselors to Understand the client better. INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING + Considers as the core activity through which other activities become meaningful It isa clent-centered process that demand confidentiality, Relationship is established between counselor and client, GROUP COUNSELING & GUIDANCE + Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to individuals for an aay of needs. Counselor provides assistance through group counseling and group guidance. CAREER ASSISTANCE ‘© Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment assistance to clients. PLACEMENT & FOLLOW-UP + A service of schoo! counseling programs with emphasis on educational placements in course and programs. REFERRAL + Itis the practice of helping clients find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot provide. CONSULTATION + _ Itis a process of helping cients through a third party or helping system improve its services tots clientele. RESEARCH oIt & necessary to advance the profession of counseling; itcan provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of Implementing effective counseling EVALUATION & ACCOUNTABILITY + Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness of counselors activities, «Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-supported institutions be held accountable for their actions PREVENTION + This includes promotion of mental heaith through primary prevention using social- psychological perspective (individual and society are interlinked) (COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS INTERPERSONAL SKILLS. + counselors who are competent display abiity to listen, communicate; empathize: be present; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality PERSONAL BELIEFS & ATTITUDES + counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential for change, awareness of ethical and moral choices CONCEPTUAL ABILITY * counselors have the abilty to understand and assess the client's problems; to anticipate future problems; (o remember information about the client PERSONAL SOUNDNESS + counselors must have no irational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence, capacity to tolerate strong cr uncomfortable feelings in relation to clonts. MASTERY OF TECHNIQUES + counselors must have a knowledge of when and hour to carry out specific interventions, ablity to assess effectiveness of interventions OPENNESS TO LEARNING & INQUIRY+ counselors must have the capacity tobe curious about client's backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge. The counselor’ effectiveness in their practice is usually associated with these competencies COUNSELOR'S AREA OF SPECIALIZATION MARRIAGE & FAMILY COUNSELING ‘Refers tothe efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with a couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system, CHILD & ADOLESCENT COUNSELING + Focus on helping chidlren and adolescents acquire coping skils through promotion of resiliency, and other qualities that promote ‘optional development GROUP COUNSELING + Itoffers opportunities for members to learn from observing other group members, members are encouraged to offer help to others, ‘and opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills CAREER COUNSELING + Aids individuals on decisions and planning concerning their career ‘SCHOOL COUNSELING + Refers to the process of reaching out to students with concerns on drugs, family and peers, or gang involvement MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING + Manifested inthe challenges posed by its clentele with mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse, RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES & ACCOUNTABILITIES OF COUNSELORS: ‘SECTIONS OF CODE OF ETHICS OF THE COUNSELORS A. COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP B. CONFIDENTIALITY C_ PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY THE COUNSELING RELATIONSHIPS A. Client Welfare respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients / encourage client's growth BL Respecting Diversity * Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color, culture, cisabiity, ethnic group, gender, race, religion and ‘socio-economic status. & Glent rights Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, procedures and benefits of services. * Offer cents the freedom to choose whether to enter into @ counseling relationship and to determine which professional will provide counseling, D. Clients served by others /[Link] where the client is receiving services from another mental health professional, with elien's cansent, inform the professional person already involved to develop an agreement. E, Personal needs & values / Counselors shall be aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors and how these apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their values on clients, F. Dual relationships / Counselors are aware of ther influential position over their clients and avoid exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients G. Sexual intimacies with clients / Counselors should not have any type of sexualintimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship, H Multite cients/In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to two ox more persons whe have a relationship, counselors clarify at the cutset which person or persons are clients and the nature of relationship they will have with each involved person. |. Group work Counselors screen prospective group counseling/therapy participants to determine those with compatible needs, J. Fees 7/ Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly explain the clients all fnancial arrangements related to professional fees. CONFIDENTIALITY A RIGHTTO PRIVACY {Counselors respect a clients right to privacy and avoid ilegal and unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information B. Group & families //In group work, counselors clearly define parameters for the specif group being entered / In family counseling, information about one family member cannot be disclosed to ancther member without permission, Minor incompetent Clients 17 When counseling cients who are minor or individuals who are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or guardians may be included in the counseling process as appropriate D. Records 2 Counselors maintain records necessary or rendering professional services to their clients and as required by laws, regulations, agency ‘or institution procedures. E, Research & Trainings 7 Use of data derived from counseling relationships for purposes of taining, research or publication's confined to content thats disguised to ensure the enonyrrity of the individuals involved, F. Consultation Information obtained in a consulting relationship is discussed for professional purposes only with persons clearly concerned A. Standard Knowledge Counselors have a responsiblity to read, understand, and follow the Cade of Ethics and Standards of Practice 8. Professional competence / Counselors practice only within the boundaries oftheir competence based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials and appropriate professional experience. CLIENTELE & AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING (CLIENTELE Individuals and groups of people who receive servies from various counseling professions Gibson & Mitchell (2003) identiied the special clientele & audiences of counseling as follows: VICTIMS OF ABUSE 4 This population represents victims of domestic violence characterized by spouse and chill abuses. * Spouse abuse Is often associated with poverty, drug abuse, and career disappointments. "The abuse has caused psychological damage to the victims PEOPLE WHO ABUSE DRUGS * Drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our mental health as well. “It cannot be denied that drug addiction creates more societal problems and contribute to social disintegration, PEOPLE WHO ABUSE ALCOHOL, / Alcoholism is seen as a disease and alcoholics find it ficult to stop drinking on their own, itis a weakness of self-control and self-discipline. Therefore, this requires intervention than treatment PEOPLE WHO USE TOBACCO / Our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our health, / Many people stil use and continue to use tobacco even if tis deadly. Users find it dificult to stop smoking. OLDER ADULTS / Retirees viho are adjusting to life outside work feel lost and ignored, Other aging issues that require attention of counseling include loss of a partner, decline mental capacity and mobility and increased loneliness The situation ofthe special counseling populations indicates the increasing and growing need of the counseling profession.COUNSELING & ITS WORK SETTINGS COUNSELORS ARE EMPLOYED IN DIFFERENT WORK SEHINGS SUCH AS SCHOOLS, COMMUNITY, PRIVATE SECTOR, MENTAL FACILITIES & GOVERNMENT. HOWEVER, MOST ARE DEPLOYED IN SCHOOL SEHINGS & MENTAL FACILITIES. COUNSELORS IN SCHOOL ‘According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and developmental stage ‘m The counseling service in the schools is usualy lacated under the student affairs program. Itis under the supervision of the Dean of ‘Students Affairs ‘COUNSELORS IN COMMUNITY SEHING 1m Refers to employment in community, agency, and other non-schocl professional situations, Counselors can be found in the ‘community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabiltation agencies, and correctional settings. (Gibson and (COUNSELORS IN PRIVATE SECTOR 'm Refers to counselors who decided to do fulltime work as private practitioners or engage in part-time private practice while employed by community agencies. (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003) ‘COUNSELORS IN THE GOVERNMENT ‘= Counselors are also presentin various agencies of government or institutions supported by the government thats into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth, children, and aging, PROCESSES IN COUNSELING + Considered as an art & a science Counseling process as an art + Subjective part + Requires counseling to be sensitive to the world of the client + Entalls good Istening sklls & ablity to demonstrate care & empathy Counseling process as a science + Objective part + Requires the use of scientific tools to obtain comprehension on what is happening during (he different stages of the counseling process SIX STAGES OF THE COUNSELING PROCESS STAGE 1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING + HEART OF COUNSELING PROCESS BECAUSE IT PROVIDED THE FORCE & FOUNDATION FOR THE COLUNSELING TO SUCCEED. + ART DIMENSION OF COUNSELING + INVOLVES ESTABLISHING RAPPORT, PROMOTE ACCEPTANCE OF THE CLIENT AS A PERSON WITH WORTH, ESTABLISHING ‘GENUINE INTERACTION, PROMOTE DIRECT MUTUAL COMMUNICATION & HELPING CLIENTS UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES STAGE 2 ASSESSMENT & DIAGNOSIS + ONE OF THE MOST CRUCIAL STAGES + SERVES AS THE WINDOW FOR THE COUNSELOR TO HAVEA A THOROUGH APPRECIATION OF THE CLIENTS CONDITION + ENTAILS ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM + THEDATA WILL BE GATHERED IN THE DIAGNOSIS WILL BE UTILIZED INTHE FORMULATION OF GOALS. STAGE 3: FORMULATION OF COUNSELING GOALS + GOALS ARE IMPORTANT AS IT SETS THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNSELING PROCESS + SERVE AS PARAMETER OF WORK AND THE CLIENT-COUNSELOR RELATIONSHIP STAGE 4; INTERVENTION & PROBLEM-SOLVING + Upon formulation ofthe counseling goals, the strategies for intervention may now be outlined, + Glient’s participation in choosing intervention strategies has more benefits, Guidelines in motivating client participation: ‘A. counselor has to provide a mapping of different approaches offered B. describe the rote of the counselor & cient for each procedure identify possible risks & benefits that may come D. estimate the time & cost of each procedure STAGE 5: TERMINATION & FOLLOW-UP + The Essential goal in counseling to witness a clent progress on his/her own without the assistance ofthe counselor.4 Components of Termination ‘a Discussion ofthe end of counseling b. Review of the course of counseling & Closure of the counselor-clent relationship Discussion of the client's future & post-counseling plan STAGE 6: RESEARCH & EVALUATION + This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counseling stage. Results of the research provide a scientiic appreciation of the ‘counseling situation METHODS IN COUNSELING CLASSIC THEORIES ‘@ _Psychoanalytic-Freud Individual Psychology- Adler & Analytic Psychology- Jung EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES 1. Person-Centered Therapy- Rogers b. Gestalt Therapy: Perle A. FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis ofthe mind, Three Goals: ‘a. Tohelp clients gain insights about themselves b. Tohelp clients work unstuck issues through a developmental stage, not seited inthe past €. Tohalp cients cope with the stresses ofthe society METHODS/TECHNIQUES Free Association + Amethod to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions. Dream analysis, + Amethod to explore unconscious processes using dreams Confrontation & Clarification +A form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what Is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis. Interpretation + A process of giving insights to the patients about their inner conflicts '[Link]'SINDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY ‘+ Focuses on the role of cognition in psychological functioning, + It objective isto gain an understanding of the clionts and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways. + Counselors use certain techniques to help clients reorient themselves toward positive functioning, Four Goals: ‘a. Establishment & maintenance of an egalitarian relationship b. Analysis of client's lifestyle ©. Interpretation of cients lifestyle in a way that promotes insight 4d. Reorentation & reeducation ofthe client with accompanying behavior change FOUR PHASES OF ADLERIAN TECHNIQUES |LEstablishing the Relationship + USE OF LISTENING SKILLS Effective listening skis are necessary to promote mutual trust and respect. + WINNING RESPECT & OFFERING HOPE CCan increase clent’s motivation towards becoming involved in counseling + ENCOURAGEMENT Gives the feeling of support to the clients which can help believing in themselves 2. Performing analysis & assessment + LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS Identify client's stengths that may be utlized to overcome the client's problems + DREAM ANALYSIS MAY BE USED TO CONDUCT LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS ‘A method to see dreams as an attempt to deal with difficulties and challenges oflife2, PROMOTING INSIGHT + INSIGHT PROCESS ‘Allows clients to understand the dynamics of self-defeating patterns & utlize the insights to rectify the sald patterns during the orientation process 4, REORIENTATION + SPITTING INTHE CLIENT'S SOUP Involves determining the pay-otf of the game and interpreting itto the clent; this can be used for cents that engage in manipulative games. + PUSH-BUTTON TECHNIQUES Includes focusing on pleasant & unpleasant experiences & the feelings they generate ‘Symbolzes the amount of control clients can exert when they push the button and put the stop to self-defeating processas + CATCHINGONESELF Counselors may encourage clients to learn to laugh at thelr self-defeating tendencies “ACTING AS-IF ‘Advances ‘can-do ‘spirit and a sef-flfling prophecy, which can help clients experience success. It involves acting ss if the client can do Whatever s/he wants. STASK SETTING & COMMITMENT ‘A method that provides a structure as homework assignment which can be useful in instiling the value of effort to change. JUNG'S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY Highlights the task of the unconscious processes in ‘psychological functioning’ Applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utliz the resuit boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness. Counselors help the cient appreciate the meaning of the dreams and utlize them to understand more the client's personality.