2.
1 For the two-dimensional stress field
in Fig. P2.1, let
σ xx = 3000 psf σ yy = 2000 psf
σ xy = 500 psf
Find the shear and normal stresses on plane
AA cutting through at 30°.
Solution: Make cut “AA” so that it just
hits the bottom right corner of the element.
This gives the freebody shown at right.
Now sum forces normal and tangential to
side AA. Denote side length AA as “L.”
n,AA AAF 0 L
(3000sin 30 500 cos30)Lsin30
(2000cos30 500sin 30)Lcos30
_ = =σ
−+
−+
Fig. P2.1
Solve for σ AA ≈ Ans. (a) 2683 lbf/ft2
_Ft,AA = 0 =τ AAL − (3000cos30 − 500sin 30)Lsin 30 − (500cos30 − 2000sin 30)Lcos30
Solve for τ AA ≈ Ans. (b) 683 lbf/ft2
2.2 For the stress field of Fig. P2.1, change the known data to σxx = 2000 psf, σyy = 3000 psf,
and σn(AA) = 2500 psf. Compute σxy and the shear stress on plane AA.
Solution: Sum forces normal to and tangential to AA in the element freebody above,
with σn(AA) known and σxy unknown:
n,AA xy
xy
F 2500L ( cos30 2000sin30 )Lsin 30
( sin 30 3000 cos30 )Lcos30 0
σ
_ = − °+ ° °
− °+ ° ° =
Solve for σ xy = (2500 − 500 − 2250)/0.866 ≈ − Ans. (a) 289 lbf/ft2
62 Solutions Manual • Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
In like manner, solve for the shear stress on plane AA, using our result for σxy:
Ft,AA AAL (2000cos30 289sin30 )Lsin30
(289cos30 3000sin 30 )Lcos30 0
_ =τ − °+ ° °
+ °+ ° ° =
Solve for τ AA = 938 −1515 ≈ − Ans. (b) 577 lbf/ft2
This problem and Prob. 2.1 can also be solved using Mohr’s circle.
2.3 A vertical clean glass piezometer tube has an inside diameter of 1 mm. When a
pressure is applied, water at 20°C rises into the tube to a height of 25 cm. After correcting
for surface tension, estimate the applied pressure in Pa.
Solution: For water, let Y = 0.073 N/m, contact angle θ = 0°, and γ = 9790 N/m3. The
capillary rise in the tube, from Example 1.9 of the text, is
2Ycos 2(0.073 / ) cos(0 )
0.030 m
(9790 / )(0.0005 ) cap
Nm
RNmm
==°=
Then the rise due to applied pressure is less by that amount: hpress = 0.25 m − 0.03 m = 0.22 m.
The applied pressure is estimated to be p = γhpress = (9790 N/m3)(0.22 m) ≈ 2160 Pa Ans.
2.4 Given a flow pattern with isobars po − Bz + Cx2 = constant. Find an expression
x = fcn(z) for the family of lines everywhere parallel to the local pressure gradient ∇p.
Solution: Find the slope (dx/dz) of the isobars and take the negative inverse and
integrate:
o pconst
gradient
gradient
d dx dx B 1
(p Bz Cx ) B 2Cx 0, or:
dz dz dz 2Cx (dx/dz)
dx 2Cx dx 2Cdz
Thus , integrate , .
dz B x B
Ans
−+=−+===−
=−=−
| _ _ x = const e−2Cz/B
2.5 Atlanta, Georgia, has an average altitude of 1100 ft. On a U.S. standard day, pressure
gage A reads 93 kPa and gage B reads 105 kPa. Express these readings in gage or
vacuum pressure, whichever is appropriate.