Introduction to ASA, Asset Sensing & Analytic
BY
LEE WAI MENG
ELECTRICAL PE/LEW (400KV GRADE)
1
Type of Electrical assets
Switchgear Cable
• Air Insulated • Metallic screen, XLPE
• Gas Insulated • Metallic screen, EPR
• Solid Insulated
Transformer Rotating Machine
• Dry type • Squirrel Cage Motor
• Oil type • Slip Ring Motor
• SF6 Type • Synchronous Motor
• Generators
2
Non-electrical Method of PD detection
• Ultrasound
• Infra-Red Thermography
• Dissolved Gas Analysis of
transformer oil
• SF6 Gas Measurement of GIS
• Video Scope Inspection
3
Ultrasound
• Sound waves beyond the hearing range of the human ear.
• Range of human ear (20Hz to 5000Hz).
• Airborne Ultrasound Waves
Through air, 40kHz
Through SF6, 90kHz
Through oil, 150kHz
4
Block Diagram of Ultrasonic equipment
AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY SHIFT
ULTRASOUND µV mV
piezoelectric HEADPHONE
40kHz Heterodyning
transducer
• Conversion of sound to electricity via piezo electric effect
• Sound impinge onto a quartz and develops a small voltage
• Require line of sight to the source of the ultrasound
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Acoustic Camera (See the Sound)
6
Infrared Thermography (See the Hot Spot)
• Require line of sight
for measurement and
so unable to measure
if there is a protective
panel to the electrical
assets.
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Dissolved Gas Analysis of Transformer Oil
• Similar to blood test of human body
• Taking an oil sample from the transformer
• Able to be done without de-energization of the transformer
• Traditional method is to send oil sample to laboratory and wait
for days for the results
• Now possible to do on-site and have results within the same day
of site measurement
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Physical Properties Of Gases Measured
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
GASES
Molar Mass (g/mol) Combustion
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen (H2) 2 Flammable
44 Methane (CH4) 16 Flammable
Non-Oxygen
Flammable
(O2) 16 Non- Flammable
Acetylene (C2H2) 26 Flammable
Ethylene (C2H4) 28 Flammable
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 28 Flammable
Nitrogen (N2) 28 Non- Flammable
Ethane (C2H6) 30 Flammable
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 44 Non- Flammable
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SF6 Gas Measurement
• Sulphur Hexa-floride (SF6): Colourless, Odorless, Non-Toxic
Concentration
Substance
IEC-60480 (2019)
Used SF6
Purity of SF6 > 97% Volume
H2O < 200 ppm by Volume
Decomposition
12ppm by volume for Sulphur dioxide
products
On Site SF6 Gas Analyzer
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Video Borescope Inspection
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Electrical Method of PD Detection
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Electrical Method of PD detection
Online PD
• Transient Earth Voltage
• HF CT (3 to 30 MHz)
• VHF CT (30 to 300 MHz)
• UHF CT (300 to 3000 MHz)
• UHF Capacitor
• UHF Antenna
• RTD as PD sensor
• VDS as PD sensor
RTD :Resistance Temperature Detector
VDS :Voltage Detection System of Capacitive type to IEC 61243-5 (1997)
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Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) Sensor
• TEV = Transient Earth Voltage
• Capacitive couplers placed at external metal surface of electrical
equipment using a magnet
• Frequency = 3 to 100 MHz
TEV sensor
• Sensitivity = 110 mV per Volt
1 Volt of TEV will be 110mV output from the TEV sensor
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The Flow of TEV Signal
TEV sensor
Partial Discharge at
the Insulating support
HIGH VOLTAGE CONDUCTOR
TEV sensors TEV signal via skin effect
PD DETECTOR
1
• The skin depth is inversely proportional to √𝑓
(Where f is the frequency of TEV signal)
• The skin depth of mild steel at 50 MHz is 1µm
15
High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT) Sensor
• HFCT = High Frequency Current Transformer
• Does not respond to 50Hz current
• Frequency range of 100kHz to 30MHz
• Soft ferrite material for the core Split core type HFCT sensor
• Split core construction to allow easy connection to ground cable
16
Connection of HFCT Sensor
PD Current pulse in metallic screen
PD current PD current
Pulse Pulse
Defect in cable insulation
Conductor
Cable Metallic Screen
HFCT HFCT
sensor sensor
PD DETECTOR PD DETECTOR
• The PD current will travel towards both ends of cable via the metallic screen of the cable.
There will be attenuation and change in frequency content of the PD current.
• The higher frequency component of PD current will attenuate more than lower frequency
component.
17
Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Sensor
Inductive type Capacitive type Inductive type Antenna type
UHF Sensor UHF Sensor UHF Sensor UHF Sensor
• UHF = Ultra High Frequency
• Frequency range : 300 MHz to 3,000 MHz
• To detect PD fault that are closer to the sensor location.
• UHF sensor is commonly used to detect PD at cable termination.
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Connection of Capacitive & Inductive UHF Sensor
PD Current pulse in metallic screen
PD current PD current
Pulse Pulse
Conductor
Cable Metallic Screen
UHF Inductive UHF Capacitive
sensor sensor
PD DETECTOR PD DETECTOR
• PD current is high frequency and will seek to flow into capacitor, which offers path of lower
resistance.
• Xc = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑐 and when f is large, the value of Xc will be small.
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Connection Points of UHF Sensor
• To detect PD that are closer to the sensor location
• The UHF sensors are connected to the earth braid of the cable
termination
• The UHF sensor will detect PD at the cable termination, which are
common defects
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Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) as Embedded PD Sensor
• RTD = Resistance Temperature Detector
• Temperature sensor that contain resistor that change resistance value as
temperature changes
• Act as antenna type PD Sensor to detect defects in stator winding
Resistant Temperature Detector
Terminal Box
21
Connection Diagram: Existing RTD as Embedded PD Sensor
22
Voltage Detection System (VDS) as Embedded PD Sensor
• Devices used to detect the presence or absence of operating voltage.
• Act as antenna type PD Sensor to detect defects at the cable termination
23
Connection Diagram: VDS as Embedded PD Sensor
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Online PD Measurement Using VDS as Embedded PD Sensor
LRM
Quadripole
MPD
ABB GIS
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Case Study 1
DUT :22kV GIS, (6 Panels)
PD sensor :Airborne Ultrasonic sensor
TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT
03 March 2022 : PD activity was detected using airborne ultrasound sensors at back panel
between Bus Coupler and Bus section panel.
09 March 2023 : Shut down maintenance was done.
Surface discharge was found at Plug-in type busbar connectors between
bus coupler and bus riser. Replacement was carried out on 09 March
2023.
11 March 2023 : No abnormal ultrasound was detected after replacing the busbar
connectors
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Case Study 1
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST
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Case Study 1
DUT :22kV GIS (6 Panels)
PD sensor :Airborne Ultrasonic sensor
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Case Study 1
DUT :22kV GIS, (6 Panels)
PD sensor :Airborne Ultrasonic sensor
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Case Study 1
SURFACE DISCHARGE AT PLUG IN TYPE BUSBAR CONNECTORS
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Case Study 1
SURFACE DISCHARGE AT PLUG IN TYPE BUSBAR CONNECTORS
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Case Study 1
ULTRASOUND ANALYSIS IN PRPD MODE
03 March 2022: 11 March 2023:
Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in PRPD plot No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacing
of Plug-in type busbar connectors
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Case Study 1
ULTRASOUND ANALYSIS IN PRPD MODE
03 March 2022: 11 March 2023:
Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in PRPD plot No abnormal ultrasound detected after replacing of
Plug-in type busbar connectors
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Case Study 2
DUT :22kV GIS (15 panels)
PD sensor :Infrared Thermal scanning, Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, HFCT sensor.
TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT
29 November : PD activity was detected at 22kV cable termination of T4 Feeder at GIS
2022 (0900 Hrs) switchgear using multiple PD sensor and Infra-Red thermal scanning.
29 November : The circuit was shut down on the same day after PD detection. PD was
2022 (2000 Hrs) found at 22kV cable termination of T4 Feeder . Replacement of cable
termination was done.
30 November : Online PD re-measurement was done after replacement of cable
2022 termination. No PD activity found.
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Case Study 2
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST
PD detected
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Case Study 2
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST
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Case Study 2
Infra-Red Thermal Analysis
Thermal Abnormalities detected at phase L2 of Feeder T4
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Case Study 2
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Case Study 2
PRPD Analysis using HFCT sensor
PD Detected and amplitude maxed out at Feeder T4.
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Case Study 2
PRPD analysis using TEV Sensor
PD detected and amplitude maxed out at Feeder T4.
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Case Study 2
PD Defects at the cable termination of Feeder T4
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Case Study 2
PD Defects at the cable termination of Feeder T4
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Case Study 2
PD Defects at the cable termination of Feeder T4
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Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
29 November 2022: 30 November 2022
Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacement
PRPD plot of able termination
21 dBµV -5 dBµV
44
Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
29 November 2022: 30 November 2022:
PD detected No PD detected after replacement of cable termination
3dBmV, 0ppc
60dBmV, 4.39ppc
45
Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF HFCT
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
30 November 2022:
29 November 2022: PD detected No PD detected after replacement of cable termination
46
Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED THERMAL
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
29 November 2022: 30 November 2022:
Thermal Abnormality detected Thermal Abnormality detected after replacement of cable
termination
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Case Study 3
DUT: 22kV GIS (8 Panels)
PD sensor: Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, Infra-red Thermal Scan
TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT
24 May 2022: PD activity was detected using airborne ultrasound sensors, Infra-red
Thermal scanning and TEV sensor at back panel of PG Incoming 1.
15 June 2022: Shut down maintenance was done. Visible Surface discharge was found.
Cable Terminations were Replaced.
15 June 2022: No abnormalities were detected after replacement of the cable
terminations.
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Case Study 3
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST
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Case Study 3
Infra-Red Thermal Analysis
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Case Study 3
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Case Study 3
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Case Study 3
PRPD Analysis using TEV sensor
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Case Study 3
VISIBLE SURFACE DISCHARGE AT THE CABLE TERMINATION
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Case Study 3
VISIBLE SURFACE DISCHARGE AT THE CABLE TERMINATION
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Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
24 May 2022: 15 June 2022:
Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacement
PRPD plot of cable terminations
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Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
24 May 2022: 15 June 2022:
Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacement
PRPD plot of cable terminations
57
Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
24 May 2022: 15 June 2022:
PD detected using TEV sensor No PD detected using TEV sensor
after replacement of cable terminations
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Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED THERMAL
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
15 June 2022:
24 May 2022:
No Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red Thermal scan
Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red Thermal
after replacement of cable terminations
scan
59
Case Study 4
DUT: 2MVA, 22kV/433V Dry type transformer
PD sensor: Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, RF Antenna
TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT
27 August 2021: PD activity was detected at LHS of 22kV GIS switchgear during routine
annual PD measurement and comprehensive PD investigation was done.
Detected PD comes from Transformer End.
04 September 2021: The transformer was de-energized to inspect. Earth wire touching to
transformer winding and electrical treeing at the surface of HV coil.
Rectified the PD activity and energized the transformer.
04 September 2021: Online PD re-measurement was done after rectification of problem.
No PD activity found.
60
Case Study 4
DUT: 2MVA, 22kV/433V Dry type transformer
PD sensor: Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, RF Antenna
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST
PD detected
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Case Study 4
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Case Study 4
PRPD Analysis using TEV Sensor
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Case Study 4
PRPD Analysis using RFI Antenna
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Case Study 4
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Case Study 4
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Case Study 4
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)
27 August 2021 04 September 2021
Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound detected after rectification
PRPD plot
67
Case Study 4
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)
27 August 2021 04 September 2021
PD detected No PD detected after rectification.
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Case Study 4
COMPARISON OF RF ANTENNA
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)
27 August 2021 04 September 2021
PD detected No PD detected after rectification.
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Case Study 5
DUT: 22kV GIS (HVSB-R2)
PD sensor: TEV Sensor, HFCT Sensor, Infra-red Thermal Scan
TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT
09 January 2024: PD activity was detected at TX6 Feeder of 22kV GIS switchgear during
routine annual PD measurement and comprehensive PD investigation was
done. Detected PD comes from HT cable Termination of Phase L2 of TX6
Feeder
06 February 2024: TX6 feeder was de-energized. The cable termination of Phase L2 was
observed with oxidation. kits was replace and the cable lug was
cleaned.
06 February 2024: Online PD re-measurement was done after rectification of problem.
No PD activity found.
70
Case Study 5
DUT: 22kV GIS (HVSB-R2)
PD sensor: TEV Sensor, HFCT Sensor, Infra-red Thermal Scan
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST
PD detected
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Case Study 5
PRPD Analysis using TEV Sensor
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Case Study 5
PRPD Analysis using HFCT Sensor
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Case Study 5
Infra-Red Thermal Analysis
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Case Study 5
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Case Study 5
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)
09 January 2024 06 February 2024
PD detected No PD detected after rectification.
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Case Study 5
COMPARISON OF HFCT
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)
09 January 2024 06 February 2024
PD detected No PD detected after rectification.
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Case Study 5
COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED THERMAL
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)
09 January 2024 06 February 2024
Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red No Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red Thermal
Thermal scan scan after replacement of cable terminations
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THANK YOU
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