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Production of Pharmaceutical

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18 views18 pages

Production of Pharmaceutical

Student

Uploaded by

Hemant Barai
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Chapter ... 17 PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS « LEARNING OBJECTIVES ¢ After completing this chapter, reader should Be able to understand: © Introduction © Penicillin © Citric Aid’ © Vramin 8, © Glutamic Acid © Griscafulein ee [47.4 INTRODUCTION Production of antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes and alcoholic products is the main aim of the fermentation industry. Most pharmaceuticals are produced by the process of fermentation using specific microbial strains. Interest in utilization of antibiotics for therapy began in 1929 when Alexander Fleming found that a mould Penicillium had an effect against Staphylococcus aureus.,Penicillin was the first antibiotic commercially produced from the Penicillium species by the process of fermentation. Its use in treatment of infections, led to the invention of thousands of antibiotics, These antibiotics are mainly produced from fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria. These substances have wide applications in medical, veterinary and agriculture practices. Antibiotics are the most important class of pharmaceuticals produced by microbial biotechnological processes as a secondary metabolites(Antibiotics are most important as I antimicrobial_agents for chemotherapy.) These antibiotics produced by microbial fermentation or chemical synthesis or a combination of both. The basic molecules of antibiotic may be produced by fermentation and its therapeutic value can be increased by chemical modifications., Microorganisms can be successfully used for the commercial production of vitamins. Vitamins are organic compounds that are used for normal maintenance and optimal growth of organisms e.g. thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin By2, ascorbic acid, provitamin A etc. 17.2 PENICILLIN Production of penicillin began in the United States (1941) by surface culture fermentation of Penicillium notatum, During World War I, penicillin producing fungi were studied extensively to increase yields of penicillin, Now-a-day, penicillin is produced from (47.1) tical Blotechnolot 172 Production of yceuticals Penicillium chryso Gram-positive bea” PY Submerged culture techniques, Peniilin is effective against np acteria and also some large viruses and Rickettsia, Natural pencillins (penciling V and G) : ive bacteri nee Cee ate effective against several Gram-positive bacteria, They inhibit the Cece val hesis and destroy the cell) Penicillin is easily hydrolyse by enzyme : Ane. natural penicilins are ineffective against microorganisms that produce an Semi-synthetic penicilins that are resistant to felactamase have been Ceesstuly used against a Gram-negative bacteria) Penicillin is @ generic term applied to 27 entire group of antibiotics, The basic structure of pencils is 6-amino-penicllaic acd (6 - APA) which consists of @ ring of thiazolidine ring with a Condensed B-lactum ring. The f-lactum ring - thiazolidine Penicillin contains two amino acids such as L-cysteine and D-valine. Penicillins are N-acyl_ derivatives of 6-amino penicilanie acid CEAPALGE pencin fermentation is carried out without addition of any side-chain precursors then the active compounds are called as natural penicilling)In commercial process, only penicillins G, penicillin V (Fig. 17-1) and very limited amount of peniclin O have been produced. Penicilin X, do not have any therapeutic , value but benzyl penicillin has therapeutic value, The fermentation can be controlled by addition of side-chain precursor so that only desired penicillin is produced, 9 is. neta cH—oh _ - CHsCH,~ Penicillin G (Benzyl penicillin Be = HOCH, CH, ~ Penicillin X (Hydroxy benzyl penicillin). 1G? GeHs OCH ~ Pencil V Phenoxy methyl peniilin) op P - CH; CH, CH = CH CH, - Penicillin F (2-Pentenyl penicillin) = CH, (CH,), CH—Dihydropenicilin F(n-Pentyl penicilin) pp DDD ' RCH (CHa), CH Penicillin K (n-Heptyl penicillin) Fig, 17.1: Types of penicillin The penicillin,G or penicilin V is mostly used as the starting materials for the production of several semi-synthetic pericilins. Natural penicillins are chemically or enzymatically split_ to first obtain 6-APA, which is then reacylated to synthesis desired derivative of penicillins.

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