FEB 423: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

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Mode of Delivery (Google Classroom, YouTube
4TH Year First Semester Videos Via Telegram Channel, Emails)
Lecture Materials (Books, Ppt files, lectures notes)
(2021/2022) Classes Schedules (Dates and Time Tuesday 10am -
12pm)
Prepared By
Course Evaluation (Assignments, Term Paper & CAT)
PETER KIMANI
Email:pkimani@[Link] Students Participation (Online Attendance Register,
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & BIOSYSTEMS in Class Attendance)
ENGINEERING
Face to Face Classes, CAT and Exam
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
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Course Outline Course Assessment

1. Introduction
2. Steady State Conduction
[Link] and Class attendance 10 %
3. Unsteady State Conduction
4. Principles of Convection [Link] Mandatory 20 %
5. Heat Exchangers
[Link] semester examination 70 %
6. Radiation Heat Transfer
7. Introduction to Mass Transfer

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BOOKS
Introduction to Heat Transfer Sixth Edition (2011)
by Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank
P. Incropera & David P. Dewitt
A Heat Transfer Textbook Fourth Edition (2016) by
John. H. Lienhard IV & John H. Lienhard V
Heat Transfer -- a practical approach Cengel Y.
Heat Transfer (Ninth edition): Holman J.P.
Fundamentals of Heat & Mass Transfer: M.
Thirumaleshwar.
Heat Transfer: Kreith F. and Bohn

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Pre-requisite Subjects : LECTURE - 1

Engineering Thermodynamics

Fluid Mechanics
1. Introduction & mechanism of heat
transfer
Engineering Mathematics 2. Introduction to Mass Transfer

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 INTRODUCTION Heat Transfer
Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler
Why we should learn Heat and mass transfer? place.
Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room
Heat transfer? temperature.
The mechanism of heat transfer? Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room
Conduction - temperature.
Convection -
Radiation -

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Question Why ??
If a cup of coffee and an ice-cream were left on the Why coffee is being cooled up to room
table in this room what would happen to them?
Why?
temperature ?
The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches room Why ice-cream is being warmed up to
temperature. room temperature ?
The ice-cream will melt and then the liquid will
warm to room temperature.
Which thermodynamic principle is
applied for above said examples ?

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 Thermodynamic Principle
Thermal Equilibrium
In general, any object in system will try to A body is said to be in thermal
achieve system properties. equilibrium when temperature
change with time
I.e. by means of equilibrium
If any unbalance body will try to
3 types : Thermal, Mechanical & Chemical balance with environment.

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Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics

Thermal Equilibrium (Contd.)
System is cool, then
Hot body cool body

System is warmer, then

Cool body Warmer body

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 Heat Transfer?? (1) Conduction
Heat is an energy transfer across a system Direct transfer of heat (surface
boundary due to the temperature different to surface)
between a system and its surroundings. # Transfer is affected by the
ability of the touching objects
There are 3 mechanisms of heat transfer to conduct heat
Thermal conductivity, k
(1) Conduction: Surface to surface
# expressed as W m-1 K-1
(2) Convection: Surface to fluid
# It is a physical property for
(3) Radiation: Direct exchange across space gas, liquid and solid
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(1) Conduction (1) Conduction

The heat is transferred as a result of
the energy imparted between
adjacent molecules.
Conduction also arises from the Temperature difference: T1 and T2 [K]
movement of free electrons in the Thermal conductivity: k [W m-1 K-1]
metals which accounts for the high
Heat transfer area: A [m2]
thermal conductivities
Thickness of the material: x [m]
In fluids, it occurs as a result of the Heat transfer rate by conduction: Qc [??]
kinetic energy transfer between one Heat flux: q=Q/A [??]
molecule to another
Since T2 <T1, the heat flows from left to
right
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 Considering the finite slab of material shown in Figure
above , we see that for one-dimensional conduction the
temperature gradient is:
Heat transfer by conduction from a high
temperature region to the low temperature
region
The driving force of this heat transfer is the Hence for this situation the transfer law can also be written

temperature gradient (Q = -kADT/L , R =L/KA

V = IR , I = V/R ,

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Thermal conductivity, k
Example
Experiment measurement made to determine
the value of k (different material, different k)
The Resistance of heat flow:
Rod diameter
The k value is a physical property of each
solid, liquid and gas material
Rod length
Rod material type k is strongly temp-dependent
Temperature difference Unit -W m-1 K-1

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 Thermal conductivity, k
K of various The numerical value of k indicates how fast
materials at heat will flow in a given material.
0 °C If molecules move fasters (gas), the faster they
will transport energy.
So, value of k depends on the molecules
structure (gas, liquid or solid)

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Thermal conductivity, k Thermal conductivity, k

1) Gas 2) Liquid
The molecules are move closely space
If temp. higher, the molecules have higher velocities Exchange energy in collision process
Molecules are in continuous random motion and will colliding
with one another and exchanging the energy and momentum
3) Solid
The random motion of gas molecules happen whether/ not a
temp. gradient exist in gas Thermal energy conducted in solid by 2 modes: lattice
If a molecules move from higher temp. region to low temp. vibration and transport by free electron
region, it transport kinetic energy to lower temp. part of system
(through collisions molecules)
The faster molecules move, the faster they will transport energy

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Thermal conductivity, k (2) Convection

Transfer of heat between an object and fluid (Surface to
Why we should know k of each material??? fluid
Design of Heat Exchangers Transfer of heat by bulk transport and mixing of
macroscopic elements of warmer portions with cooler
Food and Process Eng : To design the portion in a gas or liquid
equipment in process especially in
storage and transport. Heat Exchangers
Environmental Applications : Cooling
Waste Water Before Discharge to
Environment # Transfer is affected by
i) the speed with which the Fluid is moving
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ii) the ability of the object to conduct heat
 (2) Convection (2) Convection

Temperature different between wall and fluid: Tw and Tf [K]

Convective heat transfer coefficient: hcv [W m-2 K-1]
Heat transfer area: A [m2]
The velocity, u reduce to 0 at the plate as a result of viscous
Heat transfer rate by convection: Qcv [??]
action. Because of that, heat must be transferred only by
Heat flux: q=Q/A [??]
conduction at that point (wall).
Convection heat transfer depends on the viscosity and the
thermal properties of the fluid (k, cp, )
Viscosity influence the velocity profile
Boiling & condensation example of convection phenomena
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Approximate value of h
(2) Convection
Two types:
(i) Forced convection:
# Fluid is forced to flow past a solid surface by a
mechanical means

(ii) Natural (free) convection:

# Heat circulation due to fluid density difference
resulting from the temperature variation
throughout a region of the fluid
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 (3) Radiation (3) Radiation
Transfer of energy across the space by means Electromagnetic radiation which is propagated because
of temp. different called thermal radiation
of electromagnetic waves- in the same way as
Ideal thermal radiation/ black body radiation, will emit
the electromagnetic light waves transmitting
energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of the
light (Direct exchange across space) absolute temp. of the body and directly proportional to

Black-body = Black surface (a piece of metal recovered

with carbon black)
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(3) Radiation (3) Radiation

Emissivity, relates the radiation on the

W/m2.K4
-8
Not all the radiation leaving on surface will reach the other
Stefan-Boltzmann Law thermal radiation, it govern only surface since electromagnetic radiation leaving straight line
radiation emitted by black-body & some be lost to the surroundings. Because of that, 2 new
The net radiant exchange between 2 surface proportional factors will be considered (i) F : Emissivity function and
to the different in absolute temperature to the fourth (ii) FG
power
Q emitted = A (T14 T24)

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 Conclusion:
(3) Radiation Heat transfer mechanism
Radiation in an enclosure Heat transfer may take place by 1 or > of 3 mode of mechanism
Situation: Heat conducted through the plate is removed from
the plate surface by combination of convection & radiation
Simple radiation problem is encountered when a heat
transfer surface at temp., T1 completely enclosed by a
much large surface maintain at temp. T2. So that, the net
radiant exchange:
So, the energy balance;

Heat conducted through wall = Heat convection + Heat radiation

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Conclusion:
Identify the mechanism of heat transfer..
Heat transfer mechanism

Conduction and convection- heat transfer mechanism through

a material medium. Therefore radiation mechanism through
electromagnetic radiation (thermal radiation/black body
radiation)
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 Heat Transfer in unit operation Heat Transfer in unit operation
1) Shell and tube heat exchanger
Example in biosystems engineering?

Factors affecting heat transfer rate?

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Solution (Example 1)
Example 1
Calculate the heat conducted through a 0.2 m
thick industrial furnace wall made of fireclay
brick. Measurements made during steady-
state operation showed that the wall
temperatures inside and outside the furnace
are 1500 and 1100 K respectively. The length
of the wall is 1.2m and the height is 1m
(The thermal conductivity for fireclay brick is 1.7 W/m K)

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Example 2: Example 2:

One face of copper plate 3 cm thick is Air at 20 °C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm
maintained at 400 °C, and the other face is maintained at 250 °C. The convection heat
maintained at 100 °C. How much heat is transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2.K. Calculate
transferred through the plate? the heat transfer.

Ans: 3.7 MW/m2 Ans: 2.156 kW

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Example 3.: Example 4:

An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm Two infinite black plates at 800 °C and 300 °C
diameter and 10 cm long. The wire is submerged in exchange heat by radiation. Calculated the
liquid water at atmospheric pressure, and the heat transfer per unit area.
current is increased until the water boils. For this
situation h = 5000 W/m2.K, and the water
temperature will be 100°C. How much electric power Ans: 69.03 kW/m2
must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire
surface at 114 °C?

Ans: 21.99 W
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Exercise 1: Exercise 2:
A refrigerator stands in a room where the air temp. is
Calculate the rate of heat flow through a 0.5 m wide, 20 °C. The surface temp. on the outside of the
0.3 m high and 3 mm thick steel plate, having a refrigerator is 16 °C, the sides are 30 mm thick and
thermal conductivity of 45 W/m.k when the temp. have an equivalent thermal conductivity of 0.1
of the surface at x=0 is maintain at a constant temp. W/m.k. The heat transfer coefficient on the outside
of 198 °C and its temp. at x=3 mm is 199.7 °C. is 10 W/m2.k. Assuming 1D conduction through the
sides, calculate the heat flow through refrigerator
and the surface temp. on the inside

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Introduction to Mass Transfer

Mass transfer may occur in a gas mixture, a
Three fundamental transfer processes:
liquid solution or solid.
i) Momentum transfer Mass transfer occurs whenever there is a
ii) Heat transfer gradient in the concentration of a
iii) Mass transfer species.
The basic mechanisms are the same
whether the phase is a gas, liquid, or solid.
 Whenever there is concentration difference in a medium,
Definition of Concentration nature tends to equalize
things by forcing a flow
from the high to the low
i) Number of molecules of each species present per
unit volume (molecules/m3) concentration region.

ii) Molar concentration of species i = Number of

moles of i per unit volume (kmol/m3) Before After
The molecular transport process of mass is characterized by the general
iii) Mass concentration = Mass of i per unit volume equation:
(kg/m3)
Rate of transfer process = driving force
resistance

Example of Mass Transfer Processes

Consider a tank that is divided into two equal The two modes of mass transfer:
parts by a partition. - Molecular diffusion
Initially, the left half of the tank contains - Convective mass transfer
nitrogen N2 gas while the right half contains
O2 at the same temperature and pressure.
When the partition is removed the N2
molecules will start diffusing into the air while
the O2 molecules diffuse into the N2.
If we wait long enough, we will have a
homogeneous mixture of N2 and O2 in the
tank.
Mass transfer process examples Evaporative Cooling
Cooling through the evaporation of water is an old
and effective method of lowering temperature.
vapour phase Both plants and animals use this method to lower
their temperatures.
Trees, through the process of evapotranspiration,
for example, remain cooler than their environment.
creates immiscible phases
People accomplish the same thing when they
perspire.
to create a solid phase For both trees and people the underlying scientific
Note principle is the same: when water evaporates, that is,
solvent, sorbent, heat, .... changes
from a liquid to a gas, it takes heat energy from the
surrounding environment, thus leaving its
environment cooler.

Desert Cooler

END
THANK YOU

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