`
MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND POWER ENGINEERING
MODULE NAME: ELECTRICAL MACHINES III
MODULE CODE: EEB 4101
TASK: GROUP ASSIGMENT
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021/2022
DATE: 30-01-2022
LEVEL: UQF 8
NO. NAMES OF STUDENTS CA NUMBERS SIGNATURE
01 Mussa M. Amosi CA/BEE/21/3613
02 Justus J. Buberwa CA/BEE/21/3614
03 Regan Chengula CA/BEE/21/3615
04 Richard Daniel CA/BEE/21/3616
05 Jackson B. Deus CA/BEE/21/3617
06 Rungesi M. Gibe CA/BEE/21/3618
07 Hafidhi B. Hamis CA/BEE/21/3619
08 Michael Haule CA/BEE/21/3620
09 Albert Leonard CA/BEE/21/3621
10 Emmanuel H. Hussein CA/BEE/21/3622
11 Dorcas Julius CA/BEE/21/3623
12 Wilson Z. Juma CA/BEE/21/3624
13 Nelson E. Kirimbo CA/BEE/21/3625
14 Philemon J. Kitema CA/BEE/21/3626
`
01. A 208V, 48kVA, O.8 pf Ieading, ∆ connected, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a
synchronous reactance of 2.5 ohms and a negligible armature resistance. Its friction and windage
losses are 1.5 kW. Initially, the motor is supplying a 15-hp load and the motor's power factor is
O.8 leading.
(a) Sketch the phasor diagram of this motor, and find the ratio between I ւ, Iᴀ, and Eᴀ before the
load change and that after load change for each respective.
(b) Assume that the shaft power is now increased to 30-hp. Sketch the behavior of the phasor
diagram in response to this change.
Solution
(a) Initially, the motor's output power is 15-hp. This corresponds to an output of
Pout = (15-hp) (0.746 KW/hp) = 11.19 kW
Therefore, the electric power supplied to the machine is
Pin = Pout + Pmech losses = 11.19kW + 1.5kW= 12.69kW
Since the motor's power factor is O.8 leading, the resulting line current flow is
Iւ₁= Pin/√3Vфcos θ
Iւ₁ = 12.69KW/√3(208V) (0.8)
Iւ₁ = 44.03A
and the armature current is Iւ₁/√3, with O.8 leading power factor, which gives the result
Iᴀ₁ = 25.42 ∠36.87° A
To find Eᴀ, apply Kirchhoff's voltage law
Eᴀ = Vф - j XsIᴀ
Eᴀ₁ = 208 ∠ 0° V - (j2.5Ω) (25.42 ∠36.87° A)
Eᴀ₁ = 208 ∠ 0° V - 63.5 ∠ 126.87° V
Eᴀ₁ =251.3 ∠ - 11.67° V
`
The resulting phasor diagram is as shown in figure below
Iᴀ₁=25.42 ∠36.87º A
ẟ Vф=208 ∠0º V
j XsIᴀ₁=63.5 ∠126.87º
Eᴀ₁=251.1 ∠-11.7º V
(b) As the power on the shaft is increased to 30 hp, the shaft slows momentarily, and the internal
generated voltage Eᴀ swings out to a larger angle δ while maintaining a constant magnitude.
Pin = Pout + Pmech losses
Pin = (30 hp x 0.746 kW/hp) + 1.5 kW
Pin = 23.88kW
From the equation for power in terms of torque angle, it is possible to find the magnitude of the
angle δ (remember that the magnitude of Eᴀ is constant)
P = 3VфEᴀsinδ/ Xs
sinδ = Xs P/ 3VфEᴀ
sinδ = (2.5) (23.88KW)/ 3(208 V) (251.3 V)
δ = sin¯¹ (0.381)
δ = 22.4°
`
The internal generated voltage thus becomes Eᴀ₂ = 251.3 ∠– 22.4° V. Therefore, Iᴀ will be given
by
Iᴀ₂ = Vф - Eᴀ/j Xs
Iᴀ₂ = (208∠0°V - 251.3∠-22.4°V)/j 2.5
Iᴀ₂ = 39.52 ∠14.3° A
and Iւ₂ will become
Iւ₂ = √3Iᴀ₂ = 68.45 A
Now to find the ratio of Iւ, Iᴀ and Eᴀ before and after the load is change
Iւ₁/ Iւ₂ = 44.03A/68.45 A
Iւ₁/ Iւ₂ = 0.64
Iᴀ₁/ Iᴀ₂ = 25.42 ∠ 36.87° A/39.52 ∠-22.4° A
Iᴀ₁/ Iᴀ₂ = 0.64 ∠22.57°
Eᴀ₁/ Eᴀ₂ =251.3 ∠ - 11.67° V/251.3 ∠ – 22.4° V
Eᴀ₁/ Eᴀ₂ = 1 ∠ 10.73°
`
The resulting behavior of the phasor diagram in response to this change is as shown in figure
below
Iᴀ₁=25.42 ∠36.87º A
ѳ₁ Iᴀ₂=39.5 ∠14° A
ẟ₁ ẟ₂ Vф=208∠0º V
j XsIᴀ₁=63.5 ∠126.87º
Eᴀ₁=251.3 ∠-11.7º V
Eᴀ₂=251.3 ∠-22.4° V
`
02. The 208V, 45kVA, O.8pf leading, ∆ connected, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a
synchronous reactance of 2.5 ohms and a negligible armature resistance. Is supplying a 15-hp
load with an initial power factor of 0.85 pf lagging.
(a) Sketch the initial phasor diagram of this motor, and find the values Iᴀ and Eᴀ.
(b) If the motor's flux is increased by 25 percent, sketch the new phasor diagram of the motor.
What are Eᴀ, Iւ, and the power factor of the motor now?
Solution
Initially, the motor's output power is 15-hp with 0.85 pf lagging, then
Pout = 15hp x 0.746KW/hp = 11.19KW
Since there are no losses, then output power is equal to input power.
From; Pin = 3VфIᴀcos θ, the resulting armature current flow is
Iᴀ = Pin/3Vфcos θ
Iᴀ = 11.19KW/3(208V) (0.85)
Iᴀ = 21.1 ∠ -31.79° A
To find EA, apply Kirchhoff's voltage law
Eᴀ₁ = Vф – j XsIᴀ
Eᴀ₁ = 208 ∠0° V - (j2.5 ῼ) (21.1 ∠-31.79° A
Eᴀ₁ =208∠0° V – 52.75∠58.21° V
Eᴀ₁ = 185.7∠- 13.97° V
`
The resulting phasor diagram is as shown in figure below
Vф =208 ∠0° V
ѳ₁ ẟ₁
j XsIᴀ₁=52.75 ∠58.21
Iᴀ₁ = 21.1 ∠-31.97° A
Eᴀ₁=186 ∠-13.97° V
b) If the flux is increased by 25 percent, then Eᴀ₁ = Kфw will increase by 25 percent too:
Eᴀ₂ = Kфw + 0.25 Kфw
Eᴀ₂ = 1.25 Eᴀ₁
Eᴀ₂ = 1.25(185.7V) = 232.1 V
However, the power supplied to the load must remain constant. Since the distance EA sin /) is
proportional to the power, that distance on the phasor diagram must be constant from the original
flux level to the new flux level. Therefore,
Eᴀ₁ sinδ₁ = Eᴀ₂ sinδ₂
δ₂ = sin¯¹ (Eᴀ₁/Eᴀ₂ sinδ₁) = sin¯¹ (0.8 x sin (-13.97°))
δ₂ = -11.1°
Then, Eᴀ₂ = 232.1 ∠ - 11.1° V
The armature current can now be found from Kirchhoff's voltage law:
Iᴀ₂ = (Vф - Eᴀ₂)/j Xs = (208 ∠0° - 232.1 ∠ - 11.1°)/j 2.5
Iᴀ₂ = 19.54 ∠23.85° A
Finally, the motor's power factor is now
`
PF = cos (23.85°) = 0.915 leading
The new phasor diagram of the motor is as explained below
Iᴀ₂=19.76 ∠24.68° A
ѳ₂ Vф=208 ∠0° V
ѳ₁ ẟ₁ ẟ₂
j XsIᴀ₁=52.75 ∠58.21
Iᴀ₁=21.1∠-31.97° A
j XsIᴀ₂=49.4 ∠114.68°
Eᴀ₁=186 ∠-13.97° V Eᴀ₂=233 ∠-11.11 V
`
03. A 6.6 kV, 5 MVA, 6-pole, 50 Hz, star-connected synchronous generator has Xd = 8.7 Ω per
phase and Xq = 4.35 Ω per phase. Resistance may be neglected. If the excitation is so adjusted
that £f = 11 kV (line), and the load angle is 30° (electrical degree), determine:
(a) The power factor, output current and power
(b) The load angle at maximum torque.
(c) The ratio between maximum torque and that occurring with δ = 30°.
(d) The voltage regulation at rated condition.
(e) Maximum torque if the motor was assumed to be non- salient type.
Solution
(a) Rated armature current Iᴀ= 5000/√3 x 6.6 = 437.4 A
Iq = Vфsinδ/Xq = (6600/√3 x sin 30°)/ 4.35
Iq = 438 A
Id = (Vфcosδ - Eᴀ)/ Xd = (6600/√3 x cos30°)/ 8.7
Id = 350.7 A
Iᴀ = √ (Iq² + Id²) = √ (438² + 350.7²) A
The output current Iᴀ = 561.1A
From;
Tan (θ + δ) = Id/Iq = 350.7/438
Tan (θ + 30°) = 0.8
(θ + 30°) = tan¯¹ (0.8)
θ = 38.68° - 30° = 8.68
Therefore, Power factor = cos 8.68= 0.9885 lagging
`
From; P = √3Vф Iᴀcosθ
P = √3(6.6KV) (561.1) (0.9885) = 6.34 MW
Therefore, power is 6.34 MW
(b) From; Ʈ = [(3Vф Eᴀ sinδ)/WsXd + 3Vф²/2Ws (1/Xq – 1/Xd) sin2δ]
dƮ/dδ = 0 = [(3Vф Eᴀ cosδ)/WsXd + 3Vф²/Ws(1/Xq – 1/Xd)] cos2δ
0 = 3Vф/XdWs[Eᴀ cosδ + Vф(Xd-Xq)/Xq cos2δ]
0 = Eᴀ cosδ + Vф(Xd-Xq)/Xq cos2δ
0 = 6350.9 cosδ + 3810.5(8.7-4.35)/4.35 cos2δ
But cos2δ = 2 cos²δ - 1
0 = 6350.9 cosδ + 3810.5 (2 cos²δ - 1)
0 = = 6350.9 cosδ + 7621 cos²δ - 3810.5
0 = 7621 cos²δ + 6350.9 cosδ- 3810.5
By solving quadratic equation, then cosδ = 0.4041 or -1.237
δ= cos¯¹ (0.4041) = 66.17°
Therefore, the load angle is 66.17°
(c) Torque for 66.17°
Ʈmax = 3Vф/XdWs[Eᴀ sin66.17° + Vф (Xd-Xq)/2Xq sin132.34]
Ws= 2ПN, N= 120f/p = (120 x 50)/6 = 1000rpm
Ws= 2П (1000)/60 = 104.72 rps
Ʈmax = (3x3810.5)/ (104.72x8.7) [6350.9 sin66.17° + (3810.5x(8.7-4.35))/(2x4.35) sin132.34°]
Ʈmax = 90534 N-m
`
Torque for 30°
Ʈrated = 3Vф/XdWs [Eᴀ sin30° + Vф (Xd-Xq)/2Xq sin60]
Ʈrated = (3x3810.5)/ (104.72x8.7) [6350.9 sin30° + (3810.5x(8.7-4.35))/(2x4.35) sin60°]
Then;
Ʈrated = 60547 N-m
Ʈmax/ Ʈrated = 91191 N-m/60547 N-m = 1.496
Therefore, Ʈmax/ Ʈrated = 1.496
(d) Voltage Regulation (VR) = (Eᴀ - Vф)/ Vф
VR = (6350.9 – 3810.5)/ 3810.5 = 66.67%
Therefore, The Voltage Regulation at the rated condition is 66.67%
(e) For a non-salient type
P = (3EᴀVфsinδ)/Xd, for maximum δ = 90°
P = (3EᴀVф)/Xd = (3x6350.9x3810.5)/8.7 = 8.34MW
Ʈmax = P/ Ws= 8.34MW/104.72 rps = 79687 N-m
Therefore. The maximum torque is 79687 N-m
`
REFERENCES
Electric Machinery Fundamentals - Chapman, S.J
A Textbook of Electrical Technology by Theraja B. ([Link])