11 SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
Integumentary system
Components:
• Skin
• Hair
• Fingernails
• Toenails
Functions:
• Protects body
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Eliminates some wastes
• Helps make vitamin D
• Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
• Dtores fat and provides insulation.
Skeletal system
Components
• Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions
• Supports and protects body
• provides surface area for muscle attachments
• aids body movements
• houses cells that produce blood cells
• stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Muscular System
Components
• Muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include
smooth and cardiac).
Functions
• Participates in body movements, such as walking
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Nervous System
Components
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
• Special sense organs, such as eyes and ears
Functions
• Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body
activities
• Detects changes in body’s internal and external environments,
interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
Components
• Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus ,
pituitary gland, thymus , thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
adrenal glands, pancreas , ovaries , and testes )
• Hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions
• Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical
messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue
to target organ)
Cardiovascular system
Components
• Blood
• Heart
• Blood vessels
Functions
• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
• Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide
and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base
balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids
• Blood components help defend against disease and repair
damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic system and immunity
Components
• Lymphatic fluid and vessels;
• Spleen , thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
• Cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and
others)
Functions
• Returns proteins and fluid to blood
• Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
• Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T
cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
Respiratory system
Components
• Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx
(voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading
into and out of lungs
Functions
• Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air
• Helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids
• Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.