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Laplace Transform in Feedback Systems

The document provides an overview of the Laplace transform and its properties. The Laplace transform is used to study the complete response characteristics of feedback systems, including the transient response. It defines the Laplace transform of a function f(t) and discusses properties such as superposition, time delay, time scaling, shift in frequency, differentiation, integration, convolution, time product, and Parseval's theorem.

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Neo Bataclan
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17 views2 pages

Laplace Transform in Feedback Systems

The document provides an overview of the Laplace transform and its properties. The Laplace transform is used to study the complete response characteristics of feedback systems, including the transient response. It defines the Laplace transform of a function f(t) and discusses properties such as superposition, time delay, time scaling, shift in frequency, differentiation, integration, convolution, time product, and Parseval's theorem.

Uploaded by

Neo Bataclan
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Feedback Control System

Lesson 2: A review of
Laplace Transform
THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM (𝓛) 2. Time Delay
• Used to study the complete response Suppose a function 𝑓(𝑡) is delayed by 𝜆 >
characteristics of feedback system, 0 units of time, 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝜆). Its Laplace
including the transient response. transform is:
• Define the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡),
denoted by ℒ[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐹(𝑠), as a 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝜆)
function of the complex variable 𝑠 = 𝐹1 (𝑠) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝜆 𝐹(𝑠)
𝜎1 + 𝑗𝜔, where:
∞
A time delay of λ corresponds to
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 multiplication of the transform by 𝑒 −𝑠𝜆 .
0−
3. Time Scaling
which uses 0− (that is, a value just
before t = 0) as the lower limit of It is sometimes useful to time-scale
integration. equations of motion.
• f(t) is usually denoted as the time For example, in the control system of a disk
domain, while F(s) is usually denoted as drive, it is meaningful to measure time in
the frequency domain. milliseconds. If the time t is scaled by a
• A function f(t) will have a Laplace factor a, 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑎𝑡), then the Laplace
transform if it is of exponential order, transform of the time-scaled signal is:
which means that there exists a real
number σ1 such that: 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)

lim |𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝜎1𝑡 | = 0 1 𝑠


𝑛→∞ 𝐹1 (𝑠) = 𝐹( )
|𝑎| 𝑎
4. Shift in Frequency
Multiplication (modulation) of 𝑓(𝑡) by an
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS PROPERTIES exponential expression in the time domain,
𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡), corresponds to a shift in
1. Superposition the frequency domain:
One of the most important properties of the 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
Laplace transform is that it is linear, which
means that the principle of superposition 𝐹1 (𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
applies:
5. Differentiation
ℒ[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = ℒ[𝑓(𝑥)] ± ℒ[𝑔(𝑥)]

1|Feedback Control
System
The transform of the derivative of a signal Mentioned quantities can be computed
is related to its Laplace transform and its either in the time domain or in the frequency
initial condition as follows: domain.
𝑑𝑓 ∞ ∞
ℒ { } = −𝑓(0− ) + 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) ∫ |𝑦(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 < 1, ∫ |𝑢(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡 < 1
𝑑𝑡 0 0
For multiple derivatives: ∞ ∞
∫ 𝑦(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑈(𝑗𝜔)𝑌(−𝑗𝜔) 𝑑𝜔
ℒ{𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓(0− ) 0 −∞
− 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 2 (0− ) − ⋯ − 𝑓 𝑛 (0− ) 10. Multiplication by Time
Where n is the number of times an equation
Multiplication by time 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑡𝑓(𝑡)
is differentiated.
corresponds to differentiation in the
6. Integration frequency domain:
The Laplace transform of the signal of a 𝑓1 (𝑡) = 𝑡𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡
time function 𝑓1 (𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 , is given by, 𝑑
𝐹1 (𝑠) = − (𝐹(𝑠))
𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑓1 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝜉)𝑑𝜉
0 Inverse Laplace
1 The inverse Laplace transform, which
𝐹1 (𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑠) allows us to find f(t) given F(s),
𝑠
7. Convolution
Convolution in the time domain
corresponds to multiplication in the
frequency domain. Assume that ℒ[𝑓1 (𝑡)] =
𝐹1 (𝑠) and ℒ[(𝑓2 𝑡)] = 𝐹2 (𝑠): Where σc is a selected value to the right of
all the singularities of F(s) in the s-plane.
𝑡
ℒ[𝑓1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑓2 (𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝜏)𝑓2 (𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏
0

ℒ[𝑓1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑓2 (𝑡)] = 𝐹1 (𝑠)𝐹2 (𝑠)


8. Time Product
Multiplication in the time domain
corresponds to convolution in the frequency
domain:
1
ℒ[𝑓1 (𝑡)𝑓2 (𝑡)] = [𝐹 (𝑠) ∗ 𝐹2 (𝑠)]
2𝜋𝑗 1
9. Parseval’s Theorem
Parseval’s famous theorem is used to
compute the “energy” in a signal or
“correlation” between two signals.

2|Feedback Control
System

Common questions

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Convolution in the time domain represents the integrated overlap of two signals, crucial for determining system output when input signals interact over time. Its correspondence to multiplication in the Laplace domain simplifies calculations by allowing signal effects to be directly multiplied, thus converting convolution integrals into simple products, which is essential for analyzing complex feedback systems where signal interactions dictate performance .

In the Laplace domain, a time delay of a function f(t) by λ units is represented by the multiplication of its Laplace transform F(s) by e^(-sλ). This effect introduces a phase shift in the frequency domain, potentially altering the stability and transient response characteristics of the system, as delays can cause lags that affect the overall control performance .

Time multiplication in a signal, represented as tf(t), transforms into differentiation with respect to s in its Laplace transform, given by d/ds(F(s)). This differentiation allows for the analysis of frequency domain characteristics captured by the slope of F(s), providing insight into the response behavior and stability over time, which is vital for detailed system analysis and predicting long-term behavior .

Choosing an appropriate σc is crucial in the inverse Laplace transform for ensuring convergence of the inverse transform and accurately resolving system behavior from F(s). The value of σc must be to the right of all singularities of F(s) to guarantee that the contour of integration in the complex plane encompasses all relevant poles, thereby ensuring precision in the reconstructed time-domain signal and maintaining system integrity .

The differentiation property of the Laplace transform allows the transformation of differential equations into algebraic ones, incorporating initial conditions directly. This feature facilitates the analysis of dynamic systems by enabling calculations to incorporate starting characteristics or states, ensuring that transformed equations reflect the system's real-world initial behavior accurately and efficiently .

The superposition property of Laplace transforms implies linearity, meaning that the Laplace transform of a sum of functions is equal to the sum of their respective transforms. This property is pivotal in linear system analysis, allowing for the separation of complex inputs into simpler components, making it easier to solve and interpret system responses .

The Laplace transform is crucial for analyzing feedback control systems as it enables the study of complete response characteristics, including transient responses, by transforming functions from the time domain to the frequency domain. This transformation simplifies the analysis of systems by converting differential equations into algebraic ones .

The time scaling property affects the analysis of rapidly varying signals by altering the Laplace transform of a function whenever time is scaled by a factor a. The transform is adjusted by F(s/a)/a, effectively compressing or expanding the frequency content depending on the scaling factor, which helps in analyzing systems like disk drives where rapid signal changes can be normed to manageable levels .

Parseval’s Theorem links energy computation in signal processing by equating the time-domain energy of a signal to its frequency-domain representation. In feedback control systems, it allows engineers to compute the total energy or correlation between signals directly from their Laplace transforms, thereby facilitating energy analysis within the system's operational constraints without explicitly solving differential equations in the time domain .

Modulation in the time domain, expressed by multiplying f(t) by e^(-at), results in a shift in the frequency domain such that the Laplace transform is obtained by F(s-a). This shift can affect system stability and performance by altering the location of poles, thereby influencing the system's damping and transient characteristics, which are critical for maintaining desired performance levels in feedback systems .

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