EEL2186 Circuits and Signals
Tutorial 4: State Variable Analysis of RLC Networks
1. Consider the electrical circuit given in Figure 1. Develop the state equation in matrix form,
given L = 1H, C = 1F and R1 = R2 = 0.5Ω.
Figure 1
• − 1 1 v 0
Final Ans.: v• = + vS
i − 1 0 i 1
2. Write the state equation and output equation for the circuit given in Figure 2. Take the output
as the voltage across the inductor.
Figure 2
•
V• 1 − 2 0 − 1 V1 V1
Final Ans.: V 2 = 0 − 1 1 V2 , y = [1 − 1 0]V2
•
i 1 − 1 0 i i
3. Self-assessment Question
2006 Main Exam Question
Determine the state variable model of the system shown in Figure 3. Assume Vo and io as
outputs.
e1 e2
Figure 3
• − 2 − 1 v 1 1 e1 v0 − 2 / 3 − 2 / 3 v 2 / 3 0 e1
Final Ans.: v• = + , i = 1/ 3 +
i 2 − 4 i 4 0 e2 0 0 i 0 − 1 / 3 e2
4. Self-assessment Question
Referring to the network shown in Figure 4.
i) Derive the state equation.
ii) What are the final values of the state variables given that e(t) = 10u(t) V?
Figure 4
•
•i1 0 1 − 1 i1 0
Final Ans.: i) v 2 = − 1 − 1 0 v2 + 1 ⋅ e
•
v 3 0.5 0 0 v 3 0
ii) i1(∞) = 0A, V2(∞) = 10V, V3(∞) = 10V
5. 2019 Main Exam Question
For the circuit shown in Figure 5, identify the state variables. Hence, derive the state equation.
Figure 5
dV1
Final Ans.: dt = − 1.5 − 0.5 1 + 1.5 Vin
V
dV2 − 0.5 − 0.5 V2 0.5
dt
6. 2020 Main Exam Question
0 2 − 1
A circuit has a state equation x& = x + z and an output equation y = [4 3]x,
− 6 − 5 3
where x is the state vector, z is the input vector, and y is the output vector. x& is the first
derivative of the state vector with respect to time. Determine the transfer function of the
circuit.
5s + 22
Final Ans.: H ( s ) = 2
s + 5s + 12
7. Self-assessment Question
2022 Supplementary Exam Question
For a system with state equation given by
•
x1 = − 1 2 x1 + 1u
• 0 − 2 x2 2
x2
determine the state transition matrix.
e −t 2e −t − 2e −2t
Final Ans.: φ(t ) =
0 e − 2t