Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

ACCESS, EJC Montilla, 9800 City of Tacurong
Province of Sultan Kudarat
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
______________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY

CELLULAR METABOLISM

Submitted by:
Hamsa, Rehana
Sambilawan, Micah
Soquita, Shammah Marie
Tabaquerao, Honey Joy

Submitted to:
Rizalyn Cudera
Biochemistry Professor

JANUARY 2024
 CHAPTER 8
CELLULAR METABOLISM

Overview
The French word métabolisme and the Greek word "Metabolismos" are the
roots of the English term metabolism, which combines the Greek words
metabole and metaballein, meaning "change," with the prefix meta, meaning
"over" or "beyond," and the suffix -ism, indicating a process. Initially,
metabolism studies involved examining entire animals' metabolisms, but
modern molecular biology and biochemistry research focuses on specific
metabolic events.

Metabolic studies have a long history dating back to the 13th century with
Ibn al-Nafis, leading to further advancements from Santorio Sanctorius in the
16th century and Louis Pasteur, Friedrich Wöhler, and Eduard Buchner in the
following centuries. The discovery of the citric acid cycle by Hans Krebs in the
20th century was also significant, paving the way for modern molecular
biotechnology techniques and genomics to study metabolism today.

This module will provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex

biochemical processes that occur within the cells. Additionally, this module aims
to help the students to understand how essential cell metabolism in our daily
life’s and learn the interconnectedness of different metabolic pathways and how
they are regulated. This module also provide a solid foundation for further
studies in biochemistry, physiology, and related fields.

General Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 discuss the definition of cellular metabolism;
 enumerate and differentiate the processes of cellular metabolism;
 identify the building blocks required for cellular functions, and how are
they synthesized
 explain how cell convert nutrients into energy

LESSON 1
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Pre-discussion
Cellular respirations involves a series of electron transfers from a high
energy state in glucose to a low energy state, as part of water. The full equation
for cellular respiration is (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy). Every
living creature needs energy (Figure 8.1.1). Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP,
is the molecule that transports energy throughout the cell. A nucleic acid is ATP.
When one of the three phosphates is taken out of ATP, the molecule ADP is
created, which releases energy. Living organisms use aerobic respiration to
break down glucose and produce ATP.

Figure 8.1.1. The crucial role of cellular respiration.

Source:[Link]

What to expect?
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
 define what is aerobic respiration
 describe and differentiate the processes under aerobic respiration, and
 create a concept map that illustrates how the glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
and electron transport chain are interconnected during aerobic
respiration.

Lesson outline

What I Know
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a yellow paper.

1. Which of the following best describes the overall purpose of cellular

respiration?
A. To use energy from the sun to produce oxygen. B. To break down food
(glucose) in order to produce energy (ATP).
C. To take in oxygen in order to produce energy (ATP). D. To use energy
from the sun to produce food (glucose).
2. Cellular Respiration takes place in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Chloroplast B. Ribosome
C. Cytoplasm D. Mitochondria
3. Which organisms are capable of cellular respiration?
A. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs B. Autotrophs
C. Heterotrophs D. Impossible to tell
4. In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?
A. Nucleus B. Mitochondrion
C. Cytoplasm D. Chloroplast
5. In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle,
take place?
A. Matrix B. Inner membrane
C. Stroma D. Cytoplasm
6. In which part of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take
place?
A. Inner membrane B. Cytoplasm
C. Stroma D. Matrix
7. How many ATPs are produced during the entire process of cellular
respiration?
A. 46 B. 38
C. 34 D. 28.
8. Which of the following best explains the connection between photosynthesis
and cellular respiration?
A. They are not connected. B. What one process produces, the
other process uses.
C. They are the exact same processes .D. They are both used to produce
energy.
9. Why is glycolysis considered as an anaerobic process?
A. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. B. It occurs outside the
mitochondria.
C. It does not produce any ATP. D. It takes place in the
absence of oxygen.
10. What is the net production of ATP from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
A. 32 B. 28
C. 4 D. 2

Activity: BINGO!
1. Your teacher will prepare sets of Bingo cards and callouts sheets for the
whole class.
2. You'll be working in pairs, and each pair will be given three cards. Make
sure to communicate and cooperate with your partner throughout the
game. Your goal is to complete your bingo cards by marking off the
correct callouts as they are announced. The teacher will be the caller,
announcing cellular respiration terms from the callouts sheet. Listen
carefully and mark off the corresponding squares on your Bingo card
when you hear a term.
3. Be the first pair to get five in a row (either horizontally, vertically, or
diagonally) and shout out "Bingo!" You'll win the game!
4. After the game, we'll all come together to review the answers. If you or
your partner had any trouble understanding certain terms or concepts,
don't worry! We'll clarify them during this discussion. Enjoy the game and
learn while having fun!
Bingo Cards:
Activity: Concept map
General instruction: The class will be divided into two groups and each group
should have a leader and secretary, and they need to follow the instruction
below.
Instruction: To create a concept map for cellular respiration (this is manually
do not use any app or gadgets while answering), follow these steps:
1. Gather materials: You will need a large sheet of paper (or several smaller
sheets taped together), markers or colored pens, and a pencil.
2. Choose a central idea: In this case, the central idea is "Cellular Respiration."
Draw a circle or an oval and write this term inside it in the center of your paper.
3. Identify main categories: Break down the concept of cellular respiration into
its main components or categories. For cellular respiration, these could be:
Photosynthesis, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and ATP
Production. Draw smaller circles or boxes around these categories near the
central idea.
4. Connect categories to the central idea: Using lines or arrows, connect
each category to the central idea of cellular respiration. Label the lines or arrows
to indicate the relationship between the categories and the main concept.
5. Add subcategories: Within each main category, there are further details or
subcategories. For example, in Photosynthesis, you might have subcategories
like Light Reaction and Dark Reaction. Draw smaller circles or boxes connected
to the main categories and label them accordingly.
6. Connect subcategories: Use lines or arrows to connect the subcategories
to their respective main categories. Label these connections to clarify the
relationship between the subcategories and their parent categories.
7. Add details: Within each subcategory, you can add more specific details or
steps. For instance, in Glycolysis, you might include the steps: Hexose Split,
Phosphorylation, Oxidation, and Phosphate Transfer. Draw smaller circles or
boxes connected to the subcategories and label them with these details.
8. Review and refine: Take a step back and review your concept map. Ensure
all connections are clear and labeled appropriately. Make any necessary
adjustments to improve the flow and readability of your map.
9. Color-code (optional): To make your concept map more visually appealing
and easier to understand, you can use different colors for each category and
subcategory. This can help differentiate between various aspects of cellular
respiration.

Rubrics for scoring:

1. Clarity and Organization (5 points): The concept map is easy to understand

and well-organized, with clear connections between categories, subcategories,
and details.
2. Completeness (5 points): The concept map covers all major aspects of
cellular respiration and includes relevant subcategories and details.
3. Accuracy (5 points): The information presented in the concept map is correct
and aligned with the scientific understanding of cellular respiration.
4. Creativity and Presentation (5 points): The concept map is visually
appealing, well-labeled, and demonstrates originality in its design.
5. Self-Reflection (5 points): The creator of the concept map demonstrates an
understanding of the process of creating a concept map and reflects on the
learning experience gained from creating it.

You can divide metabolic pathways into anabolic and catabolic

categories. Anabolic means that they require energy and use it to build large
molecules from small ones. Catabolic means that they release energy and
break apart large molecules to make smaller ones. Photosynthesis is an
anabolic process, while cellular respiration is a catabolic process.
Photosynthesis (Building up glucose)
Photosynthesis is a process by
which phototrophs convert light energy
into chemical energy, which is later
used to fuel cellular activities. The
chemical energy is stored in the form of
sugars, which are created from water
and carbon dioxide. The
photosynthesis reaction is considered
to be an endothermic reaction.

The process of
photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
•Light-dependent reaction or light
reaction
•Light independent reaction or dark
reaction
Figure 8.1.2. Photosynthesis
Source: [Link]

What is the role of photosynthesis in cellular metabolism?

Photosynthesis is an essential process in cellular metabolism,
particularly in plant cells. It converts light energy into chemical energy in the
form of organic compounds like glucose, which can be used as a source of
energy and building blocks for other molecules required for cellular functions.
This process takes place in chloroplasts, and it produces oxygen as a byproduct
in some organisms like cyanobacteria, which is then utilized by other organisms
in cellular respiration to generate energy

Cellular Respiration
(Breaking down glucose)
Figure 8.1.3. Cellular Respiration

Source:[Link]
 Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen
with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into
life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and
water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a
process called fermentation. (For longer treatments of various aspects of
cellular respiration, see tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolism.) Cellular
respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces
ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include: glycolysis, pyruvate
oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

TWO KINDS OF RESPIRATION:

Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration

STEP IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION

1. GLYCOLYSIS

Six-carbon glucose is converted into two

pyruvates (three carbons each)

- ATP and NADH are made. These

reactions take place in the cytosol, broken
down into two phases: energy –requiring
phase and energy –releasing phase.

Figure 8.1.4. Glycolysis

Source:[Link]

ENERGY –REQUIRING PHASE

- The starting molecule of glucose get rearranged, and two phosphate
groups are attached to it. The phosphate groups make the modified sugar –
now called fructose -1,6-bisphosphate –unstable, it will allow to split in half and
form two phosphate –bearing three- carbon sugars. The phosphates used in
these steps come from ATP molecules.
 Figure 8.1.5. Energy- requiring phase in glycolysis

Source: Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology by Katherine R. Mattaini

ENERGY –RELEASING PHASE

- In this phase, each three – carbon sugar is converted into another three
– carbon molecule, pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions,
two ATP molecules and NADH molecule are made. Because this phase takes
place twice, once for each of the two.
Each reaction in glycolysis is catalyzed by its own enzyme. The most
important enzyme for regulation of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase, which
catalyzes formation of unstable, two- phosphate sugar molecule, fructose- 1,6-
bisphosephate. Phosphofructokinase speeds up or slows down glycolysis in
response to the energy need of the cell. The net products of this process are
two molecules ATP produced -2 ATP used up.

Figure 8.1.6. Energy-releasing phase of glycolysis

Source: Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology by Katherine R. Mattaini

STEPS IN GLYCOLYSIS

1. A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, making glucose

– 6 –phosphate and ADP (investment of 1 ATP)
- Glucose – 6- phosphate is more reactive than glucose, and the addition of
the phosphate also traps glucose inside the cell since glucose with phosphate
can’t readily cross the membrane.
- Enzyme – hexokinase with Mg2+

Hexokinase ATP
and Mg2+
ADP

Pi

Figure 8.1.6. Investment

Source: [Link]

2. Glucose – 6 –phosphate is converted into its isomer, fructose –6- phosphate.

- Enzyme –phosphoglucose isomerase.

Pi

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Pi
Figure 8.1.7. Isomerization

Source: [Link]

3. A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to fructose – 6 – phosphate,

producing fructose -1,6 – biphosphate ( invest of 1 ATP).
- This step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase (with Mg2+), which
can be regulated to speed up or slow down the glycolysis pathway.

Pi

Phosphofructokinase ATP
and Mg2+
ADP
 Pi Pi

Figure 8.1.8. Investment

Source: [Link]

4. Fructose -1,6- Biphsophate it will split into two. And the Enzymes is Fructose
Bisphosphate aldolase

Pi Pi

Fructose bisphosphate aldolase

Pi Pi
DHAP Isomers G3P

Figure 8.1.9. Cleavage

Source: [Link]

1. DHAP will be transformed into G3P (Glyceraldehyde – 3- phosphate)

through the enzyme triosephosphate isomerse.
Pi

DHAP

Triosephosphate isomerase

Pi

G3P

Figure 8.1.10. Isomerize

Source: [Link]
 2. This is the energy –releasing phase, glyceraldehyde – 3- phosphate
(G3P), one of the three –carbon sugars formed in the initial phase,
loses two electrons and two protons, reducing NAD+ to NADH and
producing an H+. This reaction releases energy, which is used to
attach another phosphate to the sugar, forming 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate. The enzyme here is glyceraldehyde phosphate
dehydrogenase.

Pi
Pi

Glyceraldehyde Phosphate 2e- NAD+

Dehydrogenase
NADH H+

Pi Pi

Figure 8. 1.11. Produce of NADH

Source: [Link]

3. 1,3 –bisphosphogylcerate in the process. 2 ATP produced (pay off), the

enzyme is phosphoglycerate kinase

Pi Pi

ADP

Phosphoglycerate kinase ATP

Pi

Figure 8.1.12. Produce of ATP

Source: [Link]

4. 3 –phosphoglycerate is converted into its isomer, 2 –phosphoglycerate.

The enzyme is Phosphoglycerate mutase

Phosphoglycerate mutase
 Figure 8.1.13. Isomerize

Source: [Link]

5. 2- phosphoglycerate loses a molecule of water, becoming

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)- is an unstable molecule, poised to lose
its phosphate group in the final step of glycolysis. The enzyme is
enolase with Mg2+.

Enolase and Mg2+

Figure 8.1.14. Lose of water

Source: [Link]

6. PEP readily donates its phosphate group to ADP, making a second

molecule of ATP. 2 ATP produced (pay off), as it loses its phosphate,
PEP is converted pyruvate or pyruvic acid, the end product of
glycolysis. The enzyme here is pyruvate kinase with Mg2+.

ADP

Phosphoglycerate kinase
ATP

Figure 8.1.15. Produce of ATP

Source: [Link]
 2. PYRUVATE OXIDATION

- Pyruvate travels into the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to a

two-carbon molecule bound to coenzyme A, called acetyl CoA, it is a key
connector that links glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration. While, in
prokaryotes, it happens in the cytoplasm
- Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made. Acetyl CoA acts as fuel
for the citric acid cycle in the next stages of cellular respiration.

Figure 8.1.16. Pyruvate oxidation in

the matrix of the mitochondria.

Source: [Link]

Steps of Pyruvate Oxidation (Preparatory Stage)

1. A carboxyl group is snipped off of pyruvate and released as a

molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a two – carbon molecule.

Figure 8.1.17. Releasing of carbon dioxide from the pyruvate.

Source: [Link]

2. The two – carbon molecule from step 1 is oxidized, and the electrons
lost in the oxidation are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH.

2e- NAD+ NADH H+

H Produce of NADH
H Figure 8.1.18.
Source: [Link]
H
3. The oxidized two – carbon molecule –an acetyl group, -is attached to
Coenzyme A (CoA), an organic molecule derived from vitamin B5, to
 form acetyl CoA. CoA is sometimes called a carrier molecule, and its
job here is to carry the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle.

CoA

SH CoA SH
Figure 8.1.19. Producing of Acetyl CoA
Source: [Link]
H
 The steps above are carried out by a large enzyme complex called
pyruvate dehydrogenase which consist of three interconnected
enzymes and includes over 60 subunits. It also controls the amount of
acetyl CoA fed into the citric cycle.

3. KREB’S CYLE or CITRIC ACID CYCLE

- The name of this process can be:

 Citric acid cycle – refers to the first molecule that forms
during the cycle’s reactions – citrate, or in its protonated
form, citric acid.
 Tricarboxylic Acid cycle – for the three carboxyl groups
on its first two intermediates.
 Kreb’s cycle – after its discoverer Hans Krebs
- The citric cycle is a central driver of cellular respiration.
- It takes acetyl CoA – produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and
originally derived from glucose – as its starting material and, in series
of redox reactions, harvest much of its bond energy in the form of
NADH, FADH2, and ATP molecules.
- The reduced electron carriers – NADH and FADH2- generated in the
Krebs cycle will pass their electrons into the electron transport chain
(ETC) and, through oxidative phosphorylation, will generate most of the
ATP produced in cellular respiration.
- These reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix.

Figure 8.1.20. Starting of Krebs cycle

Source:[Link]
8 STEP IN KREB’S CYCLE
1. Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (four- carbon molecule) in a reaction
catalyzed by citrate synthase.
- this reaction also takes a water molecule as reactant, and it releases a SH-
CoA molecule as a product.

CoA

Citrate synthase
CoA

Figure 8.1.21. Formation of citric acid

Source: [Link]

2. Citrate is converted into its isomer, isocitrate in a reaction catalyzed by

aconitase.

Aconitase

Figure 8.1.22. Isomerization

Source: [Link]

3. Isocitrate (six carbon) is oxidixed into alpha ketoglutarate (five carbon

molecule) in a reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase.
- An NAD+ molecule is reduced to NADH+ H+ in this reaction, and a
carbon dioxide molecule is released as a product.

Isocotrate
NAD+
2e-
dehydrogenase

Carbon NADH H+
dioxide
 Figure 8.1.23. CO2 produced
Source: [Link]

3. Alpha ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl CoA (unstable four

carbon molecule) in a reaction catalyzed by alpha ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase.
- An NAD+ molecule is reduced to NADH+ H+ in this reaction, which
also takes a SH- CoA molecule as reactant.
- A carbon dioxide molecule is released as a product.

Alpha Ketoglutareate
2e- NAD+ CoA
dehydrogenase
NADH H+
Carbon dioxide

CoA

Figure 8.1.24. CO2 produced

Source: [Link]

4. CoA of succinyl CoA is replaced by phosphate group, which is then

transferred to ADP to make ATP. In some cells, GDP- guanine
diphosphate – is used instead of ADP forming GTP –guanine
triphosphate –as a product.
- The four –carbon molecule produced in this step is called succinate
- The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme succinyl- CoA synthetase.
CoA

Pi

Succinyl CoA synthethase ADP GDP

ATP
GTP

Figure 8.1.25. ATP or GTP produced

Source: [Link]

5. Succinate is oxidized to another four carbon molecule fumarate in

reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase.
- FAD is reduced to FADH2 in this reaction.
 Succinate 2e- FAD
dehydrogenase =--
FADH2

Figure 8.1.26. FADH2 produced

Source: [Link]

6. This reaction requires a water molecule as a reactant.

- Fumarate is converted to malate in a reaction catalyzed by the
enzyme fumarase.

Fumarase

Figure 8.1.27. Hydration

Source: [Link]

7. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate –the starting four –carbon

compound catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase.
- This reaction reduces an NAD+ molecule to NADH+ H+.

Malate 2e- NAD+

dehydrogenase
NADH H+

Figure 8.1.28. Oxaloacetate is regenerated

Source: [Link]

PRODUCTS:
Reminder: Everything is always multiplied by two as, two (2) acetyl CoA were
produced from Pyruvate oxidation.
  4 H2O molecules were used
 2 ATP produced from step 5
 4 CO2 were released
 6 NADH were produced
 2 FADH were produced
 Regenerated two (2) carbon molecule OXALOACETATE

4. ELECTRON CARBON CHAIN or OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

- You need oxygen so your cells can use this molecule during oxidative
phosphorylation, the final stage of cellular respiration.
- Is made up to two closely connected components:
 Electron transport chain – electrons are passed from one
molecule to another, and released in these electron transfers is
used to form an electrochemical gradient
 Chemiosmosis – the energy stored in the gradient is used to
make ATP.
- Oxygen sits at the end of the electron transport chain, where it accepts
electrons and picks up protons to form water. If oxygen isn’t there to accept
electrons the electron transport chain will stop running, and ATP will no longer
be produced by Chemiosmosis.
- In eukaryotes, these molecules are found in the inner mitochondrial
membrane, while, in prokaryotes electron transport chain components are
found in the plasma membrane.

ELECTRO TRANSPORT CHAIN

- This is a collection of membrane –embedded proteins and organic

molecules, most of them organized into four large complexes labeled
to I to IV.

- In eukaryotes, many copies of these molecules are found in the inner

mitochondria membrane. While, in prokaryotes the electron transport
chain components are found in the plasma membrane.

 WHAT HAPPEN DURING ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN?

 In the matrix, NADH deposits electrons at Complex I, turning into

NAD+ and releasing a proton into the matrix.
 FADH2, in the matrix deposits electrons at Complex II, turning into
FAD and releasing 2 H+.
 The electrons from Complex I and Complex II are passed to the
small mobile carrier Q.
 Carrier Q transports the electrons to Complex III, which then
passes them to Cytochrome C.
  Cytochrome C passes the electrons to Complex IV, which then
passes them to oxygen in the matrix, forming water.

NADH FADH

Very good at donating electrons, it can Is not as good at donating

transfer its electrons directly to complex I, electrons as NADH ( that is, its
turning back into NAD+ electrons are at a lower energy
level), so it cannot transfer its
electrons to complex I.

As electrons move through complex I in a It does not pump protons

series of redox reactions, energy is across the membrane.
released, and the complex uses this energy
to pump protons from the matrix into the
intermembrane space.

Remember!
 It takes two electrons, ½ O2, and 2 H+ to form one water molecule.
 Complexes I,II, and IV uses energy released as electrons move from a
higher to a lower energy level to pump protons out of the matrix and into
the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient.

Two important function of Electron Transport Chain:

1. Regenerates electron carriers.

- NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons to the electron transport chain,
turning back into NAD+ and FAD.
 This is important because the oxidized forms of these electron carriers
are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and must be available to
keep these process running.

2. Makes a proton gradient

- The transport chain builds a proton gradient across the inner

mitochondrial membrane, with a higher concentration of H+ in the
intermembrane space and a lower concentration in the matrix.

CHEMIOSMOSIS
This process, in which energy from a proton gradient is used to make
ATP. This process also refer to any process in which energy stored in a proton
gradient is used to do work. For instance it also involved in the light reactions
of photosynthesis. As electrons move energetically downhill, the complex
capture the released energy and use it to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the
intermembrane space.
 This pumping forms an electrochemical gradient across the inner
mitochondrial membrane. The gradient is sometimes called the proton –motive
force, and you can think of it as a form of stored energy, kind of like a battery.
LOCATION OF CHEMIOSMOSIS
 In the intermembrane space, H+ ions have just one channel
available: a membrane –spanning protein known as ATP
synthase. ATP synthase is a lot like a turbine in a hydroelectric
power plant. It’s turned in the flow of H+ ions moving down their
electrochemical gradient. As ATP synthase turns, it catalyzes the
addition of a phosphate to ADP< capturing energy from the
proton gradient as ATP.
Watch this videos to understand more about cellular respiration process:
[Link]
[Link]

Activity: SHOW ME!

Instruction: In this activity the two groups from explore will be given 5 minutes
to present their works.

Chapter Summary
Cellular respiration is a biological process that takes place in cells to
convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This
energy is essential for the functioning of the cell and the organism as a whole.
There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid,
and oxidative phosphorylation. During these stages, glucose is broken down
into smaller molecules, which release energy that is stored in molecules called
ATP. The process also produces carbon dioxide as a waste product, which is
expelled from the body through respiration. Overall, cellular respiration is a
crucial process that allows cells to generate the energy needed to carry out
various functions and sustain life.

Directions: Encircle the correct answer.

1. It refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur inside cells to maintain
life.
 a) Cellular Metabolism c) Cellular Respiration
b) Cellular Transportation d) Cellular Pathway

2. It is a type of metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to

make adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
a) Cellular Metabolism c) Photosynthesis
b) Cellular Respiration d) Chemiosmosis

3. How many stages are in cellular respiration?

a) 2 c) 3
b) 5 d) 4

4. What do you call to the main process of cellular respiration where, it is

the pathway that converts sugar into energy, or glucose into pyruvate,
generating ATP during conversion?
a) Citric acid or Krebs cycle c) Pyruvate oxidation
b) Glycolysis d) Oxidative phosphorylation

5. What are the two main types of cellular respiration?

a) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle c) Aerobic and Anaerobic
b) Glycolysis and Pyruvate Oxidation d) Oxygen and Carbon
dioxide

6. What is the main important product of respiration?

a) ATP c) Water
b) Carbon dioxide d) Molecules

7. What are the by – products of the Krebs cyle?

a) ATP c) Water
b) Carbon dioxide d) Both b and c

8. How many ATP’s are produced in glycolysis?

a) 5 ATP c) 2 ATP
b) 4 ATP d) 1 ATP

9. Is oxygen important in electron transport chain?

a) Yes, if oxygen isn’t there to accept electrons the electron transport
chain will stop running.
b) No, because if oxygen isn’t there to accept the electrons in the
electron transport chain it will still running.
c) Yes, it require oxygen directly
d) No, it doesn’t require oxygen directly

10. It does not pump protons across the membrane.

a) NADH c) NAD+
b) FADH d) FAD+
 Let’s go over some of the basics of metabolic processes, and introduce
ATP, the currency of cellular energy. Watch this video [Link]
6VyNFQ7rRo?si=zjxNIXdkjPlx5wzR about the cellular Metabolism and answer
the questions based from your own understanding.
1. How does your body breakdown the food you eat to generate the energy
you need to get through your day? What form of energy is this any way?
2. How important is the metabolic process to us as human beings?

Lesson 2
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Pre-discussion

How does excessive exercise make you feel? Ever wonder why
running at a high speed causes you to develop cramps in your muscles? The
responsible party is anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic muscle cell respiration
results in cramps. Muscle cramps are caused by the buildup of lactic acid,
which is produced when glucose partially breaks down owing to oxygen
scarcity. Because improved blood circulation in the body increases the body's
supply of oxygen to the cells, taking a hot shower after strenuous exercise
relieves cramps. Before diving into the specifics of aerobics respiration, it is
important to have a basic understanding of cellular respiration and the
importance of ATP in a cellular functions. Let’s delve deeper into the
intricacies of aerobic respiration and its relevance in cellular metabolism and
overall physiological functions.

What to expect?

At the end of this lesson, student are able to:

 define what is anaerobic respiration

 enumerate and discuss the types of anaerobic respiration
 create a venn diagram that illustrates the differences and similarities of
the types of anaerobic respiration.

Lesson outline
Activity: 4 pics 1 word
Instruction: students will just guess the correct words using the pictures
below.
Activity: Fill in the gap!

Activity: "The Journey of Food in Our Body: Aerobic Respiration"

Instructions:
1. Draw a circle in the middle of a blank piece of paper, representing the cell.
2. Write "Food" at the top of the circle.
3. Draw arrows coming out of the circle, representing the different stages of
aerobic respiration: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Electron
Transport Chain.
4. Label each arrow with its corresponding stage.
5. Draw arrows coming out of each stage, representing the end products:
ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and Water.
6. Label each arrow with its corresponding end product.
7. Draw a circle around the end products, representing the release of energy.
8. Add your own ideas and connections to the concept map, such as the role
of oxygen in aerobic respiration, the importance of ATP in our body's
functions, or how food is broken down into glucose for energy production.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Anaerobic
respiration is a type of
cellular respiration
that allows cells to
generate energy from
sugars in the absence
of oxygen, unlike
aerobic respiration
which requires
oxygen. While oxygen
is the most efficient
electron acceptor for
respiration, some
organisms have
adapted to use other
final electron
acceptors for
anaerobic respiration.
This process is less
efficient than aerobic
respiration, producing
less ATP per sugar
molecule and different
waste products, such
as alcohol in some cases.
Figure 8.2.1. Process of Anaerobic Respiration

Source:[Link]
The types of anaerobic respiration are as varied as its electron acceptors.
Important types of anaerobic respiration include:

Lactic acid fermentation – In this type of anaerobic respiration, glucose

is split into two molecules of lactic acid to produce two ATP. It occurs in
certain types of bacteria and some animal tissues, such as muscle cells
Alcoholic fermentation – In this type of anaerobic respiration, glucose
is split into ethanol or ethyl alcohol. This process also produces two ATP
per sugar molecule. This occurs in yeast and even in some types of fish,
such as goldfish.
Other types of fermentation – Other types of fermentation are
performed by some bacteria and archaea. These include propionic acid
fermentation, butyric acid fermentation, solvent fermentation, mixed acid
fermentation, butanediol fermentation, Stickland fermentation,
acetogenesis, and methanogenesis

Anaerobic Respiration Equations

The equations for the two most common types of anaerobic respiration are:
• Lactic acid fermentation:

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 ADP + 2 pi → 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

• Alcoholic fermentation:

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 ADP + 2 pi → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

Cellular Respiration in Different Organisms

Organisms can be classified based on the types of cellular respiration they

carry out.
 Obligate aerobes – organisms that cannot survive without oxygen. For
example, humans are obligate aerobes.
 Obligate anaerobes – organisms that cannot survive in the presence
of oxygen. Certain species of bacteria are obligate anaerobes, such as
Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.
 Aerotolerant organisms – organisms that can live in the presence of
oxygen, but does not use it to grow. For example, the bacterium
Streptococcus, which causes Strep throat.
 Facultative aerobes – organisms that can use oxygen to grow, but
can also perform anaerobic respiration. For example, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae which is the yeast used in brewing.

Some examples of Anaerobic Respiration:

1. Sore Muscles and Lactic Acid

Our muscles utilize oxygen during vigorous activity to make ATP

more quickly than we can replenish it. When this occurs, the rate at
 which muscle cells can carry out glycolysis surpasses their capacity to
provide oxygen to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. As a
result, our cells engage in anaerobic respiration and lactic acid
fermentation, which can cause soreness in our muscles after extended
exercise due to the buildup of lactic acid.

2. Yeast and alcohol drinks

In order to manufacture alcoholic beverages like wine and

whiskey, yeasts that carry out alcoholic fermentation are usually bottled
with a mixture of sugar and additional flavoring ingredients. Complex
carbohydrates, such as those in corn, potatoes, grapes, and many
other grains, can be used by yeasts as a source of sugar for cellular
respiration. The yeast will switch to anaerobic respiration if it is kept in
an airtight bottle along with its fuel source, which guarantees that there
won't be enough oxygen present. Alcohol is created as a result.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION vs ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

 Oxygen present  Oxygen absent

 Reactants: Oxygen and  Reactants: Glucose only

Glucose

 Products: Carbon and  Products: Alcohol, lactic acid

Water and other waste product
depending on kind of cell active

 36-38 ATP produces  2 ATP produces

 Long term energy need  Short term energy need

 Happens in the cytoplasm  Happens only in the cytoplasm

and mitochondria
 Present in almost all cells  Present in muscle and blood
cells
 Glycolysis  Glycolysis
 Krebs Cyle
 ETC
 Combustion is complete  Combustion incomplete

Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce energy, and they both start with glycolysis
which breaks down a sugar molecule into two smaller molecules while consuming two ATP
molecules and producing four ATP molecules, resulting in a net gain of two ATP molecules.
After glycolysis, aerobic respiration continues with the breakdown of the sugar molecule into
pyruvate, while anaerobic respiration leads to the formation of other byproducts like lactate in
the absence of oxygen.
 Activity: Venn Diagram

Instruction: create a venn diagram that shows the similarities and differences
of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Chapter Summary

Anaerobic respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Unlike aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce
ATP, anaerobic respiration generates energy through fermentation or other
anaerobic pathways. This process typically results in the production of lactic acid in
animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast and some bacteria. Anaerobic
respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration, but it serves as a vital energy
source in oxygen-depleted environments or during intense physical activity when
oxygen supply is insufficient.
 1. What are the two most common products of anaerobic respiration?
a) Alcohol and lactic – acid c) ATP and NADH
b) Glucose and oxygen d) Water and alcohol

2. What is absent during anaerobic respiration?

a) Alcohol c) Glucose
b) Molecules d) Oxygen

3. How many ATP’s are produced in anaerobic respiration?

a) 2 ATP’s c) 4 ATP’s
b) 5 ATP’s d) 8 ATP’s

4. Where does anaerobic respiration take place only?

a) Cytoplasm c) Golgi body
b) Mitochondria d) Nucleolus

5. What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?

a) Alcoholic Fermentation c) Lactic Acid Fermentation
b) Fermentation d) Both a and c

6. Every cellular function is powered by energy came from?

a) aerobic respiration c) Glycolysis
b) ATP d) anaerobic respiration

7. The product of respiration is a molecule called ______________which uses

the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions
a) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) c) Carbon dioxide
b) NADH d) Oxygen

8. What process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in bacterial

cells?
a) Fermentation c) Respiration
b) Aerobic Respiration d) Anaerobic Respiration

9. The process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and
sugars, into chemical energy.

a) Aerobic Respiration c) Anaerobic Respiration

b) Fermentation d) Cellular Metabolism

10. It is a process where it breaks down a sugar molecule into pyruvate without
oxygen.

a) Glycolysis c) Krebs Cycle

b) ETC d) Fermentation
1. Fill in the blanks:

a. Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of __________.

b. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic
respiration is __________.
c. The first step of aerobic respiration is __________.
d. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of __________.
e. The final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration is typically __________.
f. The net ATP produced in aerobic respiration is __________.
g. In anaerobic respiration, __________ is produced as a byproduct.

2. Compare and Contrast:

List three similarities and three differences between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.

3. Short Answer:

Explain the importance of aerobic respiration in human cells.

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McLaughlin, K. (2020, October 23). Anaerobic Respiration. Biology
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McLaughlin, K. (2020, August 25). Aerobic Respiration. Biology
Dictionary. [Link]
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