Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

Solved problems: Electric flux density & Divergence

1. Find the total charge within each of the indicated volume:
i. 𝟎 ≤ 𝝆 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝝋 ≤ 𝝅, 𝟐 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟒 and 𝝆𝒗 = 𝝆𝟑 𝒛𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎. 𝟔𝝋
𝒆−𝟐𝒓
ii. Universe: 𝝆𝒗 = 𝒓𝟐
Solution:

i. 0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 0.1, 0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 𝜋, 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 4 and 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌3 𝑧 2 sin 0.6𝜑

𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑄 = ∭(𝜌3 𝑧 2 sin 0.6𝜑) 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧

0.1 𝜋 4
𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌3 𝑑𝜌 ∫ sin 0.6𝜑 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
0 0 2

0.1 4
𝜌4 − cos 0.6𝜑 𝜋 𝑧 3
𝑄=[ ] [ ] [ ]
4 0 0.6 0 3 2

(0.1)4 −0 − cos 0.6𝜋+cos 0 𝜋 43 −23

=[ 4
][ 0.6
] [ 3
] = (0.000025) (0.00054) (18.666)
0

𝑄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 , 𝑪

𝒆−𝟐𝒓
ii. Universe: 𝝆𝒗 = 𝒓𝟐

The universe is assumed to be spherical.

𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝒆−𝟐𝒓
𝑄 = ∭ ( 𝟐 ) 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝒓
∞ 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑄 = ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒓 𝑑𝑟 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 0 0

∞ ∞
𝑒 −2𝑟 𝑒 −∞ −𝑒 0
𝑄=[
−2 0
] [− cos 𝜃]𝜋0 [𝜑]2𝜋
0 =[ −2
] [− cos 𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]𝜋0 [2𝜋 − 0]
0

1
𝑄 = [2] [2] [2𝜋] = 𝟐𝝅, 𝐶

𝒓𝟐
2. A spherical volume charge density is given by ρ = 𝝆𝒐 [𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 ] for r ≤ a and
ρ = 0 for r > a. Find the total charge Q
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

Solution:

𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑟2 2
𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑜 [1 − ] 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝑎2
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑟2 2
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑜 ∫ [1 − 2 ] 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 𝑎 0 0

𝑎 𝑟2
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑜 ∫0 [𝑟 2 − 2 ] 𝑑𝑟
𝑎
[− cos 𝜃]𝜋0 [𝜑]2𝜋
0

𝑎
𝑟3 𝑟5 𝑎3 −0 𝑎5 −0 𝑎3 𝑎3
= [ 3 − 5𝑎2 ] [2] [2𝜋] = [ 3
− 5𝑎2
] [4𝜋] = [ 3 − 5
] [4𝜋]
0

1 1 𝟖𝝅𝒂𝟑
= 𝑎3 [3 − 5] [4𝜋] = 𝟏𝟓
= 1.676 𝒂𝟑 , C

3. A spherical volume charge density is given by ρ = ρ o [1− (r2/a2)] for r≤ a and

ρ = 0 for r > a.
i) Find the total charge Q
ii) Find the electric field intensity outside the charge distribution
iii) Find the electric field intensity for r ≤ a
iv) Show that the maximum value of E is at r = 0.745a
v) Find the maximum value of E.
Solution:

i) 𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑟2 2
𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑜 [1 − ] 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝑎2
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑟2 2
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑜 ∫ [1 − ] 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 𝑎2 0 0

𝑎 𝑟4
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑜 ∫0 [𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 ] 𝑑𝑟 [− cos 𝜃]𝜋0 [𝜑]2𝜋
0

𝑎
𝑟3 𝑟5 𝑎3 −0 𝑎5 −0 𝑎3 𝑎3
=𝜌𝑜 [ − 2 ] [2] [2𝜋] =𝜌𝑜 [ − ] [4𝜋] =𝜌𝑜 [ 3 − ] [4𝜋]
3 5𝑎 0 3 5𝑎2 5

1 1 𝟖𝝅𝜌𝑜 𝒂𝟑
= 𝜌𝑜 𝑎3 [3 − 5] [4𝜋] = 𝟏𝟓
= 1.676 𝜌𝑜 𝒂𝟑 , C

ii) Find the electric field intensity outside the charge distribution
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 ⃗𝑫 ⃗ =𝑄
⃗ 𝑺 ⦁ 𝒅𝑺
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Here, Q = charge enclosed by the Gaussian sphere

𝟖𝝅𝜌𝑜 𝒂𝟑
𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = , [from part (i)]
𝟏𝟓

• DS is everywhere normal to the Gaussian sphere. So,

8𝜋𝜌𝑜 𝑎3
∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫𝑺 𝒅𝑺 = 15
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

• The DS is constant over the spherical Gaussian surface. So,

8𝜋𝜌𝑜 𝑎3
𝑫 ∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝒅𝑺 =
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 15

8𝜋𝜌𝑜 𝑎3 2 𝜌𝑜 𝑎3
D(4𝜋𝑟 2 ) = or D=
15 15 𝑟 2

𝟐𝝆𝒐 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟑
⃗ =
𝐃 ̂𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝜌𝑜 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒓
𝟏𝟓 𝒓𝟐 𝒓 C/m2

Now, electric field intensity is given by

𝟐𝜌𝑜 𝒂𝟑
⃗ = 𝜖𝑜 E
D ⃗ Therefore, ⃗ =
𝐄 ̂𝒓
𝒂 V/m
𝟏𝟓𝝐𝒐 𝒓𝟐

iii) ‘E’ inside the sphere (r ≤ a):

⃗ =𝑄
⃗⃗ 𝑺 ⦁ 𝒅𝑺
∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Here, Q = charge enclosed by the Gaussian sphere

• DS is everywhere normal to the Gaussian sphere. So,

∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫 ⃗ = ∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫𝑺 𝒅𝑺
⃗⃗ 𝑺 ⦁ 𝒅𝑺
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Therefore, ∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫𝑺 𝒅𝑺 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

• The DS is constant over the spherical Gaussian surface. So,

𝑟2
𝑫 ∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝒅𝑺 = ∭ 𝜌𝑜 [1 − 2 ] 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

𝑟 𝑟2 𝜋 2𝜋
D(4𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 𝜌𝑜 ∫0 [1 − 2 ] 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 ∫0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫0 𝑑𝜑 or
𝑎
𝑟
𝑟3 𝑟5 𝑟3 𝑟5
D(4𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 𝜌𝑜 [ − 2 ] [2] [2𝜋] =𝜌𝑜 4𝜋 [ 3 − 5𝑎2 ]
3 5𝑎 0

𝑟 𝑟3
D = 𝜌𝑜 [3 − 5𝑎2 ] 𝑟 𝑟3
⃗⃗ = 𝜌𝑜 [ −
𝐃 ̂
]𝒂
3 5𝑎2 𝒓

Now, electric field intensity is given by

𝝆𝒐 𝒓 𝒓𝟑
⃗D = 𝜖𝑜 ⃗E Therefore, ⃗ =
𝐄
𝝐𝒐
(𝟑 − 𝟓𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒂̂ 𝒓 V/m

iv) Show that the maximum value of E is at r = 0.745a

𝑑𝐸
To find maximum, =0
𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝜌𝑜 𝑟 𝑟3
𝑑𝑟 𝜖𝑜
[ (3 − 5𝑎2 )] = 0
𝑑 𝑟 𝑟3 1 3𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
[(3 − 5𝑎2 )] = 0 or 3
− 5𝑎2 = 0
1 3𝑟 2
= 5𝑎2 or
3 r = 0.745 a
Therefore, 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 at r = 0.745 a.
v) Find the maximum value of E.
Since (0.745a) is less than ‘a’, the maximum of E occurs inside the sphere of charge.
𝜌 0.745𝑎 (0.745𝑎)3
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = E|𝑟=0.745𝑎 = 𝜖 𝑜 ( 3
− 5𝑎2
)
𝑜

𝑎 𝜌𝑜 0.745 (0.745)3 𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒂 𝝆𝒐

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( − )= v/m
𝜖𝑜 3 5 𝝐𝒐

⃗ field
4. Determine an expression for the volume charge density associated with each 𝐷
following:
2 2
⃗ = 4𝑥𝑦 𝒂
i) 𝐷 ̂𝒙 +
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑦
̂𝒚 + 2 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒛
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
ii) 𝐷⃗ = 𝑧 sin 𝜑 𝒂
̂𝝆 + 𝑧 cos 𝜑 𝒂
̂ 𝝋 + 𝜌 sin 𝜑 𝒂
̂𝒛
⃗ ̂𝒓 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑 𝒂
iii) 𝐷 = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑 𝒂 ̂𝜽 + cos 𝜑 𝒂
̂𝝋

Solution:

⃗
i) 𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷
𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

4𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 𝑦 Commented [P1]:

𝐷𝑥 = ; 𝐷𝑦 = ; 𝐷𝑧 =
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2 Commented [P2]:
𝜕 4𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2𝑥 2 𝜕 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜌𝑣 = [ ] + 𝜕𝑦 [ ] +𝜕𝑧 [ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2

4𝑦 𝑧 2 (0)−2𝑥 2 𝑦(2𝑧)
𝜌𝑣 = +0+[ ]
𝑧 𝑧4

𝐶⁄ 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑢−𝑢 𝑑𝑣
4𝑦 4𝑥2 𝑦 𝑚3 d( ) =[ ]
𝑣 𝑣2
𝜌𝑣 = − 3
𝑧 𝑧

⃗
ii) 𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷
𝜕𝐷𝜌 1 𝜕𝐷𝜑 𝜕𝐷𝑧
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝜌
+𝜌 𝜕𝜑
+ 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝜌 = 𝑧 sin 𝜑; 𝐷𝜑 = 𝑧 cos 𝜑; 𝐷𝑧 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝜌 [𝑧 sin 𝜑] +𝜌 𝜕𝜑 [𝑧 cos 𝜑] +𝜕𝑧 [𝜌 sin 𝜑]
1
𝜌𝑣 = 0 + [−𝑧 sin 𝜑] + 0
𝜌
𝑧 sin 𝜑 𝐶⁄
𝜌𝑣 = −
𝜌
𝑚3
⃗
iii) 𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷
𝜕𝐷𝑟 1 𝜕𝐷𝜃 1 𝜕𝐷𝜑
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
+ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜑
𝐷𝑟 = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑; 𝐷𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑; 𝐷𝜑 = cos 𝜑
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝑟 [sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑] + 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
[cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑] + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜑
[cos 𝜑]
1 1
𝜌𝑣 = 0 + [− sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑] + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [−sin 𝜑]
𝜌
𝐶⁄
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜑 𝑚3
𝜌𝑣 = − −
𝜌 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

⃗ = (2𝑦 2 𝑧 − 8𝑥𝑦) 𝒂
5. Given 𝐷 ̂𝒙 + (4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥 2 ) 𝒂
̂ 𝒚 + (2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑧) 𝒂
̂𝒛 , determine the total
charge within a volume 10−14 at P(1, −2, 3).

Solution:

⃗
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷
𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
2
𝐷𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑧 − 8𝑥𝑦 ; 𝐷𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥 2 ; 𝐷𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜌𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥
[2𝑦 2 𝑧 − 8𝑥𝑦] + 𝜕𝑦 [4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥 2 ] +𝜕𝑧 [2𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑧]

𝐶⁄
𝜌𝑣 = −8𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑧 −4 𝑚3
The total charge, 𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

The given volume is very small ie 10−14 . Therefore,

Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

The total charge = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = (−8𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑧 − 4)10−14

At P(1, −2, 3),

total charge = [−8(−2) + 4(1)(3) − 4]10−14 = 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 , 𝐶

𝟎.𝟏
⃗⃗ = 𝟓𝒓𝟐 𝒂
6. Let 𝑫 ⃗⃗ =
̂𝒓 𝒎𝑪/𝒎𝟐 for 𝒓 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎 and 𝑫 ̂𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝑪/𝒎𝟐 for 𝒓 > 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎.
𝒓𝟐
i) Find 𝝆𝒗 for 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎;
ii) find 𝝆𝒗 for 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎.

Solution:

i) 𝑟 = 0.06 𝑚: Given 𝐷𝑟 = 5𝑟 2 𝑚𝐶/𝑚2 ; 𝐷𝜃 = 0; 𝐷𝜑 = 0.

⃗ = 12 𝜕 (𝑟 2 𝐷𝑟 ) + 1 𝜕 (sin 𝜃 𝐷𝜃 ) + 1 𝜕 (𝐷𝜑 )
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑

1 𝜕
⃗ = 2 (𝑟 2 5𝑟 2 )10−3
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷 𝑟 𝜕𝑟

1
= 𝑟 2 5(4𝑟 3 )10−3 = 20𝑟 𝑚𝐶/𝑚2

At 𝑟 = 0.06, 𝜌𝑣 = 20 (0.06) = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎𝑪/𝒎𝟐

0.1
ii) 𝑟 = 0.1 𝑚: Given 𝐷𝑟 = 𝑟2
𝑚𝐶/𝑚2 ; 𝐷𝜃 = 0; 𝐷𝜑 = 0.

1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
⃗ =
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷 (𝑟 2 𝐷𝑟 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 (sin 𝜃 𝐷𝜃 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑 (𝐷𝜑 )
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟

1 𝜕 0.1 1 𝜕
⃗ =
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷 (𝑟 2 ) 10−3 = 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 (0.1 )10−3
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2

𝝆𝒗 = 𝟎

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒂
7. If 𝑫 ̂𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒂
̂ 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛 𝒂
̂ 𝒛 , find
i) an expression for 𝝆𝒗
ii) total charge within the cube defined by 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟐

Solution:

⃗
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ⦁ 𝐷
𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧
𝜌𝑣 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2 2
𝐷𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 ; 𝐷𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 ; 𝐷𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥 [𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 ] + 𝜕𝑦 [𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 ] +𝜕𝑧 [𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 ]

𝜌𝑣 = 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

𝐶⁄
𝑚3
The total charge, 𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑄 = ∭(𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

2
𝑥3 𝑥3
= ∬ [𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧2 + 𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3 3 0

23 23
= ∬ [(2 − 0) 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + ( 3 − 0) 𝑧 2 + ( 3 − 0) 𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

8 2 8
𝑄 = ∬ [2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝑧 + 3
𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

2
𝑦3 8 8 𝑦3
= ∫ [2 3
𝑧2 + y 3 𝑧2 + 3 3 0
] 𝑑𝑧

23 8 8 23
= ∫ [2 ( − 0) 𝑧 2 + (2 − 0) 𝑧 2 + ( − 0)] 𝑑𝑧
3 3 3 3
8 2 8 2 8 8
= ∫ [2 ( ) 𝑧 + (2) 𝑧 + ( )] 𝑑𝑧
3 3 3 3
16 16 64
= ∫ [ ( ) 𝑧 2 + ( ) 𝑧 2 + ( )] 𝑑𝑧
3 3 9
2
16 𝑧 3 16 𝑧 3 64 16 8 16 8 64
=[( ) + ( ) + 𝑧 ( )] = [ ( ) + ( ) + 2 ( )]
3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3
0 9

Q = 42.67 C

8. Calculate the divergence of ⃗𝑫

⃗ at the point specified if
𝟏
⃗⃗ = 𝟐 [𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒂
i) 𝑫 ̂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒛 𝒂 ̂𝒚 + (𝟐𝒛𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒚) 𝒂 ̂𝒛 ] at P(-2, 3, 5)
𝒛
ii) 𝑫⃗⃗ = [𝟓𝒛𝟐 𝒂̂𝒓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒓𝒛 𝒂 ̂𝒛 ] at 𝑷(𝟑, −𝟒𝟓𝟎 , 𝟓)
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝒂
iii) 𝑫 ̂ 𝒓 + 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝒂 ̂ 𝝋 at 𝑷(𝟑, 𝟒𝟓𝟎 , −𝟒𝟓𝟎 )
̂𝜽 + 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 𝒂

Solution:

⃗ )=∇⦁𝐷
iv) 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 ⃗
⃗ ) = 𝜕𝐷𝑥 + 𝜕𝐷𝑦 + 𝜕𝐷𝑧
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
10𝑥𝑦𝑧 5𝑥 2 𝑧 (2𝑧 3 −5𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝐷𝑥 = 𝑧2
; 𝐷𝑦 = 𝑧2
; 𝐷𝑧 = 𝑧2
𝜕 10𝑥𝑦 𝜕 5𝑥 2 𝜕 5𝑥 2 𝑦
⃗)= [
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 ] + 𝜕𝑦 [ ] + 𝜕𝑧 [2𝑧 − ]
𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2

⃗ ) = 10𝑦 + 0 + [2 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦 (−23 )]
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷
𝑧 𝑧
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

10𝑥 2 𝑦
⃗ ) = 10𝑦 + 2 +
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 𝐶⁄
𝑧 𝑧3 𝑚3

10(−2)2 (3)
At P(-2, 3, 5), ⃗ ) = 10(3) + 2 +
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 = 6 + 2 + 0.96 = 8.96 𝐶⁄𝑚3
5 (5)3

1 𝜕(𝐷𝜑 )
⃗ )=1
⃗ )=∇⦁𝐷
v) 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷
𝜕(𝑟𝐷𝑟 )
+ +
𝜕𝐷𝑧
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧
Given: 𝐷𝑟 =5𝑧 2 ; 𝐷𝜑 = 0; 𝐷𝑧 =10𝑟𝑧
𝜕(𝑟 5𝑧 2 ) 5𝑧 2
⃗ )=1
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 +
1 𝜕(0)
+
𝜕(10𝑟𝑧)
= + 10𝑟
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

5(5)2 𝐶⁄
At 𝑃(3, −450 , 5), ⃗)=
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 + 10(3) = 71.667
3 𝑚3

1 𝜕(𝑟 2 𝐷𝑟 ) 1 𝜕(sin 𝜃 𝐷𝜃 ) 1 𝜕(𝐷𝜑 )

⃗ )=∇⦁𝐷
vi) 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 ⃗ = + +
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑
Given: 𝐷𝑟 =2𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑; 𝐷𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑 ; 𝐷𝜑 = 𝑟 cos 𝜑;

𝜕(𝑟 2 2𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑)

⃗ ) = 12
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 +
1 𝜕(sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑)
+
1 𝜕(𝑟 cos 𝜑)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑

1 1 1
⃗)=
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 2 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑 (3𝑟 2 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜑 [sin 𝜃 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)] +
𝑟2 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃
(−𝑟 sin 𝜑)
sin 𝜑 sin 𝜑
⃗ ) = 6 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑 +
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 [− sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃] −
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

0 0
At 𝑃(3, 45 , −45 ),
sin(−450 ) sin(−450 )
⃗ ) = 6 sin(450 ) sin(−450 ) +
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 [− sin2 450 + cos2 450 ] −
sin(450 ) sin(450 )

⃗ ) = 6(1/√2)(−1/√2) + (−1/√2) (−1/√2)

𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 [−(1/2) + (1/2)] −
(1/√2) (1/√2)

⃗ ) = −3 + 0 +1 = −𝟐 𝐶⁄ 3
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 𝑚

9. Volume charge density is located in free space as 𝝆𝒗 = 𝟐𝒆−𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒓 nC/m2 for 0 < r < 1
mm and 𝝆𝒗 = 𝟎 elsewhere.
i) Find the total charge enclosed by the spherical surface, R = 1 mm.
ii) By using Gauss’s law, calculate the value of 𝑫𝒓 on the surface, R = 1 mm.

Solution:

i) The total charge, 𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∭(2𝑒 −1000𝑟 ) 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑, nC

1𝑚𝑚 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑄 = 2 × 10−9 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑒 −1000𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 , 𝐶
0 0 0
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

1𝑚𝑚
= 2 (2)(2𝜋) × 10−9 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑒 −1000𝑟 𝑑𝑟
0

𝑒 −1000𝑟 𝑒 −1000𝑟 𝑒 −1000𝑟

= 8𝜋 × 10−9 [𝑟 2 − (2𝑟) + (2)
−1000 (−1000)(−1000) (−1000)(−1000)(−1000)
1𝑚𝑚
− (0)]
0

−3 −3
𝑒 −1000(10 ) 𝑒 −1000(10 )
= 8𝜋 × 10−9 {[(10−3 )2 ] − [0] + [−(2 × 10−3 ) ] − [0]
−1000 (−1000)(−1000)
−3
𝑒 −1000(10 ) 𝑒0
+ [(2) ] − [(2) ]}
(−1000)(−1000)(−1000) (−1000)(−1000)(−1000)

𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1 1
= 8𝜋 × 10−9 {[(10−6 ) 3 ] + [−(2 × 10−3 ) 6 ] + [(2) ] − [(2) ]}
−10 10 −109 −109

= 8𝜋 × 10−9 {(−10−9 × 𝑒 −1 ) + (−2 × 10−9 × 𝑒 −1 ) + (−2 × 10−9 × 𝑒 −1 )

− (−2 × 10−9 )}

= 8𝜋 × 10−18 {−𝑒 −1 − 2𝑒 −1 − 2𝑒 −1 + 2} = 8𝜋 × 10−18 {−5𝑒 −1 + 2}

𝑄 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟖 𝐶

ii)

⃗ =𝑄
⃗⃗ 𝒓 ⦁ 𝒅𝑺
∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Here, Q = charge enclosed by the Gaussian sphere

𝑄 = ∭ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟖 , [from part (i)]

• DS is everywhere normal to the Gaussian sphere. So,

−18
∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑫𝒓 𝒅𝑺 = 4.036 × 10
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

• The DS is constant over the spherical Gaussian surface. So,

𝐷𝑟 ∯𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 4.036 × 10−18

𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝐷𝑟 (4𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 4.036 × 10−18

On the surface of sphere, R=1mm,

𝐷𝑅 (4𝜋(10−3 )2 ) = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟖 or 𝐷𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

C/m2.
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

10. Given a vector field, ⃗𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆−𝒓 𝒂 ̂𝒛 , prove the Gauss’s Divergence theorem
̂𝒓 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒂
for the space defined by 𝒓 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟓.

Solution:

Gauss’s divergence theorem in 𝐴 is given by

∯ 𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∭(∇ ⦁ 𝐴)𝑑𝑣

The given vector is in cylindrical coordinates

LHS = ∯ 𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ∬
= ∬𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝐴 ⦁ 𝑑𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ∬ 𝐴 ⦁ 𝑑𝑠
𝐴 ⦁ 𝑑𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∬𝑡𝑜𝑝(30𝑒 −𝑟 𝑎̂𝑟 −
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

2𝑧 𝑎̂𝑧 ) ⦁ (𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑎̂𝑧 ) + ∬𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(30𝑒 −𝑟 𝑎̂𝑟 − 2𝑧 𝑎̂𝑧 ) ⦁ (−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑎̂𝑧 ) +

−𝑟
∬𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒(30𝑒 𝑎̂𝑟 − 2𝑧 𝑎̂𝑧 ) ⦁ (𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧 𝑎̂𝑟 )

= ∬ (−2𝑧 ) (𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 ) + ∬ (−2𝑧 ) (−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 ) + ∬ (30𝑒 −𝑟 ) (𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧 )

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
(𝑧=5) (𝑧=0) (𝑟=2)

2 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 5 2𝜋
= −2(5 ) ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 + 2(0 ) ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 + 30(2)𝑒 −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 0 0 0 0 0

2
𝑟2
= −10 [ ] [𝜑]2𝜋
0 + 0 + 60𝑒 −2 [𝑧]50 [𝜑]2𝜋
0
2 0

= −10(2)(2𝜋) + 60 𝑒 −2 (5)(2𝜋) = 129.44 C/m3.

RHS = ∭(∇ ⦁ 𝐴)𝑑𝑣

1 𝜕(𝑟𝐴𝑟 ) 1 𝜕(𝐴𝜑 ) 𝜕𝐴𝑧

Consider ∇ ⦁ 𝐴 = + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕(𝑟 30𝑒 −𝑟 ) 1 𝜕(0) 𝜕(−2𝑧) 30

∇⦁𝐴 =𝑟 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑟 𝜕𝜑
+ 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑟
[ 𝑟(−1)𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑒 −𝑟 ] −2

30 30
∇⦁𝐴 =
𝑟
[ −𝑟𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑒 −𝑟 ] −2 = −30𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑟
𝑒 −𝑟 −2

30
RHS = ∭ (−30𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑟
𝑒 −𝑟 − 2) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧

2 30 2𝜋 5
RHS = ∫0 (−30𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑒 −𝑟 − 2) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫0 𝑑𝜑 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
𝑟
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

2
RHS = (2𝜋)(5) ∫0 (−30𝑟𝑒 −𝑟 + 30𝑒 −𝑟 − 2𝑟) 𝑑𝑟

2 2 2
RHS = 10𝜋 {−30 ∫0 𝑟𝑒 −𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 30 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑑𝑟 − 2 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 }

2 2
𝑒 −𝑟 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑒 −𝑟 2 𝑟2
RHS = 10𝜋 {−30 [𝑟 − (1) + 0] + 30 [ ] − 2[ 2 0
] }
(−1) (−1)(−1) 0 (−1) 0

RHS = 10𝜋{−30[−𝑟 𝑒 −𝑟
− 𝑒 −𝑟 ]20 + 30[ −𝑒 −𝑟 ]20 − 2[ 2 − 0]}

RHS = 10𝜋{−30[−(2 𝑒 −2 − 0) − (𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 0 )] + 30[ −(𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 0 )]20 − 4}

RHS = 10𝜋{60 𝑒 −2 + 30𝑒 −2 − 30 − 30𝑒 −2 + 30 − 4}

RHS = 10𝜋{60 𝑒 −2 − 4} = 129.44 C/m3.

⃗⃗ at the origin if 𝑫
11. Find the divergence of 𝑫 ⃗⃗ = 𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝒂
̂𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒂
̂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛𝒂
̂𝒛

Solution:

⃗ ) = 𝜕𝐷𝑥 + 𝜕𝐷𝑦 + 𝜕𝐷𝑧

𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

−𝑥 sin 𝑦) 𝜕(−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦)

⃗ ) = 𝜕(𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷 + +
𝜕(2𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

⃗ ) = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (− sin 𝑦) + 2
𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐷

𝒅𝒊𝒗(⃗𝑫
⃗ ) = −𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝟐

𝒅𝒊𝒗(⃗𝑫
⃗ ) = −𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝟐

12. Evaluate both sides of Gauss - divergence theorem for the field ⃗⃗𝑫 = 2xyz 𝒂
̂x +
̂z (C/m²). The region is defined by -1 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1(m).
̂ y+ x 𝒂
3y²z 𝒂

Solution:

⃗ is given by
Gauss’s divergence theorem in 𝐷

∯ ⃗⃗𝐷 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐷) 𝑑𝑣

⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑠
LHS = ∯ 𝐷

= ∬𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 + ∬𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 +∬𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 + ∬𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + ∬𝑡𝑜𝑝 + ∬𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐷
∯𝐷 ⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂 ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
̂𝒙 + ∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒙 )
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘

⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
+ ∬𝐷 ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
̂𝒚 + ∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒚 )
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
+ ∬𝐷 ̂𝒛 + ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒛 )
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (2xyz 𝑎̂𝐱 + 3y 2 z 𝑎̂𝐲 + x 𝑎̂𝐳 ) ⦁ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂

∯𝐷 ̂𝒙
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡
𝑥=1

̂𝒙)
+ ∬ (2xyz 𝑎̂𝐱 + 3y²z 𝑎̂𝐲 + x 𝑎̂𝐳 ) ⦁ (−𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑥=−1

+ ∬ (2xyz 𝑎̂𝐱 + 3y 2 z 𝑎̂𝐲 + x 𝑎̂𝐳 ) ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂

̂𝒚
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑦=1

̂𝒚 )
+ ∬ (2xyz 𝑎̂𝐱 + 3y²z 𝑎̂𝐲 + x 𝑎̂𝐳 ) ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑦=−1

+ ∬(2xyz 𝑎̂𝐱 + 3y 2 z 𝑎̂𝐲 + x 𝑎̂𝐳 ) ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂

̂𝒛
𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝑧=1
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

+ ̂𝒛 )
∬ (2xyz 𝑎̂𝐱 + 3y²z 𝑎̂𝐲 + x 𝑎̂𝐳 )⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑧=−1

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + ∬ −2𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∯𝐷
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑥=1 𝑥=−1

+ ∬ 3y 2 z 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + ∬ −3y 2 z 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑦=1 𝑦=−1

+ ∬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ∬ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑧=1 𝑧=−1

1 1 1 1

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 2(1) ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 2(−1) ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
∯𝐷
−1 −1 −1 −1

1 1 1 1
2 2
+ 3(1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 3(−1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
−1 −1 −1 −1

1 1 1 1

+ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
−1 −1 −1 −1

1 1 1 1
𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑧2
⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 2(1) [
∯𝐷 ] [ ] − 2(−1) [ ] [ ]
2 −1 2 −1 2 −1 2 −1

1 1
𝑧2 𝑧2
+ 3(1)2 [x]1−1 [ ] − 3(−1)2 [x]1−1 [ ]
2 −1 2 −1

1 1
𝑥2 𝑥2
+[ ] [y]1−1 − [ ] [y]1−1
2 −1 2 −1

(1)2 (−1)2 (1)2 (−1)2 (1)2 (−1)2 (1)2 (−1)2

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 2 [
∯𝐷 − ][ − ] + 2[ − ][ − ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(1)2 (−1)2 (1)2 (−1)2

+ 3(2) [ − ] − 3(2) [ − ]
2 2 2 2

(1)2 (−1)2 (1)2 (−1)2

+[ − ] (2) − [ − ] (2)
2 2 2 2
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 2[0][0] + 2[0][0] + 6[0] − 6[0] + [0](2) − [0](2)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∯ 𝐷 =𝟎

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐷) 𝑑𝑣

𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧

⃗ =
∇⦁𝐷 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗ =
∇⦁𝐷
𝜕𝑥
[2xyz ]+ 𝜕𝑦 [3y²z ]+ 𝜕𝑧 [x ] = 2yz + 6y

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∭(2yz + 6y)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∬[2xyz + 6xy]1−1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∬{2[1 − (−1)]yz + 6[1 − (−1)]y} 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∬{4yz + 12y} 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

1
𝑦2 𝑦2 (1)2 (−1)2 (1)2 (−1)2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∫ [4 z + 12 ] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ [4 [ − ] z + 12 [ − ]] 𝑑𝑧
2 2 −1 2 2 2 2

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∫[4(0)z + 12(0)] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫[0] 𝑑𝑧 = 𝟎, 𝑪

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝟎, 𝑪
𝟑
13. Given that 𝑫 ⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝒂̂ , C/m2, evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the
𝟑 𝒙
volume of the cube, 2m on the edge, centered at the origin and with the edges parallel
to the axes.

Solution:

⃗ is given by
Gauss’s divergence theorem in 𝐷

∯ ⃗⃗𝐷 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐷) 𝑑𝑣

⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑠
LHS = ∯ 𝐷

= ∬𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 + ∬𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 +∬𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 + ∬𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + ∬𝑡𝑜𝑝 + ∬𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐷
∯𝐷 ⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂 ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
̂𝒙 + ∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒙 )
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘

⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
+ ∬𝐷 ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
̂𝒚 + ∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒚 )
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
+ ∬𝐷 ̂𝒛 + ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒛 )
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

𝑥3 𝑥3
⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (10
∯𝐷 ̂ 𝒙 ) ⦁ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
𝒂 ̂ 𝒙 + ∬ (10 ̂ ) ⦁ (−𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒙)
3 3 𝒙
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑥=1 𝑥=−1

𝑥3 𝑥3
+ ∬ (10 ̂𝒙 ) ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒚 + ∬ (10 ̂ ) ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒚 )
3 3 𝒙
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑦=1 𝑦=−1

𝑥3 𝑥3
+ ∬ (10 ̂ ) ⦁ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒛 + ∬ (10 ̂ ) ⦁ (−𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒛)
3 𝒙 3 𝒙
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑧=1 𝑧=−1

𝑥3 𝑥3
⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (10
∯𝐷 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + ∬ − (10 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3 3
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑥 =1 𝑥= −1

𝑦=1 𝑧=1 𝑦=1 𝑧=1

(1)3 (−1)3
⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 10
∯𝐷 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 − 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
3 3
𝑦=−1 𝑧=−1 𝑦=−1 𝑧=−1

10 10
⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 =
∯𝐷 [1 − (−1)][1 − (−1)] + [1 − (−1)][1 − (−1)]
3 3
10 10
⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 =
∯𝐷 [1 − (−1)][1 − (−1)] + [1 − (−1)][1 − (−1)]
3 3
𝟖𝟎
= , C
𝟑

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐷) 𝑑𝑣
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧

⃗ =
∇⦁𝐷 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝑥3 𝜕(0) 𝜕(0) 10
⃗ =
∇⦁𝐷
𝜕𝑥
[10 3
]+ 𝜕𝑦
+
𝜕𝑧
=
3
(3𝑥2 ) = 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
1 1 1 1
𝟐
𝑥3 𝟐
𝟖𝟎
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∭(𝟏𝟎𝒙 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 10 ∫(𝒙 )𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 10 [ ] (2)(2) = 𝑪
3 −1 𝟑
−1 −1 −1

𝟖𝟎
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑪
𝟑

14. Given ⃗⃗𝑫 = 5r 𝒂

̂𝒓 C/m2, prove divergence theorem for a shell region enclosed by
spherical surfaces at r = a & r = b (b >a) and centered at the origin.

⃗ is given by
Solution: Gauss’s divergence theorem in 𝐷

∯𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∭ (∇ ⦁ 𝐷
⃗⃗ ⦁ 𝑑𝑠 ⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 =
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∯ 𝐷 ⃗ ⦁ (𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 𝒂
∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒓 ) + ⃗ ⦁ (−𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 𝒂
∬ 𝐷 ̂𝒓 )
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (5r 𝑎̂𝑟 ) ⦁ (𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 𝒂

∯𝐷 ̂𝒓 ) + ∬ (5r 𝑎̂𝑟 ) ⦁ (−𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 𝒂
̂𝒓 )
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑟=𝑏 𝑟=𝑎

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 5 ∬ 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑 + ∬ −𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
∯𝐷
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑟=𝑏 𝑟=𝑎

𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = 5𝑏 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∯𝐷 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 − 5𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 3
∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 0 0 0
= 5𝑏 3 (2)(2𝜋) − 5𝑎3 (2)(2𝜋)
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋

⃗ 𝑆 ⦁ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∯ 𝐷 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 − 5𝑎3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 0 0 0
= 𝟐𝟎𝝅(𝒃𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 ) 𝑪

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐷) 𝑑𝑣
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

2 𝜕(𝐷𝜑 )
⃗ = 1 𝜕(𝑟 𝐷𝑟 ) 1 𝜕(sin 𝜃 𝐷𝜃 ) 1
∇⦁𝐷 2 + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑

𝜕(𝑟 2 5𝑟) 1 𝜕(sin 𝜃(0)) 1 𝜕(0)

⃗ = 1
∇⦁𝐷 + +
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑

⃗ = 1 𝜕(𝑟3 ) 1
∇⦁𝐷 2 (5) 𝜕𝑟 = (5) (3𝑟 2 ) = 15
𝑟 𝑟2

⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∭(15) 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ 𝐷

𝑏 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑏
𝑟3 𝑏 3 𝑎3
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 15 ∫ 𝑟2 𝑑𝑟 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 = 15 [ ] (2)(2𝜋) = 15 [ − ] (2)(2𝜋)
3 𝑎
3 3
𝑎 0 0

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝟐𝟎𝝅(𝒃𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 ) = 𝑳𝑯𝑺

⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝟎𝒆−𝒓 𝒂
15. Given a vector field, 𝑨 ̂𝒛 , prove the Gauss’s Divergence theorem
̂𝒓 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒂
for the space defined by 𝒓 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟓.

Solution:

Gauss’s divergence theorem in 𝐴 is given by

∯ ⃗⃗𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐴) 𝑑𝑣

The given vector is in cylindrical coordinates

LHS = ∯ ⃗⃗𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑𝑠

= ∬𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 + ∬𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 + ∬𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴 ⦁ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∬𝑡𝑜𝑝(30𝑒−𝑟 𝑎
̂𝑟 −

2𝑧 𝑎 ̂𝑧 ) + ∬𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(30𝑒−𝑟 𝑎
̂𝑧 ) ⦁ (𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑎 ̂𝑟 − 2𝑧 𝑎 ̂𝑧 ) + ∬𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒(30𝑒−𝑟 𝑎
̂𝑧 ) ⦁ (−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑎 ̂𝑟 −
2𝑧 𝑎
̂𝑧 ) ⦁ (𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧 𝑎
̂𝑟 )

= ∬ (−2𝑧 ) (𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 ) + ∬ (−2𝑧 ) (−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 ) + ∬ (30𝑒−𝑟 ) (𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧 )

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
(𝑧=5) (𝑧=0) (𝑟=2)

2 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 5 2𝜋
= −2(5 ) ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 + 2(0 ) ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 + 30(2)𝑒−2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝜑
0 0 0 0 0 0

2
𝑟2
= −10 [ ] [𝜑]2𝜋
0 + 0 + 60𝑒−2 [𝑧]50 [𝜑]2𝜋
0
2 0
Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics

= −10(2)(2𝜋) + 60 𝑒−2 (5)(2𝜋) = 129.44 C/m3.

RHS = ∭ (∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐴) 𝑑𝑣

1 𝜕(𝑟𝐴𝑟 ) 1 𝜕(𝐴𝜑 ) 𝜕𝐴𝑧

Consider ∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐴 = 𝑟 + +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧
−𝑟
1 𝜕(𝑟 30𝑒 ) 1 𝜕(0) 𝜕(−2𝑧) 30
∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐴 = 𝑟 + + = [ 𝑟(−1)𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑒 −𝑟 ] −2
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

30 30
∇ ⦁ ⃗⃗𝐴 = [ −𝑟𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑒 −𝑟 ] −2 = −30𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑒 −𝑟 −2
𝑟
30
RHS = ∭ (−30𝑒−𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑒−𝑟 − 2) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧

2 30 −𝑟 2𝜋 5
RHS = ∫0 (−30𝑒−𝑟 +
𝑟 𝑒 − 2) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ∫0 𝑑𝜑 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
2
RHS = (2𝜋)(5) ∫0 (−30𝑟𝑒−𝑟 + 30𝑒−𝑟 − 2𝑟) 𝑑𝑟

2 2 2
RHS = 10𝜋 {−30 ∫0 𝑟𝑒−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 30 ∫0 𝑒−𝑟 𝑑𝑟 − 2 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 }

2 2 2
𝑒−𝑟 𝑒−𝑟 𝑒−𝑟 𝑟2
RHS = 10𝜋 {−30 [𝑟 − (1) −1 −1 + 0] + 30 [ −1 ] − 2 [ 2 ] }
( −1 ) ( )( ) 0 ( ) 0
0

RHS = 10𝜋{−30[−𝑟 𝑒−𝑟 − 𝑒−𝑟 2

]0 + 30[ −𝑒−𝑟 2
]0 − 2[ 2 − 0]}
2
RHS = 10𝜋 {−30[−(2 𝑒−2 − 0) − (𝑒−2 − 𝑒0 )] + 30[ −(𝑒−2 − 𝑒0 )]0 − 4}

RHS = 10𝜋{60 𝑒−2 + 30𝑒−2 − 30 − 30𝑒−2 + 30 − 4}

RHS = 10𝜋{60 𝑒−2 − 4} = 129.44 C/m3.

Prof Shiva panchakshari T G Engineering Elelctromagnetics