ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
Performance Analysis of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator Coupled with Wind
Turbine Using Stator Voltage Oriented
Control- An Overview
V.K. Chaudhary1 , Kuldeep Sahay2
M. Tech(scholar),Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow ,Uttar Pradesh, India1
Professor, Dept. of EE, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India2
ABSTRACT: This paper imparts an overview of Modelling and simulation of Doubly Fed Induction generator
(DFIG) coupled with wind turbine. The developments in this field through various researches and analysis are
published in latest journals. The gist of DFIG applications in wind power energy system are illustrated in this review
paper. Due to various merits of DFIG over other conventional generators, DFIG is applicable for wind generations.
This paper is compendium of the researches about the study of DFIG, steady state and transient analysis, its
mathematical modelling, simulation, reactive power control approaches and performance analysis of DFIG coupled
with wind turbine. The analysis and study of DFIG wind turbine system using SVOC is capsule here. The behaviour of
DFIG wind turbine system for different faults is also overviewed in this paper.
KEYWORDS: Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), grid side converter (GSC), rotor side converter (RSC), stator
voltage orientation scheme (SVOC).
[Link]
The booming renewable energy industry including solar, wind, tidal, small hydro geothermal is helping the world
transition away from fossil fuels due to its merits over conventional energy resources. Renewable energy is sustainable,
reusable and eco-friendly and clean. Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes, they are
generally considered to be non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and the known viable
reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. Therefore renewable energy is best suited for
long term usage. Among the other renewable energy sources wind energy has verified to be one of the most economical
one. Earlier Constant speed WECS were proposed to generate constant frequency voltages from the variable wind.
However, Variable speed WECS operations can be considered advantageous, because additional energy can be
collected as the wind speed increases. Variable speed WECS must use a power electronic converter. They are classified
as full power handling WECS and partial power handling WECS. In full power handling WECS, the power converter is
in series with the induction or synchronous generator, in order to transform the variable amplitude/frequency voltages
into constant amplitude/frequency voltages and the converter must handle the full power. In a partial power handling
WECS, the converter processes only a portion of the total generated power (i.e. slip power) which poses an advantage
in terms of the reduced cost converter of the system and increased efficiency of the system.
II. LITRATURE REVIEW RELATED TO DFIG WIND TURBINE SYSTEM
The research scholar Aishwarya Devi R. depicts the theory of regulation of the active and reactive powers in a grid
connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Energy conversion System (WECS). In this paper, she
conveys that a back to back PWM converter setup with stator flux oriented vector control is used to control the DFIG
where back to back PWM converter set up consists of the Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and the Grid Side Converter
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6890
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
(GSC) with intermediate DC link and Decoupled control of the DC link voltage and the grid reactive power is obtained
through Voltage oriented control (VOC) of grid side converter. The proposed model of the WECS is mathematically
modelled in MATLAB/Simulink in this paper. Her research shows the Power regulation of a grid connected Wind
energy conversion system with DFIG for varying wind speeds. Grid voltage oriented vector control is employed in the
grid side converter to maintain constant DC link voltage for effective power flow and to maintain overall system power
factor as unity. During change over between super synchronous and sub synchronous operations the back to back
converters automatically shift between their operation as inverters and converters.
In the paper titled “Control Strategy for DFIG Wind Turbine in Variable Speed Wind Power Generation” researchers
illustrates the demands of increase of power generation in the global electrical energy consumption. This paper gives
the importance of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) control technique has been developed for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind energy
generation system. This analysis instigates the dynamic performance analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
under various operating conditions. In this paper, PI controller and artificial neural network control techniques are used
to decide the dynamic performance of the DFIG.
The aim of the paper “Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems-
Modelling & Simulation” is to present the complete modelling and simulation of wind turbine driven doubly-fed
induction generator. The grid side converter controls the power flow between the DC bus and the AC side and allows
the system to be operated in sub-synchronous and super synchronous mode of operation. The proper rotor excitation is
provided by the machine side converter. The complete system is modelled and simulated in the MATLAB Simulink
environment in such a way that it can be suited for modelling of all types of induction rotor reference frame using
generator configurations.
In the research paper titled “Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System” the
main objective of the grid side converter is to maintain dc-link voltage constant for necessary action. For this issue, the
reference current generation control technique is approached. The PWM converter is current regulated with the
generation of reference current is being used to regulate the DC link voltage for balanced supply condition by using p-q
theory is also used to regulate the reactive power. Since VAR compensation is a major problem in WECS. Capacitors
banks are to be added in parallel to the machine which leads to many problems such as over voltages etc. In this paper,
the grid side converter itself compensates for the reactive power rather than providing an additional compensating
device. Additional power is also extracted from the rotor side. The machine-side converter controls the rotor speed by
using the v/f control technique while the grid-side converter controls the dc-link voltage and ensures the operation by
making the reactive power drawn by the system from the utility to zero by using the voltage-oriented control technique.
The grid-side current is controlled by using reference current generation in p-q theory
The paper Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Energy Conversion System with Integrated Active Filter
capabilities proposed by N.K Swami Naidu and Bhim Singh deals with the operation of doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) with integrated active filter capabilities using grid side converter (GSC). The main contribution of this work
lies in the control of grid side converter for supplying harmonics in addition to its slip power transfer. The rotor side
converter (RSC) is used for attaining maximum power extraction and to supply required reactive power to Doubly Fed
Induction Generator.
The impact of wind power plant with doubly fed induction generator on the power systems presented that Wind Power
Plant (WPP) has been experiencing a rapid development in a global scale. The size of wind turbines and wind power
plants are increasing quickly; a large amount of wind power is integrated into the power system. As the wind power
penetration into the grid increases quickly, the influence of wind turbines on the dynamic stability is becoming more
and more important. This paper studies the effect of wind power plants with double fed induction generator (DFIG) on
the electric power system operation. The important characteristics such as: Voltage quality, grid voltage stability, active
and reactive loss of a DFIG at different fault conditions studied. The simulation results Cleary show the effect of wind
power plants on the grid voltage stability and power quality of electric power system.
Study of Fault Current Characteristics of the DFIG Considering Dynamic Response of the Rotor Side Converter
illustrates that during non severe fault conditions, the crowbar protection is not activated and the rotor windings of a
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are still excited by the ac/dc/ac converter. In these cases, the dynamic response
of a rotor-side converter (RSC) has a large influence on the fault current characteristics of the DFIG. In this paper, an
analysis method for the fault current characteristics of the DFIG under non severe fault conditions is proposed. The
fault characteristics of the stator current are studied and the analytical expressions of the stator fault current are
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6891
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
represented. The proposed analysis method is applicable for the study of fault current characteristics of DFIG with
different control strategies for low-voltage ride through. The research results are helpful to the construction of adequate
relaying protection for the power grid with penetration of DFIGs.
III. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
Wind turbines use a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) consisting of a wound rotor induction generator and an
AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM converter. The stator winding is connected directly to the 50 Hz grid while the rotor is
fed at variable frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG technology allows extracting maximum energy
from the wind for low wind speeds by optimizing the turbine speed, while minimizing mechanical stresses on the
turbine during gusts of wind. The optimum turbine speed producing maximum mechanical energy for a given wind
speed is proportional to the wind speed. Another advantage of the DFIG technology is the ability for power electronic
converters to generate or absorb reactive power, thus eliminating the need for installing capacitor banks as in the case
of squirrel-cage induction generator.
Fig.1 Basic diagram of Doubly fed induction generator with converters
Where and are the rotor voltage and grid side voltage respectively. The AC/DC/AC converter is basically a
PWM converter which uses sinusoidal PWM technique to reduce the harmonics preset in the wind turbine driven DFIG
system. Here C-rotor is rotor side converter and C-grid is grid side converter. To control the speed of wind turbine gear
boxes or electronic control can be used.
Operating Principle of DFIG
The stator is directly connected to the AC mains, whilst the wound rotor is fed from the Power Electronics Converter
via slip rings to allow DIFG to operate at a variety of speeds in response to changing wind speed. Indeed, the basic
concept is to interpose a frequency converter between the variable frequency induction generator and fixed frequency
grid. The DC capacitor linking stator- and rotor-side converters allows the storage of power from induction generator
for further generation. To achieve full control of grid current, the DC-link voltage must be boosted to a level 18 higher
than the amplitude of grid line-to-line voltage. The slip power can flow in both directions, i.e. to the rotor from the
supply and from supply to the rotor and hence the speed of the machine can be controlled from either rotor- or stator-
side converter in both super and sub-synchronous speed ranges. As a result, the machine can be controlled as a
generator or a motor in both super and sub-synchronous operating modes realizing four operating modes.
Below the synchronous speed in the motoring mode and above the synchronous speed in the generating mode, rotor-
side converter operates as a rectifier and stator-side converter as an inverter, where slip power is returned to the stator.
Below the synchronous speed in the generating mode and above the synchronous speed in the motoring mode, rotor-
side converter operates as an inverter and stator side converter as a rectifier, where slip power is supplied to the rotor.
At the synchronous speed, slip power is taken from supply to excite the rotor windings and in this case machine
behaves as a synchronous machine.
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6892
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
Fig.2 Power flow diagram of DFIG
The mechanical power and the stator electric power output are computed as follows:
= ∗ (3.1)
= ∗ (3.2)
For a loss less generator the mechanical equation is:
= − (3.3)
In steady-state at fixed speed for a loss less generator
= and = + (3.4)
And It follows that:
= − & − =− (3.5)
Where, =( − )/ is defined as the slip of the generator
Generally the absolute value of slip is much lower than 1 and, consequently, Pr is only a fraction of Ps. Since Tm is
positive for power generation and since is positive and constant for a constant frequency grid voltage, the sign of Pr
is a function of the slip sign. Pr is positive for negative slip (speed greater than synchronous speed) and it is negative
for positive slip (speed lower than synchronous speed). For super-synchronous speed operation, Pr is transmitted to DC
bus capacitor and tends to raise the DC voltage. For sub-synchronous speed operation, Pr is taken out of DC bus
capacitor and tends to decrease the DC voltage. C-grid is used to generate or absorb the power in order to keep the
DC voltage constant. In steady-state for a lossless AC/DC/AC converter is equal to Pr and the speed of the wind
turbine is determined by the power Pr absorbed or generated by C-rotor.
The phase-sequence of the AC voltage generated by C-rotor is positive for sub-synchronous speed and negative for
super-synchronous speed. The frequency of this voltage is equal to the product of the grid frequency and the absolute
value of the slip. C-rotor and C-grid have the capability for generating or absorbing reactive power and could be used
to control the reactive power or the voltage at the grid terminals.
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6893
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
IV. DYNAMIC MODEL OF THE DFIG WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
Dynamical model of the wind turbine describes the main parts of the wind turbine drive train system and induction
generator that participate in interaction of the wind turbine with electric power system. In this wind turbine system
under vector control of active and reactive power of DFIG connected to the grid the axis transformation is used that is
based on reference frame theory. This transformation used on current, voltage vectors of stator and rotor from
stationary reference frame into two phase rotating d-q reference frame. Stator side converter control is used to regulate
the voltage across the DC link and maintain it’s constant, sometime also to compensate harmonics. Voltage vector
scheme is a two stage controller scheme which is achieved by voltage oriented vector control scheme by aligning the d-
q axis in the direction of stator voltage. Stator or Grid converter is typically a three phase, two level voltage source
converter which uses the switching device as IGBT, the main purpose of stator side converter control is done to
maintain constant the DC link voltage. This has been done by implementing grid voltage oriented control scheme. In
the stator voltage orientation control, the grid voltage is measured the angle, and it is detected from phase lock loop for
the voltage orientation and transformation of the axis.
Principle of Stator Voltage Oriented Control
In DFIG wind energy systems, the stator of the generator is directly connected to the grid, and its voltage and frequency
can be considered constant under the normal operating conditions. It is, therefore, convenient to use stator voltage
oriented control (SVOC) for the DFIG. This is in contrast to electric motor drives, where rotor- or stator-flux field
oriented controls (FOC) are normally used. Fig.3 shows a space vector diagram for the DFIG with the stator voltage
oriented control operating with unity power factor in super-synchronous mode. The stator voltage oriented control is
achieved by aligning the d-axis of the synchronous reference frame with the stator voltage vector. The resultant d- and
q-axis stator voltages are-
=0& = (4.1)
Where is the magnitude of ⃗, (also the peak value of the three-phase stator voltage).
The rotating speed of the synchronous reference frame is given by
=2 (4.2)
Where is the stator frequency of the generator (also the frequency of the grid voltage). The stator voltage vector
angle is referenced to the stator frame, which varies from zero to 2 when ⃗ rotates one revolution in space. The
rotor rotates at speed . The rotor position angle is also referenced to the stator frame. The angle between the stator
voltage vector and the rotor is the slip angle, defined by
= − (4.3)
The DFIG operates with unity power factor, the stator current vector ⃗ is aligned ⃗ with but with opposite direction
(DFIG in generating mode). The rotor voltage and current vectors, ⃗ and ⃗ , which are controlled by the converters in
the rotor circuit, are also given in the diagram. The rotor voltage and current vectors can be resolved into two
components along the d-q axes and for ⃗ and and for ⃗ .
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6894
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
Fig.3 Space-vector diagram of DFIG with SVOC in the super-synchronous mode
These d-q axis components can be controlled independently by the rotor converters. The DFIG wind energy system can
be controlled by the electromagnetic torque for speed control or active power. In contrast to the other wind energy
systems, the electromagnetic torque Te of the generator, the active power and the reactive power of the stator are
controlled by the rotor-side converter. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the controllability of , , and by
the rotor voltage and current. The investigation will also facilitate the analysis of the stator voltage oriented control.
The electromagnetic torque of the generator can be expressed as
= − (4.4)
where and are the d-q-axis stator flux linkages, given by
= +
(4.5)
= +
from which the d-q axis stator currents are calculated to be
=
(4.6)
=
Substituting Equation (4.6) into (4.4)
= (− + ) (4.7)
From the induction generator model the stator voltage vector for the steady-state operation of the generator is
⃗= ⃗+ ⃗ (4.8)
the representation in d-q axis is
+ = + + ( + ) (4.9)
from which the d-q axis stator flux linkages are
=
(4.10)
=
substituting Equation (4.10) into (4.7)
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6895
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
= − − − ( − ) (4.11)
= − + + − (4.12)
With = 0 for the stator voltage orientation control, the torque equation can be simplified to
= ( + − ) (4.13)
While ignoring the stator resistance from the above equation, the electromagnetic torque becomes function of d-axis
rotor current and stator voltage. The stator active and reactive power can be calculated by
= ( + )
(4.14)
= ( − )
Using the stator voltage oriented control( = 0), the above equation can be simplified to
=
for =0 (4.15)
=−
Substituting the value of current in above equation,
=
(4.16)
=−
From which
=− +
(4.17)
=− +
Substituting the stator flux linkages from Equation (4.10) into (4.17)
=− + =− −
for =0 (4.18)
=− + =− − −
Neglecting the stator resistance , we have
=−
(4.19)
=− −
The above equations indicate that for a given stator voltage, the stator active power and reactive power can be
controlled by the d-q-axis rotor currents.
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6896
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
Fig.4 Block diagram of a DFIG wind energy system with stator voltage oriented control
Depending on the speed of the rotor, there are two modes of operation in the doubly fed induction generator wind
energy conversion system, that is the super-synchronous mode and sub-synchronous mode. In the super-synchronous
mode, the generator operates above the synchronous speed and in sub-synchronous mode; the generator operates below
the synchronous speed. In the super-synchronous operation mode, the mechanical power delivered from the shaft to the
grid through both stator and rotor circuit. For sub-synchronous operation, the rotor receives the power from the grid and
both mechanical power and rotor power are delivered to the grid through the stator. The stator power is the sum of
mechanical power and rotor power but it will not exceed its power rating since in sub-synchronous mode the
mechanical power from the generator shaft is lower than that in the super-synchronous mode.
[Link]
This review paper is to analyze a DFIG based wind energy power system and control technique for maximum energy
extraction and grid synchronization under stator voltage orientation reference frame and conditions. A rotor-side
converter control design has been presented which is the key to work conducted in this paper. The performance
assessment of the controller designed has been carried out by analyzing its real/reactive power control in stator-voltage
oriented frame, and analyzing its effectiveness in speed control, and the ability of the controller in facilitating effective
synchronization with the power grid.
REFERENCES
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[7] Bhim Singh, “Performance of Wind Energy Conversion System using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Maximum Power Point Tracking,”
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[8] [Link], [Link]&Rik W,DeDoncker, “Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems for Wind Turbines, ”IEEE Industry Applications Magazine,
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Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6897
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An UGC Approved Journal)
Website: [Link]
Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017
[11] Xiangping Kong, Zhe Zhang, Xianggen Yin, Member, IEEE, and Minghao Wen, “Study of Fault Current Characteristics of the DFIG
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BIOGRAPHY
Virendra Kumar Chaudhary is a M. Tech Scholar in the Department of Electrical Engineering, SRMS College of
Engineering & Technology, Bareilly. He received his [Link] degree in Electrical Engineering from KNIT, Sultanpur,
India, in [Link] has total 07 years of teaching experience in the Dept. of Technical Education, Uttar Pradesh. His
research area of interest includes renewable energy resources and hybrid system.
Kuldeep Sahay, Ph.D. is associated with Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow since 1996, where, he is
presently Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, An Autonomous Constituent College of Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. He has authored numbers of research paper in National and
International Journal having good citation and published a book. His research interests are in the area of Mathematical
Modelling of Energy Storage System, Integration of Renewable Energy System with Grid. Prof. Sahay for his overall
contribution in research and academics has been awarded “Shiksha Rattan Puraskar” and “Rashtriya Gaurav Award”
by India International Friendship Society, New Delhi in 2011
Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0609037 6898