CALCULUS
-fromthe Latin
word calculus, meaning
"small pebble”
--
the Mathematics of motion
and change
Calculus was founded in the mid- 17th
century by Sir Isaac newton (English
Physicist and mathematician) and Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz ( a German Philosopher and
Mathematician).
DIFFENTIAL CALCULUS
- concerned with the study of the rates at
which quantities change
- Example:
1. finding velocities/accelerations of
moving bodies.
2. finding slopes of curves
3. finding optimum values
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
- the calculus of accumulation
-deals with problems of determining a
function from information about its rate of
change
Example:
1. finding areas of irregular plane regions
2. finding volumes of arbitrary solids
FUNCTIONS
A function is a rule or correspondence which
associates to each number x in a set A a
unique number f(x) in a set B.
The set A is called the domain of f and the
set of all f(x)'s is called the range of f.
1. F(x) = x+4
2. F(x) = x^2 + 2x + 5
3. F(x) = 4x + 2/ x
4. F(x) = x + 1/ x – 1
5. F(x) = x^3 – 8/2x + 4
6. F(x) = square root of x + 2
LIMIT
The function f(x) has a real limit L as x
approaches the number a,
if we can get f(x) as close to L by taking
x close enough to a (from the left and
right side of a), but excluding a.
1. Find
1) Lim x + 2 =4+2=6
x→4
2) Lim x - 3 = 2 – 3 = -1
x→2
3) Lim x - 4 = -1 – 4 = -5
x→-1
1) Lim f(x) = 2 4) Lim f(x) = 4
x→-2 x→4
2) Lim f(x) =6 5) Lim f(x) =
x→1 x→∞
3) Lim f(x) =DNE 6) Lim f(x) =
x→2 x→-∞
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
1.
Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
2.
Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
3.
Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
4.
Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
5.
Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
6.
Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
7.
Example:
TECHNIQUES FOR FINDING LIMITS
1. Direct Substitution
2. Cancellation (if substitution fails)
3. Rationalization
INFINITY
Infinity (denoted by ∞) is a mathematical
concept that refers to a quantity being
boundless or having no end.
Infinity is NOT a number.
CONTINUITY
A function f is continuous at x=a provided all
three of the following are true:
REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY
- a discontinuity that can be "repaired" by
filling in a single point.
- a discontinuity at which the limit of
the function exists but does not equal the
value of the function at that point
ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
- a discontinuity that is not removable
- a discontinuity at which the limit of the
function does not exist.
Is f(x) continuous at x = -1? Why or why not? If it is not,
state the type of discontinuity
Is f(x) continuous at x = 2? Why or why not? If it is not, state
the type of discontinuity
Is f(x) continuous at x = 0? x=3? Why or why not? If it is
not, state the type of discontinuity
Is f(x) continuous at x = 1? Why or why not? If it is not, state
the type of discontinuity
THE DERIVATIVE
- the derivative of the functions f is that
function f’ such that its value at a number x
in the domain of f is
if the limit exists.
DIFFERENTIATION
- the process of finding the derivative of a
function
- d is an operator for the process of
differentiation
dx
NOTATIONS FOR THE DERIVATIVE
Lagrange notations
Leibniz notation
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 1: The derivative of a constant is o.
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 2: THE POWER RULE
If n is a positive integer
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 3: If u is a function and c is a
constant,
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 4: If u and v are functions
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 5: The Product Rule
If u and v are functions,
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 6: The Quotient Rule
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem 7: The Chain Rule
APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE
A. Optimization Problems
(Maxima/Minima)
Find two positive numbers whose
sum is 60 and whose product is a
maximum.
Find two positive numbers
whose sum is 76 such that the
product of one number and the
cube of the other is a
maximum.
Find the dimensions of a
rectangular field with the largest
possible area that can be enclosed
with 400 ft of fencing.
Find the dimensions of the box of
greatest volume which can be made
from a rectangular piece of cardboard
10 in. wide by 16 in. long by cutting a
square from each corner and bending
up.
ANTIDERIVATIVE
F is an antiderivative of f if F’(x) = f(x)
Example:
Find an antiderivative of f(x) = 3x2
ANSWERS:
3
X +7
3
X –8
3
X + 2π
3
X +C
ANTIDIFFERENTIATION
where: f(x) is the integrand
F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)
C is the constant of integration
AREA OF A PLANE REGION