Module-4
Dr B Lakshmi
SENSE
Two Port Network
• A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is known as a port.
• Two-terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors) result in one-port
networks.
• In general, a network may have n ports.
• A port is an access to the network and consists of a pair of terminals
• The current entering one terminal leaves through the other terminal so that the net current entering
the port equals zero
• A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate ports for input and output.
Impedance Parameters
• Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used in the synthesis of filters.
• They are also useful in the design and analysis of impedance-matching networks and power
distribution networks.
• A two-port network may be voltage-driven or current-driven
where the z terms are called the impedance parameters, or simply z parameters, and have
units of ohms
• The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting I1 = 0 (input port open-circuited) or
I2 = 0 (output port open-circuited).
• Because the z parameters are obtained by open-circuiting the input or output port, they are
also called the open-circuit impedance parameters
z11 = Open-circuit input impedance
z12 = Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 1 to port 2
z21 = Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 2 to port 1
z22 = Open-circuit output impedance
• z11 and z22 are called driving-point impedances, while z21 and z12 are called transfer
impedances.
• A driving-point impedance is the input impedance of a two-terminal (one-port) device.
• Thus, z11 is the input driving-point impedance with the output port open-circuited, while z22
is the output driving-point impedance with the input port open-circuited.
• When z11 = z22, the two-port network is said to be symmetrical
• When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent sources, the transfer
impedances are equal (z12 = z21), and the two-port is said to be reciprocal.
• This means that if the points of excitation and response are interchanged, the transfer
impedances remain the same
• A reciprocal network can be replaced by the T-equivalent circuit
• If the network is not reciprocal, a more general equivalent network can be used
Admittance Parameters
Hybrid Parameters
• The z and y parameters of a two-port network do not always exist.
• There is a need for developing another set of parameters.
• This third set of parameters is based on making V1 and I2 the dependent
variables.
Inverse hybrid parameters
• A set of parameters closely related to the h parameters are the g parameters or
inverse hybrid parameters
Transmission Parameters
• The two-port parameters provide a measure of how a circuit transmits voltage and current from a source to a
load.
• They are useful in the analysis of transmission lines (such as cable and fiber) because they express sending end
variables (V1 and I1) in terms of the receiving end variables (V2 and −I2).
• For this reason, they are called transmission parameters.
• They are also known as ABCD parameters.
• They are used in the design of telephone systems, micro wave networks, and radars
• In computing the transmission parameters, −I2 is used rather than I2 , because the current is considered to be
leaving the network
• When you cascade two-ports (output to input), it is most logical to think of I2 as leaving the two-port.
• It is also customary in the power industry to consider I2 as leaving the two-port.
Interconnection of networks
• A large, complex network may be divided into subnetworks for the purposes of analysis and
design.
• The subnetworks are modeled as two-port networks, interconnected to form the original
network.
• The two-port networks may therefore be regarded as building blocks that can be
interconnected to form a complex network.
• The interconnection can be in series, in parallel, or in cascade
• When the networks are in series, their individual z parameters add up to give the z
parameters of the larger network.
• When they are in parallel, their individually parameters add up to give the y parameters of
the lar ger network.
• When they are cascaded, their individual transmission parameters can be multiplied
together to get the transmission parameters of the larger network
Series & Parallel Connection
• The networks are regarded as being in series because their input currents are the same and
their voltages add.
• Two two-port networks are in parallel when their port voltages are equal and the port
currents of the larger network are the sums of the individual port currents