w u
Experiment No. l
Directional Over-current Relay : Measurement of
Maximum Torque Angle
Theory:-
Type CDD is en electromechanical Directional O.C. relay , operating on
th
clectro111agnetic induction effect of current. Induction type relays use e
th
pnnctple of split plwe induction motor for their operation. In this e
8
actuating force is developed in the movable element , that may be a disc or
cup or other form of rotor of non-magnetic current carrying material • by the
interaction of electromagnetic fluxes with eddy currents that are induced in
the rotor.
Therefore it requires two fluxes et 90 degrees in space and which should
have some time phase shift between them. Each flux induces some voltage
causing current to flow in the rotor. Current produced by one flux reacts with
the other flux, and vice-versa, to produce a system of forces acting on the
rotor.
Let +1 and ♦2 be two sinusoidal fluxes . such that. <1>2 leads cl> 1 by an
ruigle 0.
¢1 = <t>m1 sin (wt)
i<1> 1 = current mduccd due to ♦ 1 a d♦ 1 / dt - ¢ml w cos ( wt )
i<1>2 = current induced due to en a. den / dt = <I>m2 Ct) cos ( Ct)t + e )
F = Net force = ( Foperating - F restraining ) a ( ¼> 1 <l>2 - ¼>2 cl> 1 )
Therefore , after appropriate manipulation , we get ,
Fa I <tnn1 I I ~2 lsin ( 8) ·····················~· (1)
}JJl h '
f.'ort:c will .be m8X um w en se,Lcond flux leads the .firs
t by 90 0 Tho
d · [Link] ol the force end h dir . o f rotstion o f the movable
tree ence u.,e ~[Link]
. e differmt
element de ends pon which flux is leading the otho
u r. There ar
P . ru tu r · ..1 ed pole structure , watt-hour-meter
h-uu
Iypes of actuatm. o a st
c e VIZ. s
. ru cture etc.
st
stru cture • induction
f po w er , o r sh or t-circuit current , in
o
ion responds to flow CTs end PTs. Act
ive
Directi~nal ~ro~ct reference to th e lo ca tio n o f
8 defirute direction with given by
ug h a pa rt o f an electrical. circuit is
power flow th ro
(2)
s ( <%>) ... ... ... ... .............................
P = V I co
V end I.
he re <%> is the ph ase angle between
w
e p o w er
be po sitiv e en d if cos(<%>) is negativ
e power P will ed by se iu in g the
If cos(<%>) is positiv flow ca n be ob serv
herefore the power directional relay is
will be negative. T Vol tage co il o f th e
o f V I cos ( 4>). end current coil
magnitude end sign pote nt ial tr an sf or m er
secondary o f the relay fo r detecting
supplied from the ormer . Th e dire ct io na l.
y o f current transf f fault current. T
he
from the secondar th e di re ct ion o
ase angle between
es
verse fault , sens
the forward o r re is important. Depending upon the ph
et ho d o f co nn ec tion lta se ap pl ie d to th e voltag., coil, st
m d vo
h the cummt coil an celled the 90 degr
ee ,
the current throug e co nn ec tio n is
( prior to fault ) th
unity p. f. condition
gree connection.
60 degree o r 30 de
e relay
V ol ta ge ap pl ie d to voltage coil o f th
Let YR -
y . It lags YR b y <%
>
ge co il -Y R I Z
e volta
Iy - Current in th
current Iy
4>y =- F lu x due to
ent IR
ct>c - Flux due to curr
<t>c = 8- ♦
n <t>y and
a - Angle betwee
torc~nc angle = 90 + a
-r = Maximwn
2
1lcnce eccordmg
· to the theory of induction relays
F a. (l>y «l>C mn ( 8 )
Hence onent·
,, , mg torque expencnccd
. by the relay
T -' K VR IR mn
· (a.) ...................................... (3)
110
Thus •. <•1•ru•1ng torque IS proportional to voltage , current and sin (o;). '[
term sm (o;) is posibvc when o; Ii••
between Oand 180 dcg1ees and ncgsll"e
maxunum
♦
when a. hes between 180 degrees and 360 degrees. Tiu: torque is
for a. - 90 dcgJces i e , 8 - = 90 degrees i.e., when IR leads VR by 90
degrees. [Link] angle is called the MAXIMUM TORQUE ANGLE.
The Maximwn torque angle of e directional relsy is the angle between current
in the current coil end voltage applied to the pressure coil to obtain maximum
operating torque.
But 't == 90 + 0 ....
( and not 90 - 8 ; because VR is taken es reference hence the meesuremenl
in anti-clockwise direction is positive )
t == K VR IR cos ( 1: - <l>) ............................. (4)
By changing the intcmel angle a. the chmactcristics of ~1e directional r,~lay
can be changed.
j
[Link] o!IR phuor
for-:11
mllCll!Wm po,mve
• . LOrque
I
Zero Torque, I
TRIP
I
.p T
I
I 8 ~
I ct
I / ~
~
I
?,11~ ' !,a
• ve t,orqu11 lv
~ "" phase angle belWeen relay voltage Bild relay cllll'enl
"" lJUPedldlce angle of
9
" "' 14a,dlll""' [Link] 111111•
,., 90 -• 8JIJlPe,dallce m-e-e
!!:!= .-.n1 of pressure coil
"" JUJWe bcl"'c,el'.11\UK due to pressure coil Bild flux due to
"' ,urrent coil~MEifi No. l : oJRECTIONAL REL'VCHARCT.
~ -
Directional OC Relay
Dh·tctloual Rtlay Inverse Type COO
Model NQ. COO2IPF248A.5
3-Ph,440V MTA =4.50 P.S ~ 0..5 to 2A
.50Hz Supply
3 110V DC 6
[Link]
EB Q Flag Coil e
T1i1)
Ouqn1t
0
Pr Coil
V,[Link]
R 7
y
0-62 .5
B
3Phase N
Phase Shifting
Trnnsfonner
...., ISi l ft;
IIMWlll. . 1 t trt• . . . . 1 I •. ,
_.,....,.....,
tfar•__.•ra11S'III
(_...,120 II t,r . . .
qrJ . . . . . . . . . ,
DISCUSSION :-
l. Explain the concept of II direction as applied to an [Link] current.
II
2. Draw the phasor diagram for a [Link] relay showing Vrelsy , Ip.c. and
I
Irelay. and show tripping and restraining region for phasor IR.
3. What is the relationship between 0p.c and -c.
4. How would you change the maximum torque angle of a directional relay?
5. What are the applications of directional relay?
6. Discuss the difference between a Reverse Power Relay end Directional
Relay for Short Circuit Protection.
7. Draw the block diagram of a static directional relay.
8. Draw the block diagram end logic flow chert for a directional relav.
ra tu s :-
Br ie f Descrfpt lo n O f Ap pa
n
Tr an sfo rm er :- It is a wound rotor three pha.9e inductio
Ph as e Shifting . Primary is
motor blocked from rotation
ply. We get
fed from the three pl we sup
secondary sid e
phase shifted output et the
ntrolled by
, whose phase can be co
rotor. The
physically rotating the
um current
secondary can carry a maxim
able to give
of 1 A Hence it is not advis
nt coil of
phase shifted supply to the curre
the relay. Therefore the
current coil is
nsformer ,
directly supplied form auto-tra
e. Voltage
connected on the primary sid
ry of the
coil is supplied from the seconda
Any desired
ph ~e shifting tmnsfonner.
the rel ay
phase shift can be given to
ase shifting
voltage by means of the ph
machine.
transfonner. This is a four-pole
ase shift
Hence 360 degrees electrical ph
lf
s to 180 degrees , i.e., ha
correspond
revolution of the rotor.
I}
5
KS ) :-
~ [N C E S ( BO O
PubJJJber
TJUe
I A ut ho r
Marcel D el le r & Co .
, eaithankar r.a Power System USA
I
',
j Protection , Under Publication 1996
'
eir Ch ap m an & Hsll Lt d .
C. Pr ~c tiv e Relays Th
. W am ng to n A R van U.K.
I
Th eory and Practice
V ol. I & Vol. II
' Jo hn Wiley & Sons
The Ar t & Science of
f~Jason, C.R.. New York
I Protective Relaying
I
I Westinghouse Electric
l'ecltbum J.L. f Ed ito r) Applied Protective Corporation , Newark
/'B
Relaying
U.S.A
GEC
GEC Meawrements
f
Protectio;:. EA:lg. Deptt
.
Stafford. U.K.
1
I
I
/ Power System Stability
j John Wiley & Sons
j i:imfNr.i: K . w: New York I
Vol. I , II and III
[~
'
t\LITiQ.N£_}fHILE WQ&Kf.l\!Qll¥.
a.6NERAf- PMQ U SYSTEM f&QTECTIQN
0
Tm; P Q W
LAaQMIQRY
f the experiment k ee p aJl dimmersfut.1' 3 t
( l ) ,:-\t tlte start o
ze ro p o si ti o n.
ugged the variac w
die
at yo u J1 ave n o t pl
( 2 ) C lle e k th
11 OV D C supply~
su re th at n o n e o f th e rheostats is fn.
t 3 ) ..\1: th e stnrt also en o n as th is will caus'e a
ro oh m s) p osi ti
minimmn ( ze
sh o rt circuit.
e in st ru m en t ra n g es ar e se le cte d
( 4 ) E n su re that all th
p ro p er ly .
re la y flag which is al ready do~lil~
(5 ) Reset manually any
11 OV DC su pply is on.
(6 ) Emure that die
R-Y .-.B ph as es o f th e three phase
[1} E'murc atat" th e
in th e sr une ord er to t~ phase
~upply are connected tl1e p has e· angJ~
cr othe IW i
.se
~.hilting trsnsform 1
ood.
calibration will tiot hold g
.A