e IR spectroscopy is the study of interaction ___ between infrared radiations and matter. ~.eInfrared radiations refers broadly to that __ part of electromagnetic spectrum between visible and microwave region. zum on orton 10360 ETHANOL Transmittance INFRARED SPECTRUM 300. 2000. 1000, Wavenumber(em-1) IR spectrum of ethanolPRINCIPLE « When the frequency of the IR radiation is equal to the natural frequency of vibration, the molecule absorb IR radiation and a peak is absorbed. + Every bond or portion of a molecule or functional group requires different frequency for absorption. PRINCIPLE * The principle of IR fpectroscopy is related to the vibrational and rotational energy of a molecule. e When the frequency of the IR radiation is equal to the natural frequency of vibration, the molecule absorb IR radiation. e Absorption of IR_ radiation causes an excitation of molecule from a lower to the higher vibrational level. « Each vibrational level is associated with a number of closely placed rotational level. ¢ Therefore the IR spectroscopy is also called as “vibrational-rotational spectroscopy”All the bonds in a molecule are not capable of absorbing IR energy but those bonds which are accompanied by a change in dipole moment will absorb in the IR region and such transitions are called IR active transitions. « The transitions which are not accompanied by a change in dipole moment of the molecule are not directly observed and are considered as IR inactive. e In IR spectroscopy the changes in the vibration: ~ energy depends upon i. Mass of the atoms present in a molecule ‘|. Strength of the bonds ‘i, Arrangement of atoms within the molecul: « No two compounds except the enantiomers can have the similar IR spectra.THEORY IR radiation does not have enough energy to induce electronic transitions as seen with UV. ¢ Fora molecule to absorb IR, it must be accompanied by a change in dipole moment. ¢ Regions of wavelength range There are three regions: 1. Very near IR : Overtone region(2 - 2.5u1) 2. Near IR : Vibration region(2.5 — 25) 3. Far IR : Rotational region(25 — 400) orm HOOKE'S LAW : THEORY » When a molecule absorb radiation with a frequency less than 100 cm‘ ,molecular rotation takes place and if a molecule absorb more energetic radiation in the region of 104 to 102 cm’ , molecular vibration takes place. *A single vibrational energy change is accompanied by a large number of rotational energy changes and thus the vibrational spectra appear as vibrational rotational bands.FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION * There are 3 main process by which a molecule can absorb radiation, each of these route involve an increase of energy which is proportional to the light absorbed. i. First route occurs when absorption of radiation leads to a higher rotational energy level in a rotational transition. ii, Second occurs when absorption of radiation leads to a higher vibrational energy level in a vibrational transition. iii, Third occurs when absorption of radiation leads to a higher electronic energy level in its electronic transitions. a 1 ——_—<$—$$<$$$<$<—<$>— 0 SSS ve =e Sestonie enegyievel ef My F | — ] = Rotational aon SS ia | A 3 e Energy level diagramTwo criteria must be satisfied by a jolecule for the absorption of IR radiation: i. The molecule should possess vibrational and rotational frequency. i. The molecule must give rise to asymmetrical charge distribution. Three main type of absorption bands occur in IR spectra: i. Fundamental i. Overtone i, combinational Transmittance (%) ‘wavenumber (em)FERMI RESONANCE « Interactions which occur between fundamental and overtone or combinational bands are known as Fermi resonance. » This phenomenon can be observed whenever two fundamental or a fundamental and overtone bands have nearly the same energy. » Here molecule transfer its energy from fundamental to overtone and back again and so that the each level become partially fundamental or partially overtone in character. « As a result, two strong bands are observed in the spectrum, instead of the expected strong and weak VY wy e E.g.: CO, ° It normally shows fundamental band at 1337 cm and overtone at 1334.6 cm". > But due to the effect of Fermi resonance the first band shift towards higher frequency and give rise to two bands at 1285.5 cm‘ and 1388.3 cm" .FINGERPRINT REGION In IR, the region below 1500 cm" is rich in many absorption bands and the region is known as fingerprint region. Here the number of bending vibrations are usually more than the number of stretching vibrations. In this region, small difference in the structure and constitution of a molecule results significant changes in the absorption bands. Many compounds show unique absorption bands in this region and which is very useful for the identification of the compound. wavenumber cm"¢ Fingerprint region can be sub-divided into three: “i. 1500-1350 cmt — Here doublet near 1380 cm and 1365 cm shows the presence of tertiary butyl group in the compound. ii. 1350-1000 cmt ~All classes of compounds having groups like alcohols, esters , lactones, acid anhydrates show characteristic absorptions (s) due to C - O stretching. iii, Below 1000 cm" ~ Distinguishes between cis and trans alkenes and mann and disuhetihitinne at artha mata nara TYPES OF VIBRATIONS © There are different types of vibrations: | Stretching i. Symmetric ii. Asymmetric 2. Bending i. In-plane bending issoring b. Rocking ii, Out-of-plane bending a. Wagging b. TwistingVIBRATIONS Two types of vibrations are; 1. Stretching | Symmetric ‘|. Asymmetric 2. Bending | Scissoring | Rocking ‘ii, Wagging \v. Twisting Vibrational modes leadingto IR absorptions: \ Symmetic stretching Symmetric bending vibration (both outside | vibration in a plane atomsmove away from | (scssoring) ‘or toward the center) ‘Asymmetric stretching ‘Asymmetric bending vibration (as one atom vibration in a plane ‘moves toward the center,| (rocking) the other moves away) Many possible absorptions per molecule exist: stretching, bending... =_ we ‘Symmetric bending vibration out ofa plane (twisting) ac ve hornet bean vibration out ofa plane (wagging)FACTORS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION 4 Symmetry © Symmetric compounds do not possess dipole moment and are IR inactive. » .g. symmetric acetylene H-C= 2. Coupling —H ° There are so many factors which cause coupled vibration in IR and it will influence the intensity and shape of the absorption bands. » E.g. normally the band due to-€ —_C bond is around at 1650 cm‘ but due to mechanical coupling of two C C systems in allene give two bands at 1960 and 1970 cm" 3. Fermi resonance Fermi resonance results in an unexpected shift _ in energy and intensity of the bands. » Eg. the overtone of C--H deformation mode at 1400 cm is always in Fermi resonance with the stretch of the same bond at 2800 cm“ 4. Hydrogen bonding » It can change the shape and position of IR bands. » Stronger the H-bonding greater the absorption shift. Intermolecular- broad bands Intra-molecular-sharp bands5. Electronic effect ° Electronic effects such as inductive, mesomeric and field effect may cause shift in absorption bands due to the change in absorption frequency. ° Eo. inductive — acetone(1715 cm) and chloroacetone(1725 cm!) mesomeric-acetophenone(1 693 cm) and P- aminoacetophenone(1677 cm:') 6. Bond angles ° Difference in bond angles can also leads to the changes is absorption bands. ° Eg. A cr INSTRUMENTATION © The main parts of IR spectrometer are as follows : _¢ 1. IR radiation sources e 2. Monochromators e 3. Sample cells and sampling of substances ¢ 4. Detectors[Link] radiation sources + The radiation source must emit IR radiation which must be (i) intense enough for detection (ii) steady (iii) extend over the desired wavelengths The various popular sources of IR radiations are : (i Incandescent lamp (ii) Nemst glower (iii) Globar Source (iv) Mercury Are RADIATION SOURCES ‘They must produce intense & steady radiation. Nernst Glower Globar W filament lamp Hg arc lamp heated rare earth oxide rod (zirconium, yttria, thoria) (“1500 K) heated Silicon Carbide rod (~1500 K) 1100K Hg plasma 1-50 um (mid- to far-IR) 1-50 )m (mid- to far-IR) 0.78-25 um (Near-IR) 50-300 um (fariR)[Link] A. Prism:- © Used as dispersive element. * Constructed of various metal halide salts. * Sodium chloride is most commonly prism salt used. [Link] cell & Sampling of substance © Infrared spectra may be obtained for gases, liquids or solids. © Materials containing sample must be transparent to the IR radiation. So, the salts like NaCl, KBr are only used.SAMPLING « Samples of the same substance shows shift in absorption bands as we pass from solid to gases and hence the samples of different phases have to be treated differently in IR spectroscopy. « Sampling of solids Solids run in solution » Mull technique » Pressed pellet technique Solids films 1. Solid run in solution Dissolve solid sample in non-aqueous solvent (which should be IR inactive) and place a drop of this solution in alkali metal disc and allow to evaporate, leaving a thin film which is then mounted on a sepectrometer. °E.g. of solvents — acetone, cyclohexane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride etc. [Link] technique ° Finely powdered sample + mulling agent (Nujol) and make a thick paste (mull). Transfer the mull to the mull plates and the plates are squeezed together to adjust the thickness it is then mounted in spectrometer.[Link] pellet technique Finely powdered sample is mixed with about 100 times its weight of KBr in a vibrating ball mill and the mixture is then pressed under very high pressure in an evacuable die to form a small pellet( 1-2mm thick and 1cm in diameter). 10 tons pressure Piston Die—> Sample mixture —> i Die —> » Advantages:- +Eliminates bands which appear due to mulling agent. + Pellets can be stored for longer period of time. - Concentration of sample can be adjusted. ° Disadvantages:- Not suitable for polymers which are difficult to bind with KBr. *High pressure may change the crystallinity of the sample. 4. Solid films. ° Here amorphous solid is dissolved in volatile solvents and this solution is poured on a rock salt plate (NaCI or KBr), then the solvent is evaporated by gentle heating.¢ Sampling of liquids Liquid sample can be sandwiched between two alkali halide plates (NaCI , KBr , CaF,). __° The sample cell thickness is 0.01-0.05mm. \ i a) — Nc pine — Liquid sample NaC! plate e Sampling of gases e Here gases sample is introduced into a glass cell made up of NaCl. Very few organic compounds can be examined as gases. ° E.g.: 1,4-dioxane. « Sampling of solutions » Here 1-5% of solution is placed in a solution cell made up of metal halides and a second cell containing the pure solvent act as a reference. e Important solvents used are:-chloroform , CCl,, Carbon disulphide etc.APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY . Identification of an organic compound The identity of an organic compound can be od established from its fingerprint region by comparing the sample spectrum with the known spectrum of the compound. E.g. spectrum of n-hexanal {aT Cham Wb ck ttaticcrtecadcari} 2. Qualitative determination of functional groups _-° The presence or absence of absorption bands | help in predicting the presence of certain _ functional group in the compound. 3300-25003. Distinction between 2 types of H-bonding » If a compound having intra-molecular H-bonding it will show broad bands in IR spectrum and if a compound having intermolecular H-bonding then it _ will show sharp well defined bands. » E.g. o-nitrophenol shows broad bands due to intra- molecular H-bond whereas p-nitrophenol shows sharp bands due to intermolecular H-bonding. 4. Quantitative analysis » It can be done by measuring the intensity of the absorption bands. » E.g. xylene exists as mixture of 3 compounds which shows absorption bands at ortho-740cem" meta-880cm"' para-830cm" 5. Study of chemical reactions It is useful for studying the chemical reactions. ' E.g.: reduction of butan-2-one to form butan-2-ol “AY ane y % Butan-2-one Butan-2-ol (1710 cm*) (3300 cm-*)6. Study of keto-enol tautomerism > Diketones and ketoesters exhibit keto-enol _ tautomerism and this can be studied using IR _ spectrum of the compound. ° E.g.: Ethyl acetoacetic etser. o O90 DA Ta Keto Enol C==0 - 1733 cm? O---H — 3300 cm - 1710 cm C==0 - 1645 cm __ Fingerprint Region __* Absorption band in the region 1500-500 cm". | © Usefial for establishing the identity of a compound. It consists of 1. Region 1500-1350 en 1380 cm™ and 1365em" butyl group. Region 1350-1000 em™ : All classes of compound viz. alcohol, esters, lactones shows absorptions in the region due to C-O stretching. 3. Region below 1000 em™ : This region distinguishes between cis and trans alkene. Appearance of doublet near shows the presence of 3°[Link] the impurities in a drug sample + Impurities have different chemical nature when compared to the pure drug. | + Hence these impurities give rise to additional peaks than that of the pure drug. |» By comparing these we can identify the presence of impurities. | } BYU's VISIBLE Bes ULTRAVIOLET INFRARED WWW SY NN