LITTAUA,JHONLOYD R.
BSEE 3B
CHAPTER 4
QUESTIONS
4-1. WHY IS THE FREQUENCY OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR LOCKED INTO ITS RATE OF
SHAFT ROTATION?
THE FREQUENCY OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR LOCKED INTO ITS RATE OF SHAFT
ROTATION BECAUSE THE ROTOR WILL RUN AT THE SAME SPEED AS THE MAGNETIC FIELD AS
SHOWN BY THE EQUATION . THE FREQUENCY IS RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF POLES, WHICH IS
A FIXED NUMBER, MEANING THAT THE POLES WILL NOT CHANGE, AND NEITHER WILL THE
SHAFT REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE.
4-2. WHY DOES AN ALTERNATOR'S VOLTAGE DROP SHARPLY WHEN IT IS LOADED DOWN WITH
A LAGGING LOAD?
AN ALTERNATOR'S VOLTAGE DROPS SHARPLY WHEN IT IS LOADED DOWN WITH A LAGGING
LOAD BECAUSE THE ANGLE WILL REMAIN THE SAME IN REGARDS TO VΦ , BUT THE ARMATURE
CURRENT WILL INCREASE, THUS, THE ARMATURE REACTION VOLTAGE IS INCREASED. SO, THE
ALTERNATOR'S VOLTAGE DROPS SHARPLY BECAUSE OF THIS INCREASE IN THE ARMATURE
REACTANCE VOLTAGE CAUSING A REACTANCE VOLTAGE DROP IN THE ALTERNATOR.
4-3. WHY DOES AN ALTERNATOR'S VOLTAGE RISE WHEN IT IS LOADED DOWN WITH A LEADING
LOAD?
AN ALTERNATOR'S VOLTAGE RISES WHEN IT IS LOADED DOWN WITH A LEADING LOAD
BECAUSE THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE WILL SHARPLY INCREASE AS THE ARMATURE REACTION IS
DEPENDENT ON THE POWER FACTOR. THE ARMATURE REACTION IS MAGNETIZING, SO THE NET
FLUX OF THE ALTERNATOR INCREASES AS THE STATOR FLUX ADDS UP TO THE NET FLUX. THE
NET FLUX WILL CREATE A VOLTAGE RISE, SO THIS INCREASE IN NET FLUX INCREASES THE
ALTERNATOR'S VOLTAGE.
4-4. SKETCH THE PHASOR DIAGRAMS AND MAGNETIC FIELD RELATIONSHIPS FOR A
SYNCHRONOUS GEN- ERATOR OPERATING AT
(A) UNITY POWER FACTOR
(B) LAGGING POWER FACTOR
(C) LEADING POWER FACTOR.
4-5. EXPLAIN JUST HOW THE SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE AND ARMATURE RESISTANCE CAN BE
DETERMINED IN A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR.
THE SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE CAN BE DETERMINED BY:
1. Zs CAN BE NMEASURED
2. THEN CALCULATE E
3. BY LISTING E AND V VALUES WE CAN MEASURE THE VOLTAGE REGULATION
WHEREIN THE SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE CAN BE MEASURED USING DC RESISTANT TEST,
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST. AND FOR ARMATURE RESISTANCE, IT CAN BE
DETERMINED BY THE RATIO OF THE APPLIED VOLTAGE AND MEASURED CURRENT.
4-6. WHY MUST A 60-HZ GENERATOR BE DERATED IF IT IS TO BE OPERATED AT 50 HZ? HOW
MUCH DERATING MUST BE DONE?
A GENERATOR MAY BE DERATED SINCE IT PRODUCES LESS ENERGY AT THIS REDUCED
FREQUENCY. RECALL THAT PHASE VOLTAGE IS GIVEN BY 𝑒 = 𝑁 Φ𝜔. SINCE 𝑁 AND Φ ARE
CONSTANTS, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS PROPORTIONAL TO 𝜔 WHICH IS DIRECTLY
50 Hz
PROPORTIONAL TO FREQUENCY. IT MUST BE DERATED TO = 83%
60 Hz
The size of magnetic
components of generator is
almost inversely related to
frequency. The higher the
frequency, the less flux is
required. Lesser flux means
lesser core size. So a 400 Hz
generator would be a lot
smaller than a 60 Hz one.
4-7. WOULD YOU EXPECT A 400-HZ GENERATOR TO BE LARGER OR SMALLER THAN A 60-HZ
GENERA TOR OF THE SAME POWER AND VOLTAGE RATING? WHY?
The size of magnetic
components of generator is
almost inversely related to
frequency. The higher the
frequency, the less flux is
required. Lesser flux means
lesser core size. So a 400 Hz
generator would be a lot
smaller than a 60 Hz one.
The size of magnetic
components of generator is
almost inversely related to
frequency. The higher the
frequency, the less flux is
required. Lesser flux means
lesser core size. So a 400 Hz
generator would be a lot
smaller than a 60 Hz one.
The size of magnetic
components of generator is
almost inversely related to
frequency. The higher the
frequency, the less flux is
required. Lesser flux means
lesser core size. So a 400 Hz
generator would be a lot
smaller than a 60 Hz one.
The size of magnetic
components of generator is
almost inversely related to
frequency. The higher the
frequency, the less flux is
required. Lesser flux means
lesser core size. So a 400 Hz
generator would be a lot
smaller than a 60 Hz one.
THE SIZE OF MAGNETIC COMPONENTS OF GENERATOR IS ALMOST INVERSELY RELATED TO
FREQUENCY. THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY, THE LESS FLUX IS REQUIRED. LESSER FLUX MEANS
LESSER CORE. SO 400 Hz GENERATOR WOULD BE A LOT SMALLER THAN A 6O Hz ONE.
4-8. WHAT CONDITIONS ARE NECESSARY FOR PARALLELING TWO SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS?
IN ORDER TO PARALLEL GENERATORS, THEY MUST HAVE THE SAME OUTPUT VOLTAGE, THE
SAME OUTPUT FREQUENCY, THE SAME OUTPUT SEQUENCE, AND THEY MUST BE IN PHASE
WITH EACH OTHER.
4-9. WHY MUST THE ONCOMING GENERATOR ON A POWER SYSTEM BE PARALLELED AT A
HIGHER FREQUENCY THAN THAT OF THE RUNNING SYSTEM?
THE NEW GENERATOR'S FREQUENCY MUST BE SLIGHTLY HIGHER SINCE GENERATORS
EXPERIENCE A SPEED DROOP WHEN THEY ARE CONNECTED TO A LOAD. THIS MEANS THAT THE
GENERATOR'S UNLOADED FREQUENCY MUST BE HIGHER THAN THE TARGET LOADED
FREQUENCY.
4-10. WHAT IS AN INFINITE BUS? WHAT CONSTRAINTS DOES IT IMPOSE ON A GENERATOR
PARALLELED WITH IT?
A BUS MODELLED AS ONE HAVING AN INFINITE CAPACITY IS CALLED AN INFINITE BUS. BY THIS
WE MEAN THAT INFINITE AMOUNTS OF CURRENT CAN BE DRAWN WITHOUT DROP IN
VOLTAGE OF THE BUS. A LARGE POWER SYSTEM GRID CAN BE TREATED AS AN INFINITE BUS IN
POWER SYSTEM STUDIES. THE MOST IMPORTANT CONDITION IT IMPOSES ON A GENERATOR
(SYNCHRONOUS) CONNECTED TO IT IS IN REGARD TO FREQUENCY. THE FREQUENCY OF
GENERATION WILL BE DICTATED BY THE INFINITE BUS FREQUENCY, ONCE THE ALTERNATOR
HAS BEEN SYNCHRONISED. THAT IS WHY FREQUENCY STABILITY OF A POWER SYSTEM
ASSUMES GREAT IMPORTANCE.
4-11. HOW CAN THE REAL POWER SHARING BETWEEN TWO GENERATORS BE CONTROLLED
WITHOUT AFFECTING THE SYSTEM'S FREQUENCY? HOW CAN THE REACTIVE POWER SHARING
BETWEEN TWO GENERATORS BE CONTROLLED WITHOUT AFFECTING THE SYSTEM'S TERMINAL
VOLTAGE?
TO ADJUST THE REAL POWER SHARING BETWEEN GENERATORS WITHOUT CHANGING FSYS,
SIMULTANEOUSLY INCREASE THE GOVERNOR SET POINTS ON ONE GENERATOR WHILE
DECREASING THE GOVERNOR SET POINTS ON THE OTHER, THE MACHINE WHOSE GOVERNOR
SET POINTS WAS INCREASED WILL ASSUME MORE OF THE LOAD.
TO ADJUST THE REACTIVE POWER SHARING BETWEEN GENERATORS WITHOUT CHANGING VT,
SIMULTANEOUSLY INCREASE THE FIELD CURRENT ON ONE GENERATOR WHILE DECREASING
THE FIELD CURRENT ON THE OTHER. THE MACHINE WHOSE GOVERNOR SET POINTS WAS
INCREASED WILL ASSUME MORE OF THE REACTIVE LOAD.
4-12. HOW CAN THE SYSTEM FREQUENCY OF A LARGE POWER SYSTEM BE ADJUSTED WITHOUT
AFFECT- ING THE POWER SHARING AMONG THE SYSTEM'S GENERATORS?
IN ORDER TO KEEP THE FREQUENCY CONSTANT, YOU HAVE TO CHANGE BOTH GENERATORS IN
OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. SIMILARLY, ADJUST THE EXCITATION IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS TO
CHANGE THE REACTIVE LOAD SHARING WHILE MAINTAINING CONSTANT SYSTEM VOLTAGE.
4-13. HOW CAN THE CONCEPTS OF SECTION 4.9 BE EXPANDED TO CALCULATE THE SYSTEM
FREQUENCY AND POWER SHARING AMONG THREE OR MORE GENERATORS OPERATING IN
PARALLEL?
EXPANDING THE CONCEPTS FROM SECTION 4.9 TO SYSTEMS WITH THREE OR MORE
GENERATORS INVOLVES CONSIDERING THE INTERACTIONS AND DYNAMICS BETWEEN
MULTIPLE UNITS. MATHEMATICAL MODELING, SIMULATION STUDIES, AND PRACTICAL
EXPERIENCE ARE KEY TOOLS IN UNDERSTANDING AND OPTIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF
SUCH SYSTEMS.
4-14. WHY IS OVERHEATING SUCH A SERIOUS MATTER FOR A GENERATOR?
AN OVERHEATING GENERATOR CAN MELT ITS INTERNAL WINDING INSULATION. IF THIS
INSULATION MELTS, THE WINDINGS CAN SHORT OUT WITH EACH OTHER AND THE GENERATOR
WILL BECOME INEFFECTIVE. IT CAN ALSO CAUSE MECHANICAL DAMAGE TO THE GENERATOR
ASSEMBLY AND BEARINGS. IN ADDITION, IT SHORTEN ITS LIFE SPAN.
4-15. EXPLAIN IN DETAIL THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAPABILITY CURVES.
A CAPABILITY CURVE, ALSO KNOWN AS A POWER VERSUS LOAD CURVE OR POWER CAPABILITY
CURVE, ILLUSTRATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRICAL OUTPUT POWER OF A
GENERATOR AND THE CORRESPONDING OPERATING CONDITIONS, SUCH AS THE TERMINAL
VOLTAGE AND THE GENERATOR'S INTERNAL PARAMETERS. IT REPRESENTS THE MAXIMUM
POWER OUTPUT THAT THE GENERATOR CAN PROVIDE UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS WHILE
STILL MAINTAINING STABLE AND SAFE OPERATION.
CAPABILITY CURVES ARE TYPICALLY CONSTRUCTED THROUGH LABORATORY TESTING OR
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS. DURING TESTING, THE GENERATOR IS SUBJECTED TO VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS, SUCH AS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MECHANICAL INPUT POWER,
TERMINAL VOLTAGES, AND FIELD CURRENTS. THE ELECTRICAL OUTPUT POWER IS MEASURED
OR CALCULATED FOR EACH SET OF CONDITIONS, AND THE RESULTS ARE PLOTTED ON THE
CAPABILITY CURVE.
PROBLEMS
4-1. AT A LOCATION IN EUROPE, IT IS NECESSARY TO SUPPLY 1000 KW OF 60-HZ POWER. THE
ONLY POWER SOURCES AVAILABLE OPERATE AT 50 HZ. IT IS DECIDED TO GENERATE THE
POWER BY MEANS OF A MOTOR-GENERATOR SET CONSISTING OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
DRIVING A SYN- CHRONOUS GENERATOR. HOW MANY POLES SHOULD EACH OF THE TWO
MACHINES HAVE IN OR DER TO CONVERT 50-HZ POWER TO 60-HZ POWER?
4-2. A 13.8-KV. 50-MVA, 0.9-POWER-FACTOR-LAGGING, 60-HZ, FOUR-POLE Y-CONNECTED
SYN- CHRONOUS GENERATOR HAS A SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE OF 2.5 Q AND AN ARMATURE
RESIS- TANCE OF 0.2 2. AT 60 HZ, ITS FRICTION AND WINDAGE LOSSES ARE 1 MW, AND ITS
CORE LOSSES ARE 1.5 MW. THE FIELD CIRCUIT HAS A DE VOLTAGE OF 120 V, AND THE
MAXIMUM I IS 10 A. THE CURRENT OF THE FIELD CIRCUIT IS ADJUSTABLE OVER THE RANGE
FROM 0 TO 10 A. THE OCC OF THIS GENERATOR IS SHOWN IN FIGURE P4-1.
(A) HOW MUCH FIELD CURRENT IS REQUIRED TO MAKE THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE V, (OR LINE
VOLTAGE ) EQUAL TO 13.8 KV WHEN THE GENERATOR IS RUNNING AT NO LOAD?
IF THE NO LOAD TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS 13.8 KV, THE REQUIRED FILED CURRENT CAN BE READ
DIRECTLY FROM THE OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC WHEREIN IT IS 3.50 A .
(B) WHAT IS THE INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE E, OF THIS MACHINE AT RATED CONDITIONS?
(C) WHAT IS THE PHASE VOLTAGE V, OF THIS GENERATOR AT RATED CONDITIONS?
THE PHASE VOLTAGE V OF THE MACHINE AT RATED CONDITIONS IS
(D) HOW MUCH FIELD CURRENT IS REQUIRED TO MAKE THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE V, EQUAL TO
13.8 KV WHEN THE GENERATOR IS RUNNING AT RATED CONDITIONS?
(E) SUPPOSE THAT THIS GENERATOR IS RUNNING AT RATED CONDITIONS, AND THEN THE LOAD
IS REMOVED WITHOUT CHANGING THE FIELD CURRENT. WHAT WOULD THE TERMINAL
VOLTAGE OF THE GENERATOR BE?
IF THE LOAD IS REMOVED WITHOUT CHANGING THE FIELD CURRENT,
THE CORRESPONDING TERMINAL VOLTAGE WILL BE 20 kV.
(F) HOW MUCH STEADY-STATE POWER AND TORQUE MUST THE GENERATOR'S PRIME MOVER
BE CAPABLE OF SUPPLYING TO HANDLE THE RATED CONDITIONS?
(G) CONSTRUCT A CAPABILITY
CURVE FOR THIS GENERATOR.