Concrete

Suzaine Mitch Dela Cruz

Daphne Mariano
Vince Joseph Ordoña
Concrete
Concrete is either:

01 02
Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete
• An artificial stone as a • Is a concrete with
result of mixing cement, reinforcement properly
fine aggregates (<5mm), embedded in such a
manner that the two
coarse aggregates materials act together in
(>5mm) and water. resisting forces.
 Coarse Aggregate
The maximum size of Coarse Aggregate
(gravel) should not exceed 25% of the
minimum thickness of the member structure
nor exceed the clear distance between the
reinforcing bars.
 Cement
A cement is a binder, a chemical substance
used for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them
together.
Different Types of Cement
Ordinary Rapid Hardening Sulfate
Portland Cement Portland Cement Resisting Cement
Used for all purposes. Used in rapid Used to resists sulfate
constructions like attack in concrete.
construction pavement.

Low Heat Portland High

Cement Pozzolan Cement Alumina Cement
Used for massive section Has a high resistance to Used in constructions that
designed to reduce the different chemical assaults are subject to high
heat of hydration. on concrete. temperatures.
Proportion of Mixtures
Water-Cement Ratio Cement-Aggregate Ratio
Directly affects the strength Is then chosen and
and durability of the established to satisfy the
concrete. This is the most workability requirements.
important consideration Workability, means the ability
because it also determines of the fresh concrete to fill all
the workability of the the voids between the steel
structure. bars and the forms without
necessarily exerting much
effort of tamping.
Classification of Concrete Mixture
Designed Mixture Prescribed Mixture
Person Responsible
Contractor Designing Engineer
for Mixture Proportion

Mixing Designed from ready mix concrete plant. Site-level mixing small concrete mixer.

Attributes of Check the specific properties of individual Does not check the specific properties of
Ingredient ingredients. individual ingredients.
May or may not give the exactly design strength
unless all other factors like compaction, water-
Strength Makes concrete of design strength.
cement ratio, and curing of concrete are strictly
followed.
For more extensive and important concrete works. Preferred for simpler and small concrete works
Use Designed mix can be used for all the grades but it is for mild exposure, in other words, for ordinary
generally used for M25 and above grades. concrete work.
Sample No. 1: Concrete Slab
A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimension of 10cm. thick, 3.0m
wide, and 5.0m long. Determine the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel
in cubic meters required using class “C” mixture.

Given:
L = 5.0 m
W = 3.0 m
t = 10cm = 0.1 m
Class C Mixture
Sample No. 1: Concrete Slab
Given:
L = 5.0 m
W = 3.0 m
t = 10cm = 0.1 m
Class C Mixture

Solution:

By Volume Method
V = (5.0)(3.0)(0.1)
V = 1.5 𝑚3

Using 40kg Cement: Using 50kg Cement:

Cement: 1.5(6) = 9 bags Cement: 1.5(5) = 7.5 bags
Sand: 1.5(.5) = 0.75 𝑚3 Sand: 1.5(.5) = 0.75 𝑚3
Gravel: 1.5(1.0) = 1.5 𝑚3 Gravel: 1.5(1.0) = 1.5 𝑚3
Sample No. 1: Concrete Slab
Given:
L = 5.0 m
W = 3.0 m
t = 10cm = 0.1 m
Class C Mixture

Solution:

By Area Method
A = (5.0)(3.0)
A = 15 𝑚2

Using 40kg Cement: Using 50kg Cement:

Cement: 15(0.6) = 9 bags Cement: 15(0.5) = 7.5 bags
Sand: 15(.5) = 0.75 𝑚3 Sand: 15(.5) = 0.75 𝑚3
Gravel: 15(1.0) = 1.5 𝑚3 Gravel: 15(1.0) = 1.5 𝑚3
Sample No. 2: Post and Footing
A concrete post 4.0m high with cross sectional dimensions of 40cm x 40cm is
supported by a footing slab 20cm thick by 1.20m square. Using 40kg cement class
“A” concrete, find the quantity of cement, sand, and gravel if there are 12 posts
of the same size.

Given:
For Column (n = 12)
L = W = 0.4m
H = 4.0m

For Footing Slab (n = 12)

L = W = 1.2m
t = 0.2m

40kg Cement
Class A Mixture
Sample No. 2: Post and Footing
Given: Solution:
Using Volume Method
For Column (n = 12)
L = W = 0.4m • Column
H = 4.0m V = 12(0.4)(0.4)(4.0)
V = 7.68 𝑚3
For Footing Slab (n = 12)
L = W = 1.2m • Footing Slab
t = 0.2m V = 12(1.2)(1.2)(0.2)
V = 3.456 𝑚3
40kg Cement
Class A Mixture • Total Volume
V = 7.68 + 3.456
V = 11.136 𝑚3

• Using Class A (40kg)

Cement : 11.136 (9) = 100.224 bags
Sand: 11.136 (0.5) = 5.568 𝒎𝟑
Gravel: 11.136 (1.0) = 11.136 𝒎𝟑
 03
Linear Method
Used for Beam, Column and Girder
Sample No. 2: Post and Footing
Given: Solution:
Using Linear and Area Method
For Column (n = 12)
L = W = 0.4m • Column (Using Linear Method)
H = 4.0m
L = 12(4) = 48 m
For Footing Slab (n = 12)
o 40x40cm (Class A)
L = W = 1.2m Cement: 48 (1.440) = 69.12 bags
t = 0.2m = 20 cm Sand: 48 (0.08) = 3.84 𝑚3
Gravel: 48 (0.16) = 7.68 𝑚3
40kg Cement
Class A Mixture • Footing Slab (Using Area Method)
A = 12(1.2)(1.2) = 17.28 𝑚2
Cement: 17.28 (1.80) = 31.104 bags
Sand: 17.28 (0.1) = 1.728 𝑚3
Gravel: 17.28 (0.2) = 3.456 𝑚3

• Total
Cement: 69.12 + 31.104 = 100.224 bags
Sand: 3.84 + 1.728 = 5.568 𝒎𝟑
Gravel: 7.68 + 3.456 = 11.136 𝒎𝟑
1-11 Rectangular Beam and Girder

Beam Girder
Strong horizontal piece of reinforced Beam that is carrying or supporting
concrete for spanning and supporting another bea
weights

Either linear meter method or volume method can be

used when estimating these two.
By Volume Method
Step 1
Compute for volume of beam
Step 4
Refer to table 1-2
(for example, compute using 40kg cement
Step 2 class A concrete)
Compute for volume of girder Multiply
Cement: total volume x 9.0
Step 3 Sand: total volume x 0.50
Gravel: total volume x 1.0
Add volume of beam and girder
 By Linear Meter Method
Step 1 Step 3 Step 5
Compute total length of beam Summarize results of step 2 and 4
Compute total length of girder
Step 2 Total cement = cement for beam +
refer to table 1-4 Step 4 cement for girder
(for example, compute using column Total sand = sand for beam +
Refer to table 1-4
size 25x40cm under 40 kg class A (for example, compute using column size sand for girder
concrete) 40x60cm under 40 kg class A concrete) Total Gravel = gravel for beam +
Multiply Multiply gravel for girder
Cement: linear meter x 0.90 Cement: linear meter x 2.160
Sand: linear meter x 0.50 Sand: linear meter x 0.120
Gravel: linear meter x 0.10 Gravel: linear meter x 0.240
1-12 Circular Column

The same method which is used for square and rectangular beam, which is volume
method can be used for circular columns with the aid of Table 1-2. However,
Table 1-5 is also prepared for using linear method when computing for circular
columns.
By Volume Method

Step 1 Step 4
compute cross sectional area of the refer to table 1-2
column (for example, compute using 40kg cement
class A concrete)

Step 2 Multiply
compute volume of one column Cement: total volume x 9.0
Sand: total volume x 0.50
Step 3 Gravel: total volume x 1.0

multiply volume of one column

to number of columns
By Linear Meter Method

Step 2
Step 1 refer to table 1-5
(for example, compute using
compute total length of all column size 60cm under 40 kg
circular columns class A concrete)

Multiply
Cement: linear meter x 2.545
Sand: linear meter x 0.141
Gravel: linear meter x 0.282
1-13 Concrete Pipe

It is usually used in small and medium

drainage construction. It saves cost for
forms, time and labor cost.
Steps in Estimating Materials for Concrete Pipe

Step 2
refer to Table 1-2
Step 1 (under 40 kg cement and
compute net volume of concrete pipe class of mixture specified)
(net volume = gross volume - volume occupied by Cement: net volume x multiplier
hole) depending on class of mixture
Sand: net volume x multiplier
depending on class of mixture
Gravel: net volume x multiplier
depending on class of mixture
Step 3: use Table 1-6 for final result
By Volume Method

Step 1 Step 4
compute gross volume of concrete compute total volume of all pipes
pipe (total volume = net volume x
number of columns)
Step 2
compute volume of the hole Step 5
refer to Table 1-2
Step 3 (for example, using 40 kg
cement class A concrete)
subtract result of step 2 from Multiply
step 1 for net volume
Cement: total volume x 9.0
Sand: total volume x 0.50
Gravel: total volume x 1.0
By Using Table 1 - 6

Step 1 Step 2
Refer to table 1-6 Using Table 1-6
(diameter givenrefers to the (for example, using d=90 pipe
diameter of hole; diameter diameter class A
= d) mixture):
Multiply
Cement: number of pipes x 2.826
Sand: number of pipes x 0.157
Gravel: number of pipes x 0.314
Masonry
 2-1 Concrete Hollow Blocks
Popularly known as CHB. There are two categories
of CHB which are load bearing and non-bearing
blocks. Standard hollow blocks have three void
cells and two half cells which add up to
Thickness of load bearing blocks is from 15 to 20 four void cells. SIzes of cells vary
centimetres and are used to carry load aside from its depending on manufacturers. However,
own weight. On the other hand, non-bearing blocks those that have bigger cells are
have a thickness ranging from 7 to 10 centimetres considered in estimating.
and are used for walls, partitions, fences, dividers
and they carry their own weight.
Items that Comprises Hollow Blocks

• Concrete hollow blocks

• Cement and sand for block laying
• Cement, sand and gravel filler for the hollow core or cell
• Cement and sand for plastering
• Cement, sand and gravel for foundation and footing
• Reinforcing steel bars
• Tie wires
Two methods that can be used in estimating
masonry work

By fundamental methods

By the area methods

 By Fundamental Method
Note: there might be
Step 1 additional/changes in step/s as
the sample varies
Step 3
Divide the height of the fence by the If the illustration shows Divide the length of the fence by
height of one block perimeter of a fence the length of one block

Step 2 Step 1
Divide the length of the fence by
Find the perimeter of the fence
the length of one block Step 4
Step 3 Step 2 Multiply the result of step 1 and 2
Multiply the result of step 1 and 2
Divide the height of the fence
by the height of one block
By Area Method

Step 1 Step 2
Compute area of the fence Multiply the area by
number of blocks per
sq. m.

Additional
• Even if answers are the same with both methods, the area
method is more recommended as it is simple and direct to the
answer.
• Given steps in each method is applicable only if there is no
post involved. If there are posts, it should be considered and
subtracted from the total area of the wall. After that, proceed to
the steps given above.
For Walls with no Posts
Finding the CHB
Step 1 Step 4
Multiply the height of
Finding the CHB
Step 3 fence to get the net area

Subtract the space length of

Step 2 posts from perimeter of the
wall
Step 5
Find the space length
Multiply number of blocks per
occupied by the posts
sq. m to the net area
 Concrete posts and its footing

Step 1: Compute the volume of concrete footing slab

Step 2: Find the volume of all footings
Step 3: Find the volume of all concrete posts
Step 4: Add volume \of concrete posts and footings
Step 5: Refer to Table 1-2 under class that is specified, 40 kg cement
Multiply the total volume to multiplier of cement, sand and gravel depending on class of mixture
By Direct Counting
Used when there are parts that has different height and
length

Step 1: FInd the CHB at Area A

Step 2: Height of wall A divided by the height of one block
Step 3: Multiply answers in 1 and 2
Step 4: Repeat Step 1, 2 and 3 for Area B
Step 5: Repeat Step 1, 2 and 3 for Area C
Step 6: Add total CHB for area A, B and C
By Area Method
For example, there are three different areas to be computed

Step 1: Find the area of A

Step 2: Find the area of B
Step 3: Find the area of C
Step 4: Refer to Table 2-2. Along size of CHB under number per sq. m.
Multiply total number of blocks to number of blocks per sq. m.

Reminder
Make sure to verify the plan, especially the height of the wall as it is important in the process.
2-2 Estimating Cement Mortar

Finding the amount of cement mortar is the next step after knowing the
number of blocks needed. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand
and water.

Items to be considered in cement mortar:

• Mortar to be used in between layer of CHB

• Mortar filler for hollow core or cell. It can be pure mortar or pure
mortar with gravel for economy
• Fine screened sand for plastering
Three solutions in finding cement mortar
for concrete hollow blocks

• By volume method

• By the area method

• Per hundred block method

By Volume Method
Use 12 mm or 0.012 meters uniform thickness of mortar
Step 1: Compute the volume of mortar per layer
V = thickness x width of CHB x length
Step 2: Divide the height of wall to height of one block to compute number of
layers
Step 3: Multiply number of layers to volume of mortar per layer
Step 4: multiply the length, width, height and number of cells to get volume
of voids per block
Step 5: multiply volume of voids to number of blocks to get total volume of
cement mortar for voids
Step 6: add results from step 3 and 5
Step 7: Refer to Table 2-1
Multiply result of step 6 to multiplier depending on class mixture
By Area Method

Step 1: Compute area of the wall

Step 2: Refer to Table 2-2

Multiply area to multiplier of cement
and sand depending on the class of
mixture
By Hundred Block Method
Step 1: Compute the Area of concrete hollow blocks
Area = length x width
Number of hollow blocks = area x number of hollow blocks per sq. m.

Step 2: Convert to unit if 100

Number of hollow blocks / 100

Step 3: Refer to Table 2-3 Under given class mixture for given size of CHB
Use multiplier of cement and sand

Results from three methods are practically the same. It depends upon the estimator
but take note that in using Table 2-2 and 2-3, kind of mixture should be known since
errors often occur because of this.
2-3 Cement Mortar for Plastering
Methods used in estimating cement mortar for plastering

• Volume Method (refer to Table 2-1)

• Area Method (refer to Table 2-4)

Note:
In finding the wall area, height should be measured from top of the fence down
to the foundation line not just the floor line only
For practical purposes, the area occupied by posts should not be subtracted.
 2-4 Concrete Hollow Block Footing
Concrete hollow block wall is supported by a continuous wall footing.
Table 2-5 was prepared for easy reference in estimating the materials
for concrete hollow blocks footing.
Methods that can be used in estimating concrete hollow block footing:

• By volume method (refer to Table 1-2)

• By Linear Meter Method (refer to Table 2-5)
Solving for CHB
• Cement mortar for block laying
• Cement mortar for plastering
• Solving for concrete post and footing
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(2-5)
OTHER TYPES OF
CONCRETE BLOCKS
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Intro
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INTRODUCTION

The standard common

types of concrete hollow
blocks are those with
three hollow cores.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Intro
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INTRODUCTION

There are however various

type of blocks especially
designed for architectural
and structural purposes such
as.
 2-CORE 2-CORE 2-CORE 19X19
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) STRETCHER BLOCK L- CORNER BLOCK SINGLE END Half Block
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
BLOCK

39X19X19 19X9X19 39X14X19 39X9X19

BEAM BLOCK HALF BLOCK BEAM BLOCK SINGLE END BLOCK
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The purpose of making these types of

blocks is to create a wider core to
accommodate concrete and steel
reinforcement.
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The estimating method is similar
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with the standard type of blocks

which is 12.5 pieces per square
meter and 25 pieces for the half
block.
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For Hollow blocks quantity estimate,
only the side portion of the block is
considered. The block thickness is
only considered in computing the
cement mortar.
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Special concrete hollow block types
were introduced to avoid much use
of form lumber, which helps to save
cost for formworks and labor.
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NOTE:

In block laying work, cement,

gravel, and sand is used for the
mixture for economical reasons.
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NOTE:

The use of pure mortar to fill the

hollow core of the blocks is costlier
than to use a reinforced concrete
walls even if forms are used.
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QUANTITY OF CEMENT,
SAND AND GRAVEL PER
BLOCK
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) TABLE 2-6
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND
AND GRAVEL PER BLOCK
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) TABLE 2-6
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QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND
AND GRAVEL PER BLOCK
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MORTAR FOR BONDING

The mortar for block laying is a

mixture of cement and sand
laid in between the layer of the
blocks at approximately 1/2 of
an inch or 12 mm as bonding
materials.
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CORE FILL

The hollow core is filled

with concrete, a
mixture of mortar and
gravel.
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HOW TO USE THE TABLE?

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 (2-6)
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DECORATIVE
BLOCKS
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Decorative hollow blocks are
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manufactured from either cement

mortar or clay. These types of
construction materials hag been widely
used for ventilation and decorative
purposes.
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 ADOBE
STONE
(2-7)
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 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Adobe Stone is commonly used for
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fencing materials as substitute to
concrete hollow blocks for economic
reasons.

ADOBE STONE
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However, adobe stone is also used as finishing

and decorative materials for exterior and
interior of buildings and other related
structures nowadays.
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The use of adobe stone for fences, buttresses,

cross- footings, and stairs minimizes the use of
mortar filler unlike in working with concrete hollow
blocks.
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Three tables were prepared to
simplify the process of obtaining the
quantity of adobe stone and cement
mortar for stone laying and
plastering.
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 (2-8)
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RETAINING
WALL
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WHAT IS A RETAINING WALL?
Retaining walls make sloped areas functional.
Essentially, the walls flatten the slope so that
water and soil don't flow downward. In
short, retaining wall slows down erosion by
holding soil in place.
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• EXAMPLES OF A RETAINING WALL
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Gravity retaining wall is limited height
limitations. Because, as the height
increases the required wall cross section
also increases due to the effect of the
triangular soil pressure distributed
behind the retaining wall.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) If the ground water level rises into the
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backfill behind a retaining wall, the

lateral pressure against the wall is also
rise. The combined effect of soil and
water pressure causes overturning
moments and sliding forces.
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In able to avoid water that is building up

behind the retaining wall, a weep hole,
drainage system, and sometimes both,
are provided as part of the design
construction.
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Weep holes should be at least 3 inches
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in diameter provided with a granular soil

filter fabric at the wall to prevent backfill
erosion. The horizontal spacing ranges
from 120 to 300 centimeters apart.
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 NOTE:
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For taller walls, two or more rows of

weep holes may be provided with a
typical vertical spacing of 150
centimeters.
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 (2-9)
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RIP-RAP &
GROUTED RIP-RAP
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Rip-Rap is either with or without grout,
with or without filter backing. Stones
intended for rip-raping shall consist of rocks
which are nearly rectangular in section as
possible. The stone shall be tough, durable
and dense.
 NOTE:
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It shall be resistance to the action of air

and water and suitable in all aspects for
the purpose intended. Adobe stone shall
not be used unless specified,
 RUBBLE
DRY
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 CEMENT
RUBBLE
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 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) EXCAVATION & PLACING
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(OF RIP-RAP)

The bed of rip-rap must be excavated to the

required depth and properly compacted, trimmed
and shaped. The rip-rap foundation is laid below
the depth of the scour filling the toe trench with
stone of the same class as specified.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) EXCAVATION & PLACING
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
(OF RIP-RAP)

The stones are placed by hand or individually

laid by machine. Spaces between stones are
then filled with cement mortar sufficient
enough to completely fill all the voids except
the surface of the stones left exposed.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) EXCAVATION & PLACING
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
(OF RIP-RAP)

Cement grout is placed starting from the

bottom to the top of the surface and then
swept with a stiff broom. After grouting, the
surface is cured like structural concrete for a
period of at least 3 days after the installation.
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FIGURE
2-23
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SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
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 (2-10)
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CONCRETE RETAINING
WALL
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
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An existing stable earth slope can
experience significant movement called
slope failure or landslide due to changes
in its natural condition or man-induced
changes. Materials in cut banks slip
down to the roadway.
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This pattern of failure is common in fills
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or cut slopes of homogenous

nongranular materials.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
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 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) SAMPLE PROBLEM:
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FIGURE
2-24
SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
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 (2-11)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

GABIONS & MATTRESS

 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Gabions and Mattresses are used to give

permanent protection and support to sea
walls, river banks culverts, reservoirs, road
bridges and many other structures in civil
engineering works.
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THANK YOU!
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