Wolkite University

College of Computing and Informatics

Department of Computer Science

Chapter One : Introduction to Artificial intelligence

Prepared by Adem

December 6, 2022

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 Outline

1 Introduction

2 Goals of Artificial Intelligence

3 History of Artificial Intelligence

4 The Foundations of AI

5 Types of Artificial Intelligence

6 The State of the Art

7 Summary

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Introduction to AI

What is artificial intelligence?

Where are we and how did we get here?
How do we think about the design of AI
systems?

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With artificial intelligence we are summoning the demon – Elon

Musk

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We’re really closer to a smart washing machine than Terminator –

Fei-Fei Li, Director of Stanford AI Lab.

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Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines or programs

that:

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Views of AI fall into four categories

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What is AI?

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The four approaches of AI

Acting humanly
The Turing test approach.

Thinking humanly
The cognitive modeling approach.

Thinking rationally
The laws of thought approach.

Acting rationally
The rational agent approach.

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The Turing test approach

Computing machinery and intelligence
A human questioner cannot tell if there is a computer or
a human answering his question, via teletype (remote communication)
The computer must behave intelligently

Intelligent behavior
to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks

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Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

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These cognitive tasks include:

Natural language processing
for communication with human
Knowledge representation
to store information effectively and efficiently
Automated reasoning
to retrieve and answer questions using the stored information
Machine learning
to adapt to new circumstances

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Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling

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Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling

Introspection method
Catch our thoughts and see how it flows.

Psychological Inspections method

Observe a person on the action.

Brain Imaging method (MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)

Observe a person’s brain in action.

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Thinking rationally: ”laws of thought”

Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and
rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of
mechanization
Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
Problems:
Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?

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Acting rationally: ”rational agent”

Act to achieve goals, given set of beliefs
Rational behavior is doing the “right thing”
Thing which expects to maximize goal achievement
Rational agents
An agent is an entity that perceives and
acts in the world (i.e. an “autonomous system” (e.g. self-driving cars) / physical
robot or software robot (e.g. an electronic trading system))

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Goals of Artificial Intelligence

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Replicate human intelligence

Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior,

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History of Artificial Intelligence

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The Foundations of AI

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Philosophy
Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language, rationality
Mathematics
Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability
Economics
utility, decision theory, game theory
Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,experimental
techniques
Computer engineering building fast computers
Control theory design systems that maximize an objective function
over time
Linguistics knowledge representation, natural language
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Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types based on

capabilities and functionally of AI
Based on capabilities AI can be divided into :
Weak AI or Narrow AI
General AI
Super AI
Based on the functionality
Reactive Machines
Limited Memory
Theory of Mind
Self-Awareness

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Weak AI or Narrow AI
A type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of
Artificial Intelligence.
It Cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for
one specific task.
It Can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
General AI
A type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be
smarter and think like a human on its own.
Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under general
AI.

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Super AI
A level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and
can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity.
It is an outcome of general AI.
Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
The development of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.

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Reactive Machines
Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
IBM’s Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
Google’s AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
Self-Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
These machines will be smarter than the human mind. Self-Awareness AI
does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

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Limited Memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a
short period of time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
systems.
These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limits, and other information to navigate the road.
Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs,
and
be able to interact socially like humans.
This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines

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The State of the Art

Machine learning
Speech recognition: banking agent, travel agent
Autonomous planning and scheduling: NASA’s autonomous planning
programs
Game playing: IBM’s Deep Blue, Google’s AlphaGo
Spam fighting
Logistic planning: to do automated logistics planning and scheduling
for transportation.
Robotics: Roomba that helps cleanning, PackBots that handle
hazardous materials, clear explosives and identify location of snipers
Machine translation

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What can an AI do today?

Translate spoken Chinese to spoken English, live?

Answer multi choice questions, as good as an 8th grader?
Converse with a person for an hour?
Play decently at Chess? Go? Poker? Soccer?
Buy groceries on the web? in a supermarket?
Prove mathematical theorems?
Drive a car safely on a parking lot? in New York?
Perform a surgery?
Identify skin cancer better than a dermatologist?

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Movie AI

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Real world AI

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News of AI

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Speech translation and synthesis (2012)

Speech synthesis and question answering (Google 2018)

Playing soccer (2018)

although some robots might now do better (2021)

Learning to walk (2017)

NVIDIA Autonomous Car

Write computer code (OpenAI, 2021)

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AI Ethics

Unemployment
We need money for food, rent, medical care and We work to earn money.
What if AI takes over our jobs?
Technology addiction
AI is used to trigger our behavior
Interaction with technology can be highly addictive
Social media, email, . . . How long can you be without your cellphone and
feel perfectly comfortable?
Are AI’s better company than humans?
Human safety
How can we be sure that the AI/machine does not make mistakes?
Cyber security
Very powerful AI systems should not fall into the wrong hands, e.g.
weapons

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Robot rights
The AI will be conscious. Is that a ground for treating it the same as a
human?
Will AI in the future be sentient? Would that be ground to treating it as a
human?
When AI is smarter and more capable as humans and animals what
protective rights do they need?
Stuart Russel talks about AI and ethics

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Summary

Different people approach AI with different goals in mind.

According to what we have called the standard model, AI is concerned
mainly with rational action.
An ideal intelligent agent takes the best possible action in a situation.
Mathematicians provided the tools to manipulate statements of logical
certainty as well as uncertain, probabilistic statements.
AI has matured considerably compared to its early decades, both
theoretically and methodologically.
As AI systems find application in the real world,
it has become necessary to consider a wide range of risks and ethical
consequences.

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