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Angle of Deviation in Prism Experiment

This document describes an experiment to investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled with different transparent fluids. The experiment involves measuring the angle of deviation for different angles of incidence and different fluids to obtain the angle of minimum deviation and refractive index.

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ishan29692969
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9 views9 pages

Angle of Deviation in Prism Experiment

This document describes an experiment to investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled with different transparent fluids. The experiment involves measuring the angle of deviation for different angles of incidence and different fluids to obtain the angle of minimum deviation and refractive index.

Uploaded by

ishan29692969
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

To Investigate the dependence, of

the angle of deviation on the


angle of incidence using a hollow
prism filled, one by one, with
different transparent fluids.

APPARATUS:-
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow
prism, different liquids (water, kerosene, oil,
spirit etc.) Drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale,
thumb pins, graph papers and a protractor.

THEORY:-
Refraction of Light through a Prism
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by
a vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is
the base of the prism and AB and AC are its two
refracting surfaces.
RQ is the incident ray.
QS is the refracted ray.
ST is the emergent ray.
∠RQN1= i = angle of incidence
∠SQN = r = angle of refraction inside prism
3 1
∠QSN = r = angle of incidence inside prism
3 2
∠TSN = e = angle of emergence
2
∠BAC= A = angle of prism

∠SFK= D = angle of deviation

In QFS, ∠KFS =∠FQS+∠FSQ


D= (i - r1) + (e - r2)
D= i+e - (r1 + r2) …..(1)

In QS1N3 ,r1 + r2 + ∠QN3S= 180o …..(2)

The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral,


then
A + QN3S = 180
From (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r2
Eq. (1) become
D = I +e -A
D+A=i+e
Angle of Minimum Deviation

(a) Definition:- The minimum value of angle of


deviation, is called angle of minimum deviation. It
is represented by the symbol Dm.

(b) Explanation:- For same angle of deviation


there are two values of angles of incidence. one
value equals i other value equals and 'e'.

As angle i is increased from a small value, e


decreases from large value and angle of deviation
decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum
(Dm), then, i and e becomes equal.

The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.


Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. {∵ n= sin r 1 = sin r 2 }
sin i sin e

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 =r


A
We have A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r or r= 2

Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i = e


From relation, A + D = i + e
A + Dm
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i or i= 2
sin i
From Snell's law, n= sin r
A+ D m
sin
2
We have, n= sin
A
2

This relation is useful for determination of n for


prism material.

Procedure:-

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing


board with the help of drawing pins.
2. Draw a straight line XX' parallel to the length
of the paper nearly in the middle of the paper.
3. Mark points Q1 ,Q2 ,Q3 ,.… on the straight line
XX' at suitable distances of about 5 cm.
4. Draw normals N1Q1 ,N2Q2 ,N3Q3 ,… on points
Q1 ,Q2 ,Q3 ,.… as shown in diagram.
5. Draw straight line R1Q1 ,R2Q2,R3Q3,… making
angles of 35o,40o,…,60o respectively with the
normals.
6. Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it
as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Put it prism with its refracting face AB in the
line XX' and points Q1 in the middle of AB.
8. Mark the boundary of the prism.
9. Fix two or more office pin P1 and P2 vertically
on the line R1Q1 . The distance between the pins
should be 10 mm or more.
10. Look the images of point P 1 and P2 through
face AC.
11. Close your left eye and bring open right eye
in line with the two images.
12. Fix two office pins P3 and P4 vertically, and 10
cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins P 4
and P3 and images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
13. Remove pins P3 and P4 and encircle their
pricks on the paper.
14. Repeat steps 7 to 13 with points Q 2 , Q3 ,… for
i= 40o , 60o .

OBSERVATIONS:-
Angle of hollow prism A= ……… degree.
[Link]. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
incidence deviationfor deviation deviation deviation
∠i
water for for sprits for
∠D ∠D
kerosene turpentine
oil oil
∠D ∠D

1) 35o
2) 40o
3) 45o
4) 50o
5) 55o

CALCULATIONS
Plot the graph between angle of incidence
∠ i and angle of deviation ∠ D by taking ∠ i along X-

axis and ∠ D along Y-axis for each transparent


liquid. The graphs will be similar to Fig. 12.14.
From the graph find the value of angle of
minimum deviation Dm corresponding to the
lowest point of the graphs. Let the value of angle
of minimum deviation.
Dm = ……………
Then refractive index of the transparent medium
A+ D m
sin
2
n= sin
A
2

The speed of light in a transparent medium is


C
v= n
where speed of light in air is C=3×108 m/s.

RESULTS
I. The i-D graph indicates that as the angle of
incidence (i) increases, the angle of deviation (D)
first decreases, attains a minimum value (D m) and
then again start increasing for further increase in
angle of incidence.
II. The angle of minimum deviation for
a. Water Dm = ………..oC
b. Kerosene oil Dm = ………..oC
c. Sprit Dm = ………..oC
d. Turpentine oil Dm = ………..oC
III. The refractive indices of the
a. Water n = ………..
b. Kerosene oil n = ………..
c. Sprit n = ………..
d. Turpentine oil n = ………..
IV. Speed of light in
a. Water v = ………..m/s
b. Kerosene oil v = ………..m/s
c. Sprit v = ……….m/s
d. Turpentine oil v = ………..m/s

PRECAUTIONS
 The angle of incidence should lie between
35o- 60o.
 The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.

SOURCE OF ERRORS

 Measurement of angles may be wrong.


 Pin pricks may be thick.

Common questions

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To ensure accurate measurements in the hollow prism experiment, the angle of incidence should be kept between 35° and 60°, and the same angle of the prism should be used for all observations to maintain consistency. Furthermore, the precision in measurement of angles and thickness of pin pricks should be addressed to avoid errors .

Using a fixed point Q and marks R in a prism refraction experiment ensures that observations are made consistently at set distances and angles across multiple trials. This is essential for accurate comparison of angle of deviation at different incidence angles, thus contributing to reliability and consistency in data collection and graphical analysis .

Measurement errors, such as inaccurate angle reading and thick pin pricks, can significantly impact the outcome of the hollow prism experiment by leading to incorrect determination of angles of incidence, refraction, and deviation. Since these angles are critical for calculating the angle of minimum deviation (Dm) and subsequently the refractive index (n), even slight deviations in measurement can compound, resulting in substantial errors in determining the optical properties of the fluid. Ensuring precision in plotting, setup, and angle reading is thus essential for reliable results .

The cyclic quadrilateral properties are significant in analyzing light refraction within a prism as they help establish relationships between the angles. For quadrilateral AQN3S to be cyclic, the sum of opposite angles must equal 180 degrees. This condition allows us to deduce that A + QN3S = 180 and thus A = r1 + r2 when combined with the equation r1 + r2 + ∠QN3S = 180. Such relationships are crucial for deriving the formula for the angle of deviation .

The alignment of pins involves placing two or more pins such that their images correspond with other pins when viewed through the prism face. Initially, pins P1 and P2 are fixed along the incident ray line at a specific distance. Their images are then aligned by fixing pins P3 and P4 along the same line of sight, ensuring that they and the images of P1 and P2 are collinear when viewed. This precise alignment is crucial for the accurate determination of emergent ray paths and corresponding angle measurements .

The relationship between the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of deviation (D) when a ray of light passes through a prism is such that as the angle of incidence increases, the angle of deviation first decreases, reaches a minimum at a certain angle known as the angle of minimum deviation (Dm), and then starts increasing again as the angle of incidence continues to rise .

Snell's Law is crucial for determining the refractive indices through prism experiments as it relates the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction. It provides the foundational equation n = sin(i)/sin(r), which, when combined with the geometrical relationships within the prism, allows us to determine the refractive index using the minimum deviation angle and the prism angle .

The speed of light in a medium is inversely related to its refractive index according to the equation v = C/n, where C is the speed of light in air (3×10^8 m/s) and n is the refractive index of the medium. This relationship is derived from combining optical principles and is essential in calculating the speed of light in different transparent fluids after determining their refractive indices through prism experiments .

At the angle of minimum deviation, the refracted ray inside the prism goes parallel to its base, and the angles of incidence (i) and emergence (e) become equal. Consequently, the angles of refraction inside the prism (r1 and r2) are equal, satisfying A = r1 + r2. Therefore, at minimum deviation, i = e, and the angles are symmetric within the prism .

The refractive index of different transparent fluids can be determined by plotting the angle of incidence versus the angle of deviation to find the angle of minimum deviation (Dm). The refractive index (n) is calculated using the formula n = sin((A + Dm)/2) / sin(A/2), where A is the angle of the prism .

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