ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL,
MATHURA CANTT.
SESSION:-2022-23 CLASS:-12 TH
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
BOARD ROLL NO:- ___________
TOPIC:- To study the various factors on
which the internal resistance/emf of the
cell depends .
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
ARCHANA JAIN ROHIT KUMAR
INDEX
Srno. Content Page no.
1. Certificate 1
2. Acknownledgment 2
[Link] 3
4. Aim of the project 5
[Link] 6
6. Circuit diagram 7
7. Apparatus Required 8
8. Procedured followed 9
9. Observation 12
10. Result & Inferences 13
11. Precautions 14
12. Bibliography 15
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ROHIT
KUMAR student of class 12th-B has successfully completed
the research on the below mentioned project under the
guidance of [Link] Jain (sub teacher ) during the year of
2022-23 in partial fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE,New Delhi.
Sign of External Sign of Physics
Examiner Teacher
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank our Physics teacher Ms.
Archana Jain for her guidance, encouragement
and support throughout the duration of the
project. Without her motivation and help the
successful completion of this project would
not have been possible.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the
entire Physics department of Army Public
School, Mathura cantt. for their constant
support.
ROHIT
Kumar
XII B
3
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our
daily use electronic appliances and the
use is increasing every day. Thus , the
batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly . Thus , this project
report is based on practical analysis for
the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell. When the internal
resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference
across it , and hence make it more
reliable.
4
INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the
resistance offered by the electrolyte
of the cell to the flow of ions.
•Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
•For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal
resistance (r), connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (I) is the current
flowing through the circuit, E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance,
r = E-V/I
AIM OF THE PROJECT
5
To study the various factors
on which the internal
resistance/emf of the cell
depends .
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance offered by its electrolyte to
6
the flow of ions . The internal resistance
of a cell is
• directly proportional to the distance
between the electrodes.
• is inversely proportional to facing
surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
• decreases with increase in
temperature of electrolyte.
• is inversely proportional to
concentration of electrolyte.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7
Figure 1.1
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• A potentiometer,
8
• a jockey,
• a battery ,
• three way keys,
• a fractional resistance box,
• a high resistance box(about 0-10000 Ω),
• a rheostat of low resistance,
• a voltmeter ,aprimary cell(say voltaic),
• electrolytes of different concentrations,
• an ammeter,connecting wiresand pieces of
sand paper.
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires
with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit
diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the
cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the
battery is more than that of the cell,
9
otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance
with distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of
16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust
the rheostat so that a null point is obtained
on the last wire of the potentiometer.
10
7. Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and measure
the balancing length (l1) between the null
point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and
K2.
At the same time, take out a small resistance
(1 – 5 W) from the shunt resistance box
connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer
wire and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from
end P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2.
Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to
10.
12. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.
11
To study variation of internal resistance with
area of electrodes
13. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.
14. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
15. Keeping all other factors constant,
decrease the concentration of electrolyte
by adding distilled water for different
observations.
16. Obtain three such observations by
repeating step.
12
OBSERVATION
[Link]. Ammeter Position of null point Shunt Internal
(cm)
Reading With R Without R Resistance Resistance
(A) (l1) (l2) R(Ω) r(Ω)
1.
2.
3.
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
[Link]. Separation Balancin Balancing Internal r/d
between g poin point Resistance
electrodes l1(cm) t l2(cm) r(Ω)
d (cm)
1.
2.
3.
Table for effect of temperature
[Link]. Temperature l1 l2 Resistance Internal Tr
(ΩK)
T (oC) (cm) (cm) R(Ω) Resistance
r(Ω)
1.
2.
3.
13
RESULT & INFERENCES
The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
is equal to E = Volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
14
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E 1 and E2
should , all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Help from internet
• Information from library
• Help from teacher
• NCERT textbook class 12th NCERT physics lab
manual
Internet
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]