EE402 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN & ESTIMATION

MODULE I
General awareness of IS Codes: IS 732, IS 3043, IS 2026, IS 3646-part 1 & 2, IS 5216
part 1 & 2, Electricity supply code-2014
(Relevance of each code in electrical installation applications only)
The Electricity Act 2003: General introduction, Distribution of Electricity (Part VI),
Central Electricity Authority (Part IX), Regulatory Commissions (Part IX).
National Electric Code (NEC 2011): Scope, Wiring installation (Section 9), Short
circuit calculations (Section 10).
Graphical symbols and signs as per NEC for electrical installations.
Classification of voltages: standards and specifications, tolerances for voltage and
frequency.
 General awareness of Indian Standards (IS) codes
- IS codes are prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
- IS codes are intended for standardization in the field of electrical power generation,
transmission, distribution and utilization equipment & insulating materials, winding wires,
measuring and process control instruments and primary and secondary
batteries.
- Major IS codes used in electrical system design are

Code Content
IS 732 Code of practice for electrical wiring installation
IS 2026 Code of practice for power transformers
IS 3043 Code of practice for earthing
IS 3646 P1 & P2 Code of practice for interior illumination. Part 1: General requirements and recommendations
for working interiors, Part 2: Schedule for values of illumination and glare index
IS 5216 P1 & P2 Recommendations on safety procedures and practices in electrical work. Part 1: general, Part
2: life saving techniques
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 IS 732 : Code of practice for wiring installation
- This code was prepared as a code of practice to guide and govern installation of electrical wiring
in buildings, with particular reference to safety and good engineering practice.
Scope
• This code covers the essential requirements and precautions regarding wiring installations for
ensuring satisfactory and reliable service and safety from all possible hazards from the use of
electricity.
• This code applies to the design, selection, erection and inspection and testing of wiring
installations whether permanent or temporary, in and about buildings,
• It relates generally to all wiring installations in non-industrial and industrial locations, whether
the electric supply is derived from an external source or from a private generating plant.
• Installations utilizing the following nominal voltage ranges are dealt with in this code:
a) voltages normally not exceeding 50 V ac or 120 V dc whether between conductors or to
earth.
b) voltages normally exceeding extra-low voltage but not exceeding 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC
between conductors or 600 V AC or 900 V DC between conductors and earth.
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• This code covers all general guidelines applicable to installations operating within the ranges
given above. Supplementary or additional provisions may be necessary to be complied with in
respect of specific occupancies depending on their nature. For the purposes of guidelines on
individual occupancies reference may be National Electrical Code ( SP : 30-1985 ).
• This code is not applicable to the following:
a) Systems for distribution of energy to the public, or to power generation and transmission
for such systems.
b) Wiring installations in special locations such as mines or other areas where potentially
explosive atmosphere exists.
c) Lightning conductors, telecommunications and alarm systems.
d) Traction installations, motor vehicles, installations on board ships, aircraft or offshore
installations.
• This code also does not apply to matters concerning specifications of individual items of
equipment and does not deal with requirements for the construction of prefabricated
assemblies of electrical equipment.

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- It has 5 sections
Section 1 – Terminology
Section 2 – Assessment of general characteristics of installations
Section 3 – Protection for safety
Section 4 – Design of installations, selection and erection of equipment
Section 5 – Inspection and testing
IS 2026: Code of practice for power transformers
- This standard was first published in 1962 and covered naturally cooled oil-immersed
transformers.
- With subsequent amendments forced cooled transformers were included, use of synthetic
liquids as cooling medium was permitted and requirements for aluminium windings were
incorporated.
- The requirements for power transformers are covered in eight parts. Different parts in the
series are:
Part 1 General
Part 2 Temperature-rise
Part 3 Insulation levels and dielectric tests EEE Dept. MITS 5
Part 4 Terminal markings, tapings and connections
Part 5 Ability to withstand short circuit
Part 6 Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers
Part 7 Application guide
Part 8 Determination of sound levels
Scope of part 1
➢ This standard (Part 1) applies to three-phase and single phase power transformers (including
autotransformers) with the exception of certain categories of small and special transformers
such as single-phase transformers with rated power less than 1 kVA and three-phase
transformers less than 5 kVA, instrument transformers, transformers for static convertors,
traction transformers mounted on rolling stock, starting transformers, testing transformers
and welding transformers.
➢ Here various service conditions (normal and unusual service conditions) of the transformers,
definition of various parameters of transformer, transformer ratings, requirements of
transformers with tapped winding, three phase transformer connections, rating plate
requirements, tests in transformer (routine, type and special tests), electromagnetic
compatibility are listed
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Scope of part 2
➢ This standard (Part 2) identifies transformers according to their cooling methods, defines
temperature-rise limits and details the methods of test for temperature rise measurements.
➢ Here the identification of cooling methods from symbols, temperature rise limits, test for
temperature rise measurement are listed.

IS 3043 - Code of practice for earthing

- This code of practice gives guidance on the methods that may be adopted to earthing an
electrical system for the purpose of limiting the potential (with respect to the general mass of
the earth) of current carrying conductors forming part of the system, i. e, system earthing and
noncurrent carrying metal work association with equipment, apparatus and appliance
connected to the system (i. e, equipment earthing).
- This Code applies only to land-based installations and it does not apply to ships, aircrafts or
offshore installations

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- It has the following sections
Section 1 – General guidelines : terminology
Section 2 – Connections to earth
Section 3 – Earth fault protection in consumers premises
Section 4 – Power stations, substations and overhead lines
Section 5 – Industrial premises
Section 6 – Standby and other private generating plants
Section 7 – Medical establishments
Section 8 – Static and lighting protection earthing
Section 9 – Miscellaneous installations and considerations
Section 10 – Measurements and calculations
Section 11 – Data processing installations

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 IS 3646 – Code of practice for interior illumination
- This code has 8 parts
Part 1 - General requirements and recommendations for working interiors
Scope
- The primary objective of this part of the code is to indicate the factors which should be taken
into account to achieve good lighting.
- It confines itself primarily to the lighting of working interiors, such as factories, workshops,
offices, commercial premises, public buildings, hospitals and schools, keeping two objects in
mind, namely, to make the task easy to see and to create a good visual environment.
Part 2 - Schedule for values of Illumination and glare index
Scope
- This standard covers the recommended values of illumination and limiting values of glare
index.
- In this, a table with values of illumination and limiting values of glare index is given according
to the general standards of lighting described in this code and related to many occupations
and buildings.
- The great variety of visual tasks makes it impossible to list them all and those given should be
regarded as representing types of task. EEE Dept. MITS 9
 IS 5216 : Recommendation on safety procedures & practices in electrical work
- It is essential that safety should be practiced at all times by all concerned in installation,
operation and maintenance of electric lines and apparatus.
- This code has 4 parts
Part I General
Part II Life saving techniques
Part III Safety posters
Part IV Special guidance for safety in electrical work in hazardous
Part 1 : General
- This gives recommendations regarding safety procedures and practices which should be
followed to the extent applicable in all major electrical installations such as generating stations,
industrial establishments, transmission and distribution lines and cable networks
- It has the following sections
Section 1 – Statutory regulations : It is the duty of all persons who may be concerned with the
installation, operation and maintenance of electric lines and apparatus to make themselves
thoroughly familiar with the regulations and safety rules governing the work they may have to
undertake on these lines and apparatus.
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Section 2 – Permit to work system: All work on major electrical installations shall be carried out
under permit-to-work system which is now well established, unless standing instructions are
issued by the competent authority to follow other procedures.
Section 3 – Register of messages: All messages and instructions relating to the operation of
switches and other important communications concerning the work shall be recorded in the
register of messages, preferably by an independent person not directly connected with the work.
Section 4 – Safety instructions for working on low & medium voltage mains and apparatus
Section 5 - Safety instructions for working on high voltage mains and apparatus
Section 6 – Workmen’s safety devices & appliances
Section 7 – Safety practices
Section 8 – Training of employees
Part 2 : Life saving techniques
- Most accidents are generally due to carelessness and result in fall, fire or electric shock to
personnel. Extreme care is therefore recommended while working on, or in close proximity to
live mains or apparatus.
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- However, in cases of untoward accidents, the safety instructions are to be strictly adhered to
with speed and precision by personnel.
- The object of this standard is therefore to cover, the DO’s and DON’TS instructions to be
adhered to in the case of an accident and details of the life saving techniques
- This standard (Part II) covers methods of dealing with electrical accidents and techniques for
saving the life of a person who is affected.
- It has the following sections
Section 1 – Accidents : First aid, fire fighting & resuscitation, reporting accidents
Section 2 – Treatment for electric shock
Section 3 – Artificial respiration

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 Indian Electricity Act 2003 (IEA 2003)
- The Electricity Act, 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to transform the power
sector in India.
- The act covers major issues involving generation, distribution, transmission and trading in
power.
Need of the new act
- Before Electricity Act, 2003, the Indian Electricity sector was guided by The Indian Electricity
Act, 1910 and The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act,
1998.
- The generation, distribution and transmission were carried out mainly by the State Electricity
Boards in various States.
- Due to politico-economic situation, the cross-subsidies reached at an unsustainable level.
- For the purpose of distancing state governments from tariff determination, The Electricity
Regulatory Commissions Act was enacted in 1998.
- So as to reform electricity sector further by participation of private sector and to bring in
competition, Electricity Act was enacted inEEE2003.
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Main objectives are
- Consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of
electricity
- Taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition
therein
- Protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas
- Rationalization of electricity tariff
- Ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies
- Promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies,
- Constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and establishment of
Appellate Tribunal and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

• The Electricity Act, 2003 has 18 parts

• In Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2022, it is mentioned that now Electricity Private Company will
also be able to distribute.
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 Part 6 : Distribution of electricity
- This part explains the provisions with respect to distribution licensee
- The various sections in this part are
Section 42 : Duties of distribution licensee and open access
- This section explains the duties and rights of a distribution licensee
Section 43 : Duty to supply on request
- This section explains about the responsibility of a distribution licensee to give supply to a customer on
request
Section 44 : Exceptions from duty to supply electricity
- This section explains the conditions under which the distribution licensee can take exception from the
duty of supply electricity to customers
Section 45 : Power to recover charges
- This section explain the rights of the distribution licensee to bill the customers as per the tariff
approved by regulatory commission
Section 46 : Power to recover expenditure
- This section explain the rights of the distribution licensee to recover any expenses reasonably incurred
in providing any electric line or electrical plantEEE
used for the purpose of giving that supply.
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Section 47 : Power to require security
- This section explain the rights of the distribution licensee to collect a reasonable security from
the customers
Section 48 : Additional terms of supply
- This section explain the additional terms for supplying electricity to a customer by the
distribution licensee
Section 49 : Agreement with respect to supply or purchase of electricity
- This section explain the rights of certain consumers as approved by appropriate commissions
to supply or purchase electricity through open access
Section 50 : The Electricity Supply Code
- According to this section, the State Commission shall specify an electricity supply code to
provide for recovery of electricity charges, intervals for billing of electricity charges,
disconnection of supply of electricity for non-payment thereof, restoration of supply of
electricity; measures for preventing tampering, distress or damage to electrical plant, or
electrical line or meter etc.
Section 51 : Other businesses of distribution licensees
- As per this section, a distribution licensee may, with prior intimation to the appropriate
commission, engage in any other businessEEE for optimum
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Section 52 : Provisions with respect to electricity traders
- In this section, the requirements of an electricity trader is listed in terms of the technical
requirement, capital adequacy requirement and credit worthiness for being an electricity
trader
Section 53 : Provisions relating to safety and electricity supply
- In this section, the requirements of the distribution licensee regarding provisions relating to
safety and electricity supply, in consultation with the State Government.
- The safety measures in protecting the public, eliminating & reducing risks etc.
Section 54 : Control of transmission and use of electricity
- In this section, the restrictions in electricity transmission & usage is listed.
- As per this section, no person other than the Central Transmission Utility or a State
Transmission Utility, or a licensee shall transmit or use electricity at a rate exceeding two
hundred and fifty watts and one hundred volts
Section 55 : Use of meters
- In this section, the details regarding the installation of a meter for accounting the usage of
electricity by a customer EEE Dept. MITS 17
Section 56 : Disconnection of supply in default of payment
- In this section, the details of disconnection of supply to a customer under default of payment
of electricity bill is described
Section 57 : Consumer Protection: Standards of performance of licensee
- This section describes the penalties to the distribution licensee, if a licensee fails to meet the
standards specified by the commission
Section 58 : Different standards of performance by licensee
- Here, the appropriate commission specify different standards for a class or classes of licensee.
Section 59 : Information with respect to levels of performance
- As per this section, every licensee shall, within the period specified by the Appropriate
Commission, should furnish to the Commission the details regarding the level of performance
achieved and the number of cases in which compensation was made and the aggregate
amount of the compensation.
Section 60 : Market domination
- As per this section, the commission should make sure that any licensee or generating
company enters into any agreement or abuses its dominant position or enters into a
combination which is likely to cause or causes an adverse effect on competition in electricity
industry. EEE Dept. MITS 18
 Part 9 – Central electricity authority
- This part explains the constitution and functions of central electricity authority
- The various sections in this part are
Section 70 : Constitution of Central Electricity Authority
- There shall be a body to be called the Central Electricity Authority to exercise such functions
and perform such duties as are assigned to it under this Act.
- The Authority shall consist of not more than fourteen Members (including its Chairperson) of
whom not more than eight shall be full-time Members to be appointed by the Central
Government.
- The Central Government may appoint any person, eligible to be appointed as Member of the
Authority, as the Chairperson of the Authority, or, designate one of the full time Members as
the Chairperson of the Authority.
- The Members of the Authority shall be appointed from amongst persons of ability, integrity
and standing who have knowledge of, and adequate experience and capacity in, dealing with
problems relating to engineering, finance, commerce, economics or industrial matters.

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Section 71 : Members not to have certain interest
- No Member of the Authority shall have any share or interest, whether in his own name or
otherwise, in any company or other body corporate or an association of persons (whether
incorporated or not), or a firm engaged in the business of generation, transmission,
distribution and trading of electricity or fuel for the generation thereof or in the manufacture
of electrical equipment.
Section 72 : Officers and staff of Authority
- The Authority may appoint a Secretary and such other officers and employees as it considers
necessary for the performance of its functions under this Act and on such terms as to salary,
remuneration, fee, allowance, pension, leave and gratuity, as the authority may in
consultation with the Central Government
Section 73 : Functions and duties of Authority
- The Authority shall perform such functions and duties as the Central Government may
prescribe or direct, and in particular to advise the Central and state Government on the
matters relating to the national electricity policy, formulate short-term and perspective plans
for development of the electricity system
- Specify the technical standards for construction of electrical plants, electric lines and
connectivity to the grid
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Section 74 : Power to require statistics and returns
- It shall be the duty of every licensee, generating company or person generating electricity for
its or his own use to furnish to the Authority such statistics, returns or other information
relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity as it may
require and at such times and in such form and manner as may be specified by the Authority.
Section 75 : Directions by Central Government to Authority
- In the discharge of its functions, the Authority shall be guided by such directions in matters of
policy involving public interest as the Central Government may give to it in writing.
Part 10 – Regulatory commissions
- This part explains the constitution, powers and functions of Central Commission
- The various sections in this part are
Section 76 : Constitution of Central Commission
- There shall be a Commission to be known as the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission to
exercise the powers conferred on, and discharge the functions assigned to it under this Act.
- The Chairperson and Members of the Central Commission shall be appointed by the Central
Government on the recommendation of the Selection Committee
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Section 77 : Qualifications for appointment of Members of Central Commission
- The Chairperson and the Members of the Central Commission shall be persons having
adequate knowledge of, or experience in, or shown capacity in, dealing with, problems
relating to engineering, law, economics, commerce, finance or, management
Section 78 : Constitution of Selection Committee to recommend Members
- The Central Government shall, for the purposes of selecting the Members of the Appellate
Tribunal and the Chairperson and Members of the Central Commission, constitute a Selection
Committee consisting of Member of the Planning Commission, Secretary-in-charge of the
Ministry of the Central Government dealing with the Department of the Legal Affairs,
Chairperson of the Public Enterprises Selection Board, Secretary-in-charge of the Ministry of
the Central Government dealing with power, central government nominees etc.
Section 79 : Functions of Central Commission
- The Central Commission shall discharge the following functions, namely (a) to regulate the
tariff of generating companies owned or controlled by the Central Government (b) to regulate
the tariff of generating companies other than those owned or controlled by the Central
Government (c) to regulate the inter-State transmission of electricity (d) to determine tariff for
inter-State transmission of electricity (e) to issue licenses to persons to function as
transmission licensee and electricity trader with respect to their inter-State operations etc.
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Section 80 : Central Advisory Committee
- The Central Commission may, by notification, establish with effect from such date as it may
specify in such notification, a Committee to be known as the Central Advisory Committee.
- The Central Advisory Committee shall consist of not more than thirty-one members to
represent the interests of commerce, industry, transport, agriculture, labor, consumers, non-
governmental organizations and academic and research bodies in the electricity sector.
Section 81 : Objects of Central Advisory Committee
- The objects of the Central Advisory Committee shall be to advise the Central Commission
Section 82 : Constitution of State Commission
- Every State Government shall constitute a Commission for the State to be known as the (name
of the State) Electricity Regulatory Commission
- The State Commission shall consist of not more than three Members, including the
Chairperson.
- The Chairperson and Members of the State Commission shall be appointed by the State
Government on the recommendation of a Selection Committee
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Section 83 : Joint Commission
- A Joint Commission may be constituted by an agreement to be entered into (a) by two or
more Governments of States; or (b) by the Central Government, in respect of one or more
Union territories, and one or more Governments of States
Section 84 : Qualifications for appointment of Chairperson and Members of State Commission
- The Chairperson and the Members of the State Commission shall be persons of ability,
integrity and standing who have adequate knowledge of, and have shown capacity in, dealing
with problems relating to engineering, finance, commerce, economics, law or management.
Section 85 : Constitution of Selection Committee to select Members of State Commission
- The State Government shall, for the purposes of selecting the Members of the State
Commission, constitute a Selection Committee
Section 86 : Functions of State Commission
- The State Commission shall discharge the following functions, namely, (a) determine the tariff
for generation, supply, transmission and wheeling of electricity, wholesale, bulk or retail, as
the case may be, within the State.
- Regulate electricity purchase and procurement process of distribution licensees including the
price at which electricity shall be procured from the generating companies or licensees
- Facilitate intra-State transmission and wheeling of electricity etc.
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Section 87 : State Advisory Committee
- The State Commission may constitute a Committee to be known as the State Advisory
Committee.
- The State Advisory Committee shall consist of not more than twenty-one members to
represent the interests of commerce, industry, transport, agriculture, labor, consumers, non-
governmental organizations and academic and research bodies in the electricity sector
Section 88 : Objects of State Advisory Committee
- The objects of the State Advisory Committee shall be to advise the Commission on (i) major
questions of policy (ii) matters relating to quality, continuity and extent of service provided by
the licensees (iii) compliance by licensees with the conditions and requirements of their
license (iv) protection of consumer interest etc.
Section 89 : Term of office and conditions of service of Members
- The Chairperson or other Member shall hold office for a term of five years from the date he
enters upon his office
Section 90 : Removal of Member
- A member is removed from office if he (a) has been adjudged an insolvent (b) has been
convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Appropriate Government, involves moral
turpitude (c) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a Member etc. 25
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 National Electrical Code (NEC 2011)
- Electrical installations require adequate planning right from concept stage to layout and
designing, selection of proper equipment, their installation and their maintenance.
- Fundamental aspects of installation practice are common for most of the types of electrical
installations.
- To standardize the electrical installations in India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) developed
National Electrical Code.
Scope of the National Electrical code
- The National Electrical Code covers the following:
a) Standard good practices for selection of various items of electrical equipment forming part of
power systems
b) Recommendations concerning safety and related matter in the wiring of electrical
installations of buildings or industrial structures, promoting compatibility between such
recommendations and those concerning the equipment installed
c) General safety procedures and practices in electrical work
d) Additional precautions to be taken for use of electrical equipment for special environmental
conditions like explosive and active atmosphere.
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- The Code applies to electrical installations such as those in: a) Standby/emergency generating
plants and building substations b) Domestic dwellings c) Office buildings, shopping and
commercial centers and institutions d) Recreation and other public premises e) Medical
establishments f) Hotels g) Sports buildings h) Industrial premises j) Temporary and
permanent outdoor installations k) Agricultural premises m) Installations in hazardous areas
and n) Solar photovoltaic installations
- The Code applies to circuits other than the internal wiring of apparatus.
- The Code does not apply to traction, motor vehicles, installations in rolling-stock, on board-
ships, aircraft or installations in underground mines.
- The Code covers only electrical aspects of lightning protection of buildings and in so far as the
effects of lightning on the electrical installations are concerned.
- It does not cover lightning protection aspects from structural safety point of view.
- The Code is also not intended to apply to, a) Systems of distribution of energy to public and b)
Power generation and transmission for such systems.
- The Code also does not cover guidelines on the payment for electrical work done in
installations.
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- It has 8 parts. 27
 Section 9 – Wiring installations
- A major portion of fixed installation design in a building relates to wiring installation.
- This Section of the Code is primarily intended to cover guidelines on design and construction
of wiring installations which are commonly applicable to all types of occupancies.
- The requirements specified in this Section are based on safety and reliability considerations.
Scope
- Section 9 of the Code covers the essential design and constructional requirements for
electrical wiring installations
- The important topics under this section are
➢ General and common aspects for selection of wiring systems
➢ Mains intake and distribution of electrical energy in consumers premises
➢ Wiring systems
➢ Equipment, fittings and accessories

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 Section 10 – Short circuit calculations
- Circuit calculations are performed for checking the adequacy of the electrical equipment for
any electrical system that is characterized by the type of distribution system comprising of
transformers, bus, cables etc.
- The essential requirements and methods associated with following calculations are covered in
this Section:
a) Short circuit calculations in 3 phase ac systems.
b) Current carrying capacity and Voltage drop calculations for cables and flexible cords.
Scope
- Section 10 covers guidelines and general requirements associated with circuit calculations,
namely, short circuit calculations and voltage drop calculations for cables and flexible cords.
- The important topics under this section are
➢ Short Circuit Calculations
➢ Calculations for Current Carrying Capacity and Voltage Drop for Cables and Flexible Cords

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 Kerala Electricity Supply code 2014
- The Kerala electricity supply code is published by Kerala electricity regulatory commission
- As per Indian electricity act 2003, the state electricity regulatory commission shall publish an
electricity supply code to provide guidance for recovery of electricity charges, interval for
billing of electricity charges, disconnection of supply, measures for preventing tampering,
damage to electrical plant or meter or line, entry of distribution licensee etc
- It has 9 chapters
- Chapter 1 : Preliminary – it contain definitions and interpretations of different terminologies
used
- Chapter 2 : System, Safety and standards of supply of electricity – it explains the duties of
distribution company to develop, maintain and extend the distribution system, Frequency and
voltage levels of supply, Limits of connected loads and contract demand for new LT
connections, . Wiring in the premises of the consumer etc.
- Chapter 3 : General conditions of supply of electricity
- Chapter 4 : Security deposit for electricity charges and meter
- Chapter 5 : Procedures and processes
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- Chapter 6 : Metering
- Chapter 7 : Billing and mode of payment
- Chapter 8 : Disconnection, dismantling and reconnection
- Chapter 9 : Theft, unauthorized use and other irregularities
- Chapter 10 : Review and amendment to the code
- Chapter 11 : General provisions

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 Graphical symbols and signs as per NEC for electrical installations
- Section 3 of the National Electrical Code covers graphical symbols for diagrams, letter symbols
and signs

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 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- The International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) is a non profit making, non governmental
international standards organization that prepares & publishes international standards for all
electrical, electronic & related technologies (collectively known as electrotechnology)
- IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission &
distribution to home appliances & office equipment, semiconductors, fiber optics, batteries,
solar energy, nano technology etc.

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 Classification of building services
- Building services are those aspects of buildings that make the building worth of its purpose for
which they are designed
- These services include
1. Major building services : Major building services are
i) Lighting & ventilation ii) Air conditioning iii) Lift & escalators
- These are called major services because the amount of electrical energy required for these
services are considerably high
2. Minor building services : These include
i) Electric audio systems v) CC TV system
ii) Electric call bell systems vi) Cable TV network
iii) Electric clock systems vii) Data networking
iv) Fire alarm system
- These are called minor services because the amount of electrical energy consumed by these
services are low.
- The types & number of minor building services depend on the type & occupancy of the
building
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 Classification of voltages
- AC voltage is classified according to the voltage level as follows
❖ Low Voltage: The voltage which does not normally exceed 250 V

❖ Medium Voltage: The voltage which normally exceeds 250 V but does not exceed 650 V

❖ High Voltage: The voltage which normally exceeds 650 V (but less than 33 kV)

❖ Extra High Voltage: The voltage exceeding 33 kV under normal conditions

- The AC nominal system voltages is 230/400 V with the tolerance of ± 10 %

Standard Declared Voltage

- For Single-phase, Two-Wire System, the standard voltage shall be 230 V.

- For Three-phase System, the standard voltages shall be as under: 415 V, 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 22 kV, 33
kV, 66 kV, 110 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV

- The standard DC distribution voltage shall be 220/440

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Voltage Limits for AC Systems
- The voltage at any point of the system under normal conditions shall not depart from the
declared voltage by more than the values given below:
a) 6% in the case of low or medium voltage

b) 6% on the higher side or 9% on the lower side in the case of high voltage

c) 12.5% in the case of extra high voltage.

Standard system frequency
- The standard system frequency shall in 50 Hz.
- The limits within which the frequency is to be maintained are governed by the Indian
Electricity Rules.
- As per the Indian electricity rules, the permissible range of grid frequency is ±3% of the
nominal frequency, i.e, 48.5 to 51.5Hz

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 Safety aspects of Electrical system design
- Two important aspects of electrical system design are
1. To assure the proper functioning of the installation intended by the user or designer
2. To provide safety to person, livestock and property against damage & danger from the
electrical installation
- The system designers shall incorporate adequate protective measures to provide protection
against the following
1. Protection against direct contact
- The main aim of this protection is to prevent person & livestock coming in direct contact with
live part of the installation.
- This can be achieved by preventing current passing to the body of an person by limiting its
magnitude to a value lower than perceptible shock current
2. Protection against indirect contact
- Electrical gadgets are manufactured with external bodies which are conductive in nature
- Under normal condition, it has zero potential
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- Due to some installation failure, the external body becomes partially conductive & it will cause
threat to users
- Protection under this condition is achieved by
➢ Preventing the current to pass through the body of any person or livestock
➢ Limiting the magnitude of current to perceptible level
➢ By automatic disconnection of supply in the event of fault
➢ Do regular inspection of equipment
3. Protection against thermal effect
- Electrical installations must be designed so that there is no risk of ignition of flammable
materials due to high temperature of conductive parts or due to electric arc.
- The design should guarantee that under normal operation there will be no risk of person
suffering from burns due to thermal effect.
4. Protection against over current
- It is done by
1) Automatic disconnect of supply in the event of over current before it reaches to dangerous
value taken into account of its duration
2) By limiting the max. value of current to safe value & duration
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5. Protection against fault current
- Adequate measure should be taken to see that all conductors other than live conductors and
any other parts intended to carry a fault current shall be capable of carrying the fault current
without reaching excessive temperature levels
6. Protection against under/over voltage
- Over voltage occur in the system due to lightning, switching, faults etc.
- There shall be measures incorporated in the system to protect the persons & livestock from
over voltages
- In industries, under voltage can lead to overloading of motors or unwanted tripping of starters
- This causes production loss
- Therefore most of the modern starting devices are equipped with under voltage protection

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 Steps to be taken for safety precaution against electric shock
- An electric shock is the pathophysiological effect of an electric current through the human
body.
- Its passage affects essentially the muscular, circulatory and respiratory functions and
sometimes results in serious burns.
- The degree of danger for the victim is a function of the magnitude of the current, the parts of
the body through which the current passes, and the duration of current flow
- When a current exceeding 30 mA passes through a part of a human body, the person
concerned is in serious danger if the current is not interrupted in a very short time
- Normally electric shock causes due to two types of contact
1. Direct contact
- A direct contact refers to a person coming into contact with a conductor which is live in
normal circumstances

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2. Indirect contact
- An indirect contact refers to a person coming into contact with an exposed conductive-part
which is not normally alive, but has become alive accidentally (due to insulation failure or
some other cause).
- The fault current raise the exposed-conductive-part to a voltage liable to be hazardous which
could be at the origin of a touch current through a person coming into contact with this
exposed-conductive-part

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Protection against direct contact
1. Protection by the insulation of live parts
• This protection consists of an insulation which complies with the relevant standards
2. Protection by means of barriers or enclosures
• This measure is in widespread use, since many components and
materials are installed in cabinets, assemblies, control panels and
distribution boards
3. Partial measures of protection
• Protection by means of obstacles, or by placing out of arm’s reach
• This protection is Partial measures of protection only to locations to which skilled or instructed
persons only have access
4. Additional measure of protection against direct contact
• An additional measure of protection against the hazards of direct contact is
provided by the use of residual current operating device, which operate at 30 mA
or less, and are referred to as RCDs of high sensitivity
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Protection against indirect contact
- Touching a normally dead part of an electrical equipment which has become live due to the
failure of its insulation, is referred to as an indirect contact.
- Various measures are adopted to protect against this hazard, and include:
1. Automatic disconnection of the power supply to the connected electrical equipment
2. Special arrangements such as:
➢ The use of class II insulation materials, or an equivalent level of insulation
➢ Non-conducting location, out of arm’s reach or interposition of barriers
➢ Equipotential bonding
➢ Electrical separation by means of isolating transformers

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 Previous University Questions
1. Mention the scope of Indian electricity act 2003 in brief?
2. Describe electric services in buildings?
3. What are the steps to be followed for safety precautions against electric shock?
4. What are the importance of IS 3043, IS 732?
5. What are the safety aspects that have to be considered while doing electrical dwelling in LV & MV installations?
6. Explain the significance of IS codes in electrical system design?
7. Explain the significance of NEC 2011?
8. Explain classification of voltages, its specifications, tolerances and frequencies used for domestic installations.
9. Draw the standard symbols for i. Direct on Line starter ii. Underground cable iii. Spot light
10. Describe any six safety measures incorporated in electrical system design
11. Draw the standard symbols for i. Circuit breaker ii. 6A socket iii. Electric fault iv. Spot light v. Auto transformer vi.
Single pole switch
12. What are the main objectives of Electricity Regulatory Commission?

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 Other Questions
1. List the names of three major building services and three minor building services.
2. What are the major changes that has been brought about in Indian Electricity Act 2003?
3. Which are the standard voltages used in Electrical systems in India?
4. What are the 3 phase AC voltages in India and their permissible limits?
5. Enumerate 5 safety measures incorporated in electrical system design?
6. Draw the standard graphical symbols as given in NEC for a) Circuit breaker b) star delta starter c) fuse
disconnector d) autotransformer e) energy meter

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