UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL – RECOLETOS

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – G.E.C. DEPARTMENT
PAASCU Accredited

PHEDO702A
First Aid and Water Safety
Prepared by the Faculty members of Physical Education – General Education Courses
Department of University of Negros Occidental- Recoletos

Professor/Instructor:
FRANCISCO III P. PALMA, LPT, MAEd-PE (CAR)

This course material belongs to:

Student’s Name: Course & Year:

P.E. Schedule: P.E. Instructor:

Introduction

(Course Orientation)

I. Course Code: PHEDO702A

II. Course Title: FIRST AID AND WATER SAFETY

III. Course Description: This course involves the study and practice of First Aid and Water Safety that
emphasizes the ability of an individual to administer primary health care assistance and to swim well enough
to care for one-self and others in ordinary situations. It emphasizes the development and improvement of
total fitness, skills, and general knowledge with the purpose of safety and survival, attaining excellence, and
the optimum development of skills.

Moreover, this course allows you to learn and improve your knowledge, skills, and personality at your own
pace in the different sports disciplines through individual and group activities to gain further information on
specific topics.

VI. Credit Units: 4

V. Course Outcomes:
After the different activities learned in this course, the students must have:
1. identified the different First Aid measures and their procedures;
2. demonstrated the proper procedures for CPR and AR;
3. performed the fundamentals skills of swimming and its safety;
4. applied the rules and regulations of various swimming skills and water safety;
5. recognized hazardous water conditions and practices;
6. trained individuals to be competent in dealing with critical life situations.
7. developed the ability to be efficient in the management of the body and water safety;
8. demonstrated the different swimming strokes through demonstration;
9. embodied the characteristics of a first professional in real-world situations; and
10. discovered desirable social attitudes through inter-relationship of the individual and the group
simulation of the skills.

IV. University’s VMGO

VISION

A Catholic University committed to the integral formation of the human person with a passion for
excellence and service to Church and Society.

MISSION

An Augustinian Recollect University that educates the mind and heart by providing the climate, the
structure, and the means to develop the vocation, knowledge, skills, talents, and attitude of the community
as permeated by the Gospel values for the service of humanity, love, and praise to the One God.
CORE VALUES

Service and Community Life; Interiority; Marian and Moral Integrity; Peace and Justice; Love; Passion
for Excellence

GOALS: The University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos translates its mission statement into the
following four domains of schooling:

1. Academic: Continuing education with religion as the core to qualified persons with a preferential
option for the poor from elementary to the graduate levels;
2. Non-Academic: Opening of opportunities for the development of skills and talents in the areas of
sports and cultural endeavors;
3. Community Extension: Complementation of the study programs with inter-disciplinary outreach
projects that will enable the academic community to be involved in the promotion of the total
development of man and
4. Research: Enrichment of existing academic programs and broadening of knowledge through
functional, ethical resources for the authentic good of individuals and society.

5. OBJECTIVES

At the end of the formation, the students are expected to be:

1. Spiritually sound individuals who are Christ-centered and MARIAN-inspired.

2. Intellectually cultured individuals who can rationally and eloquently communicate their ideas
and appreciate the arts as the reflections of the infinite beauty of God;
3. Morally healthy individuals who can weigh values with a great sense of accountability;
4. Physically healthy individuals who give due respect to the body, keeping it fit as a temple of
the HOLY SPIRIT;
5. Culturally conscious individuals who value heritage earned by past generations, enriching it by
promoting desirable traditions and rendering authentic service to the Church and the country
for the common good;
6. Socially concerned individuals who are sensitive and responsive to the needs of the
marginalized sector of the community and society;
7. Technically proficient individuals who are superior in useful skills in the practice of
professions; and
8. Scholarly leaders of science who extend the frontiers of knowledge through experimentation
and verification, bringing about a deeper evaluation of problems that will make them see the
synthesis of faith, reason, culture, and life profoundly.

6. Course Requirements:

Class Attendance, Quizzes, Written Examination, Practical Exam, Wearing of prescribed P.E. and sports
attire during class and individual activity.

7. Materials Needed:

Module, Laptop, First Aid, and Swimming Equipment

 8. Grading System
Class Standing (Quizzes, Attendance, Participation, Assignments, Oral Reports): 40%

Examinations (Written/Practical): 60%

100%
Prelim - 30%
Midterm - 30%
Final - 40%
Sem. Grade - 100%

Textbooks/References:

The American Red Cross. (1981) Washington D.C. Swimming and Aquatic Safety.
The American Red Cross. (2015) Washington D.C. First Aid and Water Safety.
Department of Education, WA. (2016). Swimming instructor handbook and guidelines SCIS NO: 1553678
ISBN NO: 9780-7307-4399-6.
COURSE FIRST AID AND WATER SAFETY
MODULE No. 1
UNIT Unit 1: Introduction to First Aid
COVERAGE Characteristics of First Aider
Objectives & Importance of First Aid
General Directions for First Aiding
First Aid Measures for Selected Situations.
DURATION A.Y. 2022-2023 | 2nd Semester | Prelim Term | 4 Hours

I. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
Awareness and deeper understanding of the first aid measures and how to manage different
critical life situations by administering first aid properly. Also, the importance of being physically
active and encourage them to live an active healthy lifestyle through fun and active participation
in any recreational sports and activity.
II. Essential Questions
1. Why first aid is important?
2. How can you administer first aid properly?
3. What are the things that you need to consider in administering first aid?

III. Augustinian-Recollect Value Integration

Truth, Integrity, and Solidarity

IV. Lesson Proper

I. Introduction to First Aid

First Aid

- An emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is
available. First aid may save a life or improve certain vital signs, including pulse, temperature, a patent
(unobstructed) airway, and breathing. In minor emergencies, first aid may prevent a victim's condition
from worsening or provide relief from pain. (AMERICAN RED CROSS, 2015)
- Is the immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly becomes ill? It includes self-
help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. It also includes well-selected
words of encouragement, evidence of willingness to help, and promotion to confidence by
demonstration of competence. (AMERICAN RED CROSS, 2015)

Importance of First Aid

1. To save a life.
2. To prevent permanent disability
3. To reduce prolonged hospitalization.
Objectives of First Aid

1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent further injury, damage, or danger.
3. To prolong life.

Characteristics of First Aider

1. Observant – the first aider should notice all signs and symptoms of the illness.
2. Resourceful – the first aider should make the best use of things at hand.
3. Gentle – the first aider should not cause pain to the victim/patient.
4. Tactful – the first aider should not alarm the victim/patient.
5. Sympathetic – the first aider should be comforting on the feelings and pain experienced by the
victim/patient.

II. General Directions for First Aiding

1. Don’t panic. The first aider must remain calm so that he or she has a clear mind during the emergency
situation.
2. Ensure the safety of the area. In an emergency, the first aider must first make sure that they are is safe for
him/her and the victim. He/she should transport the victim to a safer place if necessary.
3. Check for vital functioning. The first aider should assess and monitor the pulse and breathing of the
victim.
4. Check for injuries. The first aider must conduct a careful physical examination of the victim to prevent
further injury. In cases of multiple injuries, the first aider should know which problem to treat first.
5. Give the needed first aid urgently. The first aider must be capable of applying necessary and appropriate
steps to attain the objectives of first aiding.
6. Keep the victim lying down. The victim should be examined in a lying position to immobilize the body.
7. Keep the victim warm. This would help the victim recover faster by increasing the circulation of blood
throughout the body. The victim may be provided with a jacket, a blanket, or a body heat transfer by
embracing the victim.
8. Do not give fluids to an unconscious or partly conscious person. This must be noted by every person,
not only the first aiders and rescuers. The water may enter the windpipe and block the airway passage. Do
shaking him because it might cause further injury.
9. Following injury, do not lift a gasping person by the belt. This may aggravate injuries of the back or
internal organs.
10. Reassure the victim. The first aider should explain to the victim the first aid to be done and how it will
help him/her reduce the feelings of anxiety.
11. Be reluctant to make statements. The first aider should be reluctant to give statements to the victim and
bystanders about the injuries. It is not included within the first aider's tasks to diagnose, evaluate, and
predict illnesses and injuries, but only to provide needed immediate care. (AMERICAN RED CROSS,
2015)
First Steps in Emergency

1. Survey the scene – evaluate the situation and the area for possible danger to you or the victim. Determine
what happened and how many people were injured. Look for bystanders who can help you.
2. Rescue - The next step is to rescue anyone whose life is in danger. Otherwise, never move an injured
person until medical help arrives. Moving someone who has a head, neck, or spine injury could cause
further serious or fatal injury.
3. Send for medical help – ask for help. Do not leave the injured person until you have checked for a life-
threatening condition.

Initial Assessment Priorities

1. Determine whether the victim is conscious or unconscious.

2. Check ABC’s (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation of the blood).
3. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) – a lifesaving procedure designed to revive a person who is not
breathing and has no heartbeat. At this stage, the person is TECHNICALLY DEAD.
4. Control Bleeding – if breathing and circulation are adequate, the next priority is to stop severe, life-
threatening bleeding.
a. Direct pressure
b. Elevation
c. Tourniquet
5. Treat Poisoning – as soon as the victim's ABC's are in order, and the bleeding stopped, the next to be
treated is poisoning. (AMERICAN RED CROSS, 2015)

Learning Activity #1:

Injuries can happen anytime and anywhere. You cannot always keep yourself and others from getting hurt
but you can protect yourself and others when get injured with a first aid kit. As first aider, first aid kit is our
main partner.

Direction: Identify and draw 5 things that you can find in a first aid kit and explain their functions
one by one in a short bond paper and submit a photo of your work online.

III. FIRST AID MEASURES FOR SELECTED SITUATIONS

Several emergencies that occur most often and some details on the procedures and processes of first aiding are
presented below. It is very important that lectures on this part of the lesson should be coupled with enough
demonstrations and return demonstrations by instructors and students, respectively. (AMERICAN RED CROSS,
2015)
1. SHOCK
Shock is a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital body functions. It can threaten
life even though the injuries or conditions that caused the depression may not otherwise be fatal. The
critical functions are depressed when there is a loss of a significant amount of blood volume, a reduced
blood flow, or an insufficient supply of oxygen.

Causes of Shock

a. Significant loss of blood

b. Heart failure
c. Dehydration
d. Severe and painful blows to the body

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

a. Sweaty but cool skin (cold and

clammy)
b. Paleness of the skin
c. Restlessness or nervousness
d. Thirstiness and dry mouth
e. Fast and shallow breathing
f. Dilated pupils
g. Rapid pulse
h. Nausea or vomiting

First Aid Measures for Shock

a. Lay the Person Down, if Possible.
a. Elevate the person's feet about 12 inches unless head, neck, or back is injured or you
suspect broken hip or leg bones.
b. Do not raise the person's head.
c. Turn the person on side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth.
b. Begin CPR, if Necessary.
c. Keep Person Warm and Comfortable
a. Loosen restrictive clothing.
b. Cover with a coat or blanket.
c. Keep the person still. Do not move the person unless there is danger.
d. Reassure the person.
e. Do not give anything to eat or drink.

2. DROWNING
Drowning is a type of asphyxia (inability to breathe) related to either respiration of fluids or
obstruction of the airway caused by spasm of the larynx while the victim is in the water. Drowning is a
major cause of accidental death, occurring in swimming, diving, and other water activities, usually in
unsupervised water areas.
 First Aid Measures for Drowning

 Place the drowning person on their back on a flat surface and be careful when handling them as they may
be unconscious after bumping their head against something.
 Try to call the drowning person and shake their shoulders to make sure they are responding.
 If the person does not respond, check their breathing.
 Ask someone to call 911.
 If the person is breathing, place them in the recovery position and warm them up with clothes or blankets.
Change their wet clothes while waiting for the ambulance.

Note: If breathing and circulation is negative, administer CPR.

This photo shows the recovery position of nearly drowned victims.

3. CRAMPS/MUSCLE CRAMPS - is a sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your muscles.
If you've ever been awakened in the night or stopped in your tracks by a sudden charley horse, you know
that muscle cramps can cause severe pain. Though generally harmless, muscle cramps can make it
temporarily impossible to use the affected muscle.

 Causes

Overuse of a muscle, dehydration, muscle strain or simply holding a position for a prolonged period can cause a
muscle cramp. In many cases, however, the cause isn't known.

Although most muscle cramps are harmless, some may be related to an underlying medical condition, such as:

 Inadequate blood supply. Narrowing of the arteries that deliver blood to your legs (arteriosclerosis
of the extremities) can produce cramp-like pain in your legs and feet while you're exercising. These
cramps usually go away soon after you stop exercising.
 Nerve compression. Compression of nerves in your spine (lumbar stenosis) also can produce cramp-
like pain in your legs. The pain usually worsens the longer you walk. Walking in a slightly flexed
position — such as you would use when pushing a shopping cart ahead of you — may improve or
delay the onset of your symptoms.
 Mineral depletion. Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in your diet can contribute to leg
cramps. Diuretics — medications often prescribed for high blood pressure — also can deplete these
minerals.
  Symptoms

Most muscle cramps develop in the leg muscles, particularly in the calf. Besides the sudden, sharp pain, you might
also feel or see a hard lump of muscle tissue beneath your skin.

First Aid Measures for Muscle Cramps

 Stretch and massage. Stretch the cramped muscle and gently rub it to help it relax. For a calf cramp, put
your weight on your cramped leg and bend your knee slightly. If you're unable to stand, sit on the floor or
in a chair with your affected leg extended.

Try pulling the top of your foot on the affected side toward your head while your leg remains in a
straightened position. This will also help ease a back thigh (hamstring) cramp. For a front thigh
(quadriceps) cramp, use a chair to steady yourself and try pulling your foot on the affected side up
toward your buttock.

 Apply heat or cold. Use a warm towel or heating pad on tense or tight muscles. Taking a warm bath or
directing the stream of a hot shower onto the cramped muscle also can help. Alternatively, massaging the
cramped muscle with ice may relieve pain.

4. WOUND is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body, either internal or external. Wounds are
classified as open and closed. An open wound is a break in the skin or in a mucous membrane. A closed
wound involves tissues without a break in the skin or a mucous membrane.

 An open wound, in which the skin has been torn, cut, or punctured, can happen from things such
as falls, bites, or burns. A surgical incision (cut) is also a type of an open wound.
 A closed wound is when the injured area is under the skin and not exposed to the air. But it can still
become infected with germs and may develop into an abscess.

Some common causes of wounds:

 Scratch, or flesh wound: graze, falling.

 Puncture wound: needle, nail, or other sharp object.
 Cut: paper, knife.
 Bruise: falling, being hit, being squeezed.
 Bite: the bite of a human or animal.
 Gunshot wound firearm.
1. Open Wounds

1. Abrasion - occurs when your skin rubs or scrapes against a rough

or hard surface. Road rash is an example of an abrasion. There’s
usually not a lot of bleeding, but the wound needs to be scrubbed
and cleaned to avoid infection.

2. Laceration - is a deep cut or tearing of your skin. Accidents with

knives, tools, and machinery are frequent causes of lacerations.
In the case of deep lacerations, bleeding can be rapid and

extensive.

3. Puncture - a small hole caused by a long, pointy object,

such as a nail or needle. Sometimes, a bullet can cause
a puncture wound. Punctures may not bleed much, but these
wounds can be deep enough to damage internal organs. If
you have even a small puncture wound, visit your doctor to
get a tetanus shot and prevent infection.

4. Avulsion - is a partial or complete tearing away of skin and the

tissue beneath. Avulsions usually occur during violent accidents,
such as body-crushing accidents, explosions, and gunshots. They
bleed heavily and rapidly.

First Aid Measures for Open Wounds

1. Stop the visible bleeding by applying pressure to the wound.

2. Clean the wound under running water.
3. If the wound is a small cut (made by a knife or paper, for example) press the edges together and
close the wound with surgical tape.
4. If there is a foreign object attached to the tissue (for example a splinter or a knife), do not remove
it.
5. Cover the wound with a protective bandage.
2. Closed Wounds
1. Contusions – blunt trauma causing pressure damage to the skin and/or
underlying tissues.

2. Blisters - are small pockets of fluid that usually form in the upper
layers of skin after it's been damaged. Blisters can develop
anywhere on the body but are most common on the hands and feet.
Fluid collects under the damaged skin, cushioning the tissue
underneath.

3. Hematoma – a blood-filled area that develops under the skin

or tissue (occurring when there is internal blood vessel
damage to an artery or vein)

First Aid Measures for Closed Wounds

1. To care for a closed wound, you can apply an ice pack to the area to decrease bleeding beneath
the skin.
2. Applying cold also can be effective in helping to control both pain and swelling.
3. Fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap ice in a wet cloth and apply it to the injured area
for periods of about 20 minutes.

a. Place a thin barrier between the ice and bare skin.

b. Remove the ice and wait for 20 minutes before reapplying.
c. If the person is not able to tolerate a 20-minute application, apply the ice pack for periods of
10 minutes on and off.
d. Elevating the injured part may help to reduce swelling. However, do not elevate the injured
part if it causes more pain.

5. HYPERVENTILATION – rapid or deep breathing, usually caused by anxiety or panic. This

over breathing, as it is sometimes called, may leave you feeling breathless.

When you breathe, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Excessive breathing may lead to
low levels of carbon dioxide in your blood, which causes many of the symptoms that you may feel
if you hyperventilate.

Signs and Symptoms

1. Dizziness or lightheadedness
2. Shortness of breath
3. Belching, bloating, dry mouth
4. Weakness, confusion
5. Numbness and tingling in your arms or around your mouth
6. Muscle spasms in hands and feet, chest pain and palpitations
  First Aid Measures for Hyperventilation

1. Be firm but reassuring.

2. Lead the patient to a quiet place.
3. Explain to the patient what is happening.
4. Ask patient to hold their breath, this will reduce the respiratory rate.
5. Encourage slow deep breathing.
6. Breathing through their nose will help reduce the loss of carbon dioxide.
7. The patient could take sips of water to help reduce the numbers of breaths taken.

Note: THE USE OF A PAPER BAG IS NO LONGER ADVOCATED AS IT CAN CAUSE

DANGEROUSLY LOW O2 LEVELS

6. HYPOTHERMIA – (abnormally low body temperature) and frostbite are both dangerous conditions that can
happen when a person is exposed to extremely cold temperatures.

The following are warnings signs of hypothermia:

Adults:

 Shivering
 Exhaustion or feeling very tired
 Confusion
 Fumbling hands
 Memory loss
 Slurred speech
 Drowsiness
Babies:

 bright red, cold skin

 very low energy

 First Aid Measures for Hypothermia

1. Get the person into a warm room or shelter.
2. Remove any wet clothing the person is wearing.
3. Warm the center of the person’s body—chest, neck, head, and groin—using an electric blanket, if
available. You can also use skin-to-skin contact under loose, dry layers of blankets, clothing,
towels, or sheets.
4. Warm drinks can help increase body temperature, but do not give alcoholic drinks. Do not try to
give beverages to an unconscious person.
5. After body temperature has increased, keep the person dry and wrap their body, including their
head and neck, in a warm blanket.
7. HEAT INJURY - is an environmental injury when one is overexposed to extreme heat or high temperature.

Types of Heat Injury

a. Heat cramps happen when there are inadequate salt and electrolytes in the body.
b. Heat exhaustion is caused by a low amount of water in the body.
c. Heatstroke is caused by a failure of the body’s cooling mechanism.

Signs and Symptoms

a. Muscle cramps in the arms, legs or stomach

b. Wet, sweaty skin
c. Extreme thirst
d. Weakness
e. Dizziness
f. Headache
g. Tingling of hands and feet
h. Rapid but weak respiration and pulse
i. Victim may lose consciousness.

First Aid measures

a. Transfer the victim to a cool or shady area.

b. Loosen tight clothing.
c. Have the victim drink slowly at least one liter of water.
d. Apply cold compress or ice batch if available.
e. Elevate the victim’s legs in a stroke position.
f. Monitor the victim until the symptoms lessen or disappear.
g. Seek a doctor’s assistance if symptoms persist.

8. CHOKING (Airway Obstruction)

Choking is the blocking of the airway that occurs when a foreign object gets lodged in the
respiratory tract. It may be partial or complete. To determine whether the obstruction is partial or
complete, ask the patient if he or she is choking. If he or she can talk, then the obstruction is partial.
However, if the patient is unable to talk, then the obstruction is complete.
 First aid for Partial Obstruction
a. Calm the patient. Anxiety may cause him or her to move unnecessarily and it may cause the foreign
object to move further into the respiratory tract and cause a complete obstruction.
b. Instruct the patient to forcefully cough out the foreign object. Do not attempt to reach into the throat
of the patient with your fingers and swipe the foreign object. This may cause the object to be
punished down into the windpipe.
c. If coughing is ineffective, assist the patient by delivering several back blows between the shoulder
blades with the heel of your hand.
d. Observe for complete airway obstruction.

First aid for Complete Obstruction

a. Perform abdominal thrust known as the Heimlich Maneuver, done
in the following manner.
1. Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around his or her
waist. Let the person lean slightly forward.
2. Make a fist with one hand and grasp the fist with the other
hand.
3. Position the fist above the patient’s belly button.
4. Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust.
5. Repeat five times.
b. If the Heimlich Maneuver fails after 5 times, apply five back blows between shoulder blades
with the heel of your hand.
c. If the person is unconscious, call for medical help and
perform CPR to dislodge the obstruction.

Source: [Link]
aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637
COURSE FIRST AID AND WATER SAFETY
MODULE No. 2
UNIT Unit 2: Introduction to Artificial Respiration and Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation

COVERAGE Introduction to AR and CPR

Application of AR and CPR
DURATION A.Y. 2022-2023 | 2nd Semester | Prelim Term | 4 Hours

I. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
Awareness and deeper understanding of artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Mastery of the proper procedures of AR and CPR in any emergency and how to
administer properly. Also, the importance of active participation in any class activities and
discussions.
II. Essential Questions
1. Why CPR and AR important?
2. In what situation you can administer AR and CPR?
3. What are the things that you need to consider in administering AR and CPR?

III. Augustinian-Recollect Value Integration

Truth, Integrity and Solidarity

IV. Lesson Proper

Lesson 2
Introduction to Artificial Respiration and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Definition of terms:

1. Artificial Respiration (AR) is a procedure to manually pump or blow air into the lungs of a person when his
or her normal or natural breathing is inadequate or has ceased.
2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure done to continue the circulation of
oxygen and blood inside a person’s body when cardiac and respiratory functioning has stopped. This is an
effort to preserve brain functioning by allowing oxygen to circulate form the lungs to the brain arteries.
3. A defibrillator is a machine used parallel with CPR that delivers a measured amount of electric shock to
restore an appropriate rhythm for the heart’s natural pacemaker. (AMERICAN RED CROSS, 2015)
4. Ventilation is an action by the first aider in the administration of CPR that allows air to enter the lungs of the
patient, either by mouth-to-mouth delivery or by an artificial airway (endotracheal tube). (AMERICAN RED
CROSS, 2015)
5. Compression is an action by the first aider in the administration of CPR wherein the hands and arms are used
to manually pump the heart of the victim in a definite rhythm to continue the circulation of the blood from the
lungs to the heart to the brain when cardiac functioning has stopped. (AMERICAN RED CROSS, 2015)
Method of Conducting AR and CPR

1. Survey the Scene. In every rescue, safety is the primary consideration.

2. Introduce yourself to the public/victim. You may introduce yourself this way: ―I am ____ (name of first
aider), a trained first aider and rescuer, may I help?‖
3. Tap the shoulder of the victim three times to assess for responsiveness. You may say, "Hey sir, hey sir, are
you okay? Hey sir, hey sir, are you okay? Hey sir, hey sire, are you okay?" if the victim responds in any
way, such as groaning or talking, check for injuries and place in the recovery position if there are none.
4. Ask for help and activate medical assistance or EMS (Emergency Medical Services). If the victim is
unresponsive, the rescuer shall request a specific person to call for an ambulance or a vehicle for
transportation, if the rescuer does not know anyone in the area, then ask a person nearby to activate EMS.
The person may be identified by the color of the shirt or by asking his or her name. Rescuers may be
guided with the letters DCAPBTLS in the preliminary survey:
D – Deformity
C – Contusion
A – Abrasion
P – Puncture
B – Burn
T – Tenderness
L – Laceration
S – Swelling
5. Check for vital functioning. If the victim is unresponsive, check for the pulse and
breathing for about 5 seconds. Apply Look-Listen-Feel to assess breathing and
check the radial or carotid pulse of the victim to assess circulation, as shown in
the picture.
6. If breathing is negative, but the pulse of the victim is positive, perform Artificial
Respiration (AR) by following this procedure:
 Remove any foreign objects inside the mouth (if present) such as
dentures or retainers. If there are fluids in the mouth, turn the patient
sideways to drain the fluid with gravity.
 Open airway using the Head Tilt-Chin Lift method or the Jaw-Thrust
Method (if there is suspected spinal injury).
 Pinch the nostrils with the thumb and index finger then place your
mouth over the victim’s mouth. Blow air into the victim’s airway,
making sure that no air escapes as you blow into the mouth, then watch
for the rising of the chest. If the chest does not rise, then check the
airway for any obstruction. If the chest rises, continue with AR until the
victim breathes on his or her own, or until medical assistance arrives.

7. If breathing and pulse are negative, apply Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR):

 Shock first. If the rescuer is trained in using the Defibrillator and the
machine is available, deliver one shock, then proceed with CPR.
 Put the victim on his or her back onto a flat, hard surface or a cardiac
board (if available)
 Spell ABC (A-Airway; B-Breathing; C-Circulation). Apply 30
compressions by following this procedure.
 Kneel next to the person’s neck and shoulders.
 Place the heel of the dominant hand on the center of the victim’s
chest, between the nipples (if male) or between the breasts (if female).
  Place the non-dominant hand over the dominant hand. Interlace the fingers but make sure the
force is delivered onto the heel of the hand and not on the fingers.
 Keep elbows straight and position shoulders directly above the hands.
 Use the force from the shoulders and arms to push straight down on
the chest for at least 2 inches in depth. Push hard at a rate of 100
compressions per minute.
 After 30 compressions, deliver 2 ventilations following the procedure
for Artificial Respiration.
 Thirty (30) compressions with two (2) ventilations 1 CYCLE. Perform
(5) five cycles then reassess vital functioning.
 If vital functioning returns, place the victim in the recovery position (if
there is no suspected spinal injury) and wait for medical assistance.

 If vital functioning is absent, perform another five cycles until medical

assistance arrives.
 Do not stop until the five cycles are completed. If another rescuer is
present, he or she may substitute and continue the cycles if the first
rescuer is exhausted. If medical assistance arrives before the five
cycles are done, inform the medic on the number of cycles you have
performed so that he or she will allow you to finish before they take Source: [Link]
SJC_4H/files/[Link]
over

Prepared by:

Erjane P. Magdato, LPT, MAEd

Nerwin Alester I. Bodios, LPT, MAEd (CAR)
P.E. Instructors