Activity 01: A.C.
Circuit Analysis: To demonstrate
concepts like phase, frequency and peak-to-peak voltage
on CRO/DSO (EEE_2707101)
STUDENT NAME: Valay J. Kumbhalkar
ROLL NO : E232
BATCH : E2B
PRN NO:202301070197
GROUP NO
Objective: To demonstrate concepts like phase, frequency, and peak-to-peak
voltage using a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) or Digital Storage Oscilloscope
(DSO)
Equipment Needed:
- CRO or DSO
- Function generator
- Connecting cables
- BNC probes
- AC power source (if needed)
Concepts to be Demonstrated:
1. Phase Difference: This shows the time difference between two waveforms. For
this, you'll need two waveforms, typically sine waves.
2. Frequency: This refers to the number of complete cycles of a waveform in one
second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).
3. Peak-to-Peak Voltage: This is the difference in voltage between the maximum
positive and minimum negative points of a waveform.
Activity:
1. Set Up the Equipment:
- Connect the function generator's output to Channel 1 (CH1) of the CRO/DSO
using a BNC cable.
- Turn on the CRO/DSO and the function generator.
- Adjust the settings on the function generator to generate a sine wave.
- Set the frequency to a known value (e.g., 1 kHz).
- Set the peak-to-peak voltage to a suitable level (e.g., 5V).
2. Display the Waveform:
- Adjust the time/div (horizontal scale) on the CRO/DSO so that you can clearly
see at least one full cycle of the waveform.
3. Measure Frequency:
- Use the cursors on the CRO/DSO to measure the time period of one complete
cycle. The reciprocal of this value will give you the frequency.
4. Measure Peak-to-Peak Voltage:
- Use the vertical controls on the CRO/DSO to ensure that the waveform is
properly scaled. Adjust the volts/div setting so that you can clearly see the peaks and
valleys.
- Use the cursors to measure the voltage difference between the highest and lowest
points of the waveform.
5. Introduce Phase Difference:
- Connect a second function generator (or use a dual-channel function generator if
available).
- Connect the output of the second function generator to Channel 2 (CH2) of the
CRO/DSO.
- Adjust the settings on the second function generator to generate a sine wave with
a slightly different frequency or phase.
6. Measure Phase Difference:
- Display both waveforms on the CRO/DSO.
- Use the cursors to measure the time difference between corresponding points
(e.g., peaks) of the two waveforms. This will give you the phase difference.
7. Discuss Results:
- Analyze the measurements and discuss how they relate to the concepts of
phase, frequency, and peak-to-peak voltage.
Wave 1 Wave 2
Phase Difference:-
Observation Table & Calculations :
Sr Values
No
1. Frequency 908HZ
2. Peak to peak Voltage 5.88V
3. Phase difference 50
Frequency:
Time Period = 0.0011 ms*1
Time Period = 0.5ms
Frequency = 1/T = 908HZ
Peak to peak Voltage :
Peak to peak Voltage= 5.88V
Phase difference :
Phase difference = 50
Conclusion : Hence Frequency is 2kHz , Peak to peak Voltage = 18V, Phase
difference = 50
Systematic Errors :
1. Calibration Errors : A systematic errors could be introduced if the
CRO/DSO is not accurately calibrated .This could result in incorrect
measurements of voltage ,phase or frequency.
2. Probes Errors: If the oscilloscope probes used in the experiment are not
properly calibrated or have inherent inaccuracies, it can introduce systematic
errors in the measurements.
3. Temperature Drift : Change in temperature during the experiment may affect
the properties of electronic components ,leading to systematic errors.
Random Errors:
1. Noise : Random noise in the electrical signals being measured can introduce
random errors .
2. Human Errors :Variability in how the experimenter sets up and operates the
CRO/DSO or records measurements can lead to random errors .
[Link] Fluctuation : Small ,random fluctuations in the input signal itself can
introduce random errors in the experiment.
4. Noise : Random noise in the electrical signals being measured can introduce
random errors .
5. Human Errors :Variability in how the experimenter sets up and operates the
CRO/DSO or records measurements can lead to random errors .
[Link] Fluctuation : Small ,random fluctuations in the input signal itself can
introduce random errors in the experiment.