One-tail area 0.05 0.

005
Two-tail area 0.010 0.0010
3.335 5.041
Sample t = 4.363

x 1−x 2
t=

√
2 2
s1 s2
+
x 1−x 2 n1 n2
z=

√
2
o 1 o2
2 ¿
2 2 2
+ s1 s2
n1 n 2 ( + )
n1 n2
¿ d . f .=
¿α s12 2 s 22 2
n ≥ 30 ( ) ( )
n1 n2
+
n1−1 n2−1
n<30

NOTE:
In hypothesis testing, follow the five steps.
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Set the alpha value (level of significance) and identify the rejection region.
Using the alpha look for the z value of critical value.
3. Compute the test statistics.
4. Make a decision.
5. Make an interpretation and conclusion.

How to test μ1−μ2 and find a confidence interval when both σ 1∧σ 2 are unknown?

(x 1−x 2)(μ 1−μ2) x1 −x2

Use t=

√ √
2 2 2 2
s1 s2 s1 s 2
+
n1 n2
= +
n1 n2
when μ1−μ2 =0

¿ ¿
¿ ¿

Use the formula

( x 1−x 2 ¿ -E< μ1−μ2 <( x 1−x 2)+E

Where

E= Z c
√ o1 2 o2 2
+
n1 n 2
c = confidence level (0<c<1)
Z c = critical value for confidence level c based on the standard normal distribution.

Step 3
( x 1−x 2)(μ 1−μ2) (21.8−18.9)

√ √
2 2
s1 s2 8.72 7.52
+ +
n1 n2 = 12 12 = 0.875
¿ ¿
¿ ¿
( x 1−x 2 ¿ -E< μ1−μ2 <( x 1−x 2)+E

E=T c
√ s 12 s 22
+
n1 n2
c = confidence level (0<c<1)
T c = critical value for confidence level c based on the standard normal distribution.
The confidence interval is
( x 1−x 2 ¿ -E< μ1−μ2 <( x 1−x 2)+E
Where x 1−x 2= 21.8 - 18.9 = 2.9 min.

E=T c
√
s 12 s 22
+
n 1 n 2 = 2.201 √
8.72 7.52
+
12 12 = 7.3 min.
So, ( x 1−x 2 ¿ -E< μ1−μ2 <( x 1−x 2)+E
2.9 - 7.3 < μ1−μ2 < 2.9 + 7.3
Thus the confidence interval is -4.4 min < μ1−μ2 < 10.2 min

Solve:
x 1−x 2= 11.4 – 9.9 = 1.5 min

E= Z c
√
Substitute;
o1 2 o2 2
+
n1 n 2 = 1.96 √ 2.5 2 3.02
+
10 12
=2.30 min

( x 1−x 2 ¿ -E< μ1−μ2 <( x 1−x 2)+E

1.5 – 2.30 < μ1−μ2 < 1.5 – 2.30
-0.80 min < μ1−μ2 < 3.8 min

Step 3
Solve for the test statistic:
r 1 295 r 2 350
^
P 1= ^
P 2= = =0.560
=
n1 625 = 0.472 ; n2 625
^ ^ 2= 0.472 - 0.560= -0.088
P 1− P
r 1 +r 2 295+350
p= = =0.516 ; q=1− ^p = 0.484
n1 +n 2 625+625
Since P1−P2=0
( ^P1− P^ 2 ) −(P1−P 2)
Z=
√ 1 1
+ )
p q(
n1 n 2
−0.088−0

√
= ( 0.516 ) (0.484)( 1 + 1 ) = -3.11
265 265
Using the values of the given examples:
r 1 295 r 2 350
^
P 1= ^
P 2= = =0.560
=
n1 625 = 0.472 ; n2 625
^ ^ 2= 0.472 - 0.560 = -0.088
P 1− P

E=Z c o^ =Z c
√ p1 q1 p2 q2
n
1
+ 2 =1.65
n
=(1.65)(0.02816) = 0.046
625√
(0.472)(0.528) ( 0.560 ) (0.440)
+
625

^
Substitute: ^ 2)−E < p1− p2 <^
(P ¿ ¿1 −P ^ 2 )+ E ¿ ¿¿ ¿
(P ¿ ¿1− P
0.088−0.046< p1 −p 2< 0.088+0.046=−0.134< p 1− p2 ←0.042

Formula:
^
^ 2)−E < p1− p2 <^
(P ¿ ¿1 −P ^ 2 )+ E ¿ ¿¿ ¿
(P ¿ ¿1− P

^ =Z c
Where E=Z c o
c = confidence level (0<c<1)
√ p1 q1 p2 q2
n
1
+ 2
n

Z c = critical value for confidence level c

Null hypothesis
H 0 : p 1− p2=0∨equivalently , H 0 : p 1= p2

Alternative hypothesis
H1 Type of test
H 1 : p 1− p2 <0∨equivalently , H 0 : p1 < p2 Left-tailed
H 1 : p 1− p2 >0∨equivalently , H 0 : p1 > p2 Right-tailed
H 1 : p 1− p2 ≠ 0∨equivalently , H 0 : p1 ≠ p 2 Two-tailed
sis
Use the formula for the test statistic:
( ^P1− P^ 2 ) −(P1−P 2)
Z=
√ p q(
1 1
+ )
n1 n 2
where z= test statistic
p = pooled estimate of proportion of success
q=1− ^p = pooled estimate of proportion of success
r1 r2
^
P 1= ; ^ P 2=
n1 n2
r 1 +r 2
To solve p= n +n
1 2

CHARACTERISTICS
No. of groups Two independent groups
No. of data sets Two but unpaired
No. of variables One
Data used in hypothesis testing Quotient of the sample variances

Right-tailed Left-tailed Two-tailed

2 2 2 2 2 2
H 0 :o1 =o2 H 0 :o1 =o2 H 0 :o1 =o2
2 2 2 2 2 2
H 1 : o1 >o 2 H 1 : o1 >o 2 H 1 : o1 ≠ o2

Smokers Nonsmokers

n1=26 n2 =18
Variance = 36 Variance = 10
 α 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
F 1.84 2.19 2.56 3.08 3.51

α 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

F 1.84 2.19 2.56 3.08 3.51

American Airports Foreign Airports

36.8 73.5 60.7 51.2
72.4 61.24 42.7 38.6
60.5 40.1

American Airports Foreign Airports

x x
2 x x
2

36.8 1354.24 60.7 3684.49

72.4 5241.76 442.7 1823.29
60.5 3660.25 51.2 2621.44
73.5 5402.25 38.6 1489.96
61.2 3745.44
40.1 1608.01

∑x = 344.5 ∑ x 2= 21011.95 ∑x= 193.2 ∑ x 2=9619.96

n ( ∑ x 2 )−( ∑ x ) 6 ( 21011.95 ) −( 344.5 )

2 2
S1= = =246.38
n ( n−1 ) 6 ( 6−1 )
n ( ∑ x 2 )−( ∑ x ) 4 ( 2 9619.96 )−193.22
2
S2= = =95.87
n ( n−1 ) 4 ( 4−1 )
2
S 1 246.38
F= 2 = =2.57
S2 95.87

α 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

F 1. 5.31 9.01 14.88 28.24 45.39
Group variance - it finds the variance of the means.
Bet
we
en Group variance - it computes the variance using all the data
2. and is not affected by the differences in the means.
Wit
hin

x 1=11.8 x 1=3.8 x 1=7.6

2 2 2
S =5.7 S =10.2 S =10.3

Z x 10+12+ 9+…+ 4
x gm= = =7.73
N 15
2 ∑ni ( x1 −x gm )2
SB =
k−1
 2 2 2
2 5 (11.8−7.73) +5 (3.8−7.73) +5(7.6−7.73)
SB =
3−1
2 160.1335
SB = =80.07
2
NOTE: This formula finds the variance among the means by using the
sample sizes as weights and considers the differences in the means.

2
Sw = ∑ ¿ ¿
2 104.8
Sw = =8.73
12
NOTE: This formula finds an overall variance by calculating a weighted average of
the individual variances. It does not involve using differences of the means.

PATIENT B A
Scores Before counseling Scores After counseling
Jan 121 76
Tom 93 93
Diane 105 64
Barbara 115 117
Mike 130 82
Bill 98 80
Frank 142 79
Carol 118 67
Alice 125 89

PATIENT B A
Scores Before Scores After d = B-A (d - d ¿ (d −d)
2
counseling counseling
Jan 121 76 45 11.67 136.1889
Tom 93 93 0 -33.33 1110.8889
Diane 105 64 41 7.67 58.8289
Barbara 115 117 -2 -35.33 1248.2089
Mike 130 82 48 14.67 215.2089
Bill 98 80 18 -15.33 235.0089
Frank 142 79 63 29.67 880.3089
Carol 118 67 51 17.67 312.2289
Alice 125 89 36 2.67 7.1289

∑ d 45+0+ 41+21+48+ 18+63+51+36

d= = =33.33
n 9

Sd =
√ ∑ (d−d)2

Since µd=0, we use

d−1
=
9−1√
4204.0001
=22.92

d √ N 33.33 √ 9
t= = =4.363
Sd 22.92

x −µ
Z=
o
n
Using the formula:
x −µ
Z=
o =z=3 Using the formula:
n x −µ
Z=
o = z = 2.19
n
Using the formula:
x −µ Formula:
Z=
o = z = -2.667 x−µ
n t=
s
n

x 1−x 2
t=

√
2 2
s1 s2
+
x 1−x 2 n1 n2
z=

√
2
o 1 o2
2 ¿
2 2 2
+ s1 s2
n1 n 2 ( + )
n1 n2
¿ d . f .=
¿α s12 2 s 22 2
n ≥ 30 ( ) ( )
n1 n2
+
n1−1 n2−1
n<30

POOLED VARIANCE:
2 ( d f 1 ) s 12+ ( d f 2 ) s 22
S P=
( d f 1) + ( d f 2 )
( x− y )−( µ1−µ2 ) ( x− y )
t= t=

√ √ s2 p s2 p
2 2
s p s p
+ +
n1 n 2 n1 n2
¿ ¿
¿ n<30 ¿ n<30

2 ( d f 1 ) s 12+ ( d f 2 ) s 22
S P=
( d f 1) + ( d f 2 )
( 28 ) (1.54)2 + ( 24 ) (0.89)2
S2 P =
28+24
2
S P=1.6426
 ( x− y ) ( 28.5−26.1 )
t= t= =¿

√ √
2 2
sp sp 1.6426 1.6426
+ + 6.8615
n1 n2 29 25

Formula:
x−µ x−µ
t= becomes t=
ox od
√n √n

Twin pair Experimental Group Control Group

B = Reading age A = Reading age
1 58 60
2 61 64
3 53 52
4 60 65
5 71 75
6 62 63

∑ d −14
d= = =−2.33
n 6

Sd =
d−1
Since µd=0, we use
√
∑ (d−d)2
=
23.3334
6−1
=2.16
√
d √ N −2.33 √ 6
t= = =−2.642
Sd 2.16

Formula for testing μ1−μ2 =0

(x 1−x 2 )(μ 1−μ2 ) (x 1−x 2)
z=

√ √
2 2 2 2
o 1 o2 o 1 o2
+ = +
n1 n2 n1 n2
(x 1−x 2 )(μ 1−μ2 )
z= =¿ (11.49−9.9) =1.28

√ √
2 2
o 1 o2 2.52 3.02
+ +
n1 n2 10 12

Null hypothesis
H 0 : p 1− p2=0∨equivalently , H 0 : p 1= p2

Alternative hypothesis
H1 Type of test
H 1 : p 1− p2 <0∨equivalently , H 0 : p1 < p2 Left-tailed
H 1 : p 1− p2 >0∨equivalently , H 0 : p1 > p2 Right-tailed
H 1 : p 1− p2 ≠ 0∨equivalently , H 0 : p1 ≠ p 2 Two-tailed

2
SB 80.07
F= 2
= =9.17
Sw 8.73

Step 1: Find the mean variance of each sample.

 2 2 2
( x 1 , s1 ¿ , ( x 2 , s2 ¿ ,…, ( x k , sl ¿

Step 2: Find the Grand mean .

Zx
x gm=
N

Step 3: Find the between-group variance

2 ∑ni ( x1 −x gm )2
SB =
k−1
Step 3: Find the within -group variance.
2
Sw = ∑ ¿ ¿
Step 5: : Find the F value
2
SB
F= 2
Sw

Zx
x gm=
N
7+14 +32+19+10+11+ 10+1+1+ 0+11+1+1+12+ 9+ 1+ 1+ 11
x gm=
18
x gm=8.44

2 ∑ni ( x1 −x gm )2
SB =
k−1

2 6 ( 15.5−8.44 ) +6 ( 4.0−8.44 )+ 6(5.8−8.44)

SB =
3−1

6 ( 49.8436 ) +6 (19.7136 ) +6(6.9696)

S B2 =
2
2
S B =299.58

2
Sw = ∑ ¿ ¿
2 ( 6−1 ) ( 81.9 ) + ( 6−1 )( 25.6 )+ ( 6−1 ) (29.0)
Sw =
( 6−1 ) + ( 6−1 ) + ( 6−1 )
2
Sw =45.5
2
SB
F= 2
Sw
229.58
F=
45.5
F=5.05