2004 年 5 年 TOEFL 年年

Section One: Listening Comprehension：

1. [Link] woman and the man have B. Ask Mary what she is doing
plans to eat out together. tonight.
[Link] woman would prefer to stay C. Invite a group of friends to go to
home this evening. the movie.
[Link] man has changed his mind D. Tell Mary about the movie.
about the new restaurant.
[Link] man is sorry he cannot join
the woman for dinner. 7. A. Professor Campbell changed
the conference time.
2. A. A plane trip. B. He is planning to stay until the
B. A rental car. conference is finished.
C. A hotel room. C. He will not attend the concert.
D. Concert tickets. D. He will wait for the woman.

3. [Link] woman did not remember 8. A. She recently purchased laundry

her appointment. detergent.
[Link] woman needs to get a B. She will buy some detergent for
calendar. the man.
C. The appointment must be C. The Laundromat is around the
changed to a different day. corner.
D. The calendar shows the wrong D. The man can buy detergent at the
month. store.

4. A. The woman should continue 9.A. It is next to the Holiday Motel.

driving. B. It is nicer than the Holiday Motel.
B. They will arrive late for dinner. C. It is very inexpensive.
C. He forgot to make reservations. D. It is a little farther than the
D. He is not sure what is wrong with Holiday Motel.
the car.
10. A. She does not believe it will
5. A. She did not realize that their snow.
team had won. B. Snow in October is unusual.
B. Their team nearly lost the game. C. Canadian winters are rather long.
C. She called to find out the score of D. Winter is her favorite season.
the game.
D. Their team usually wins its 11. A. He lost his wallet on a trip to
games. Germany.
B. His private lessons did not help
6.A. Join him and Mary at the movie. him.

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C. His German tutor charges a museum closes.
reasonable fee. B. Check that the museum cafeteria
D. He plans to continue taking is open.
lessons. C. Leave the museum temporarily
D. Meet each other later in the day.
12. A. The committee has just begun
to write the report. 18. A. The woman should have
B. The report will be short. thrown out the newspapers herself.
C. The committee members have B. He does not know where her
just become acquainted. paper is.
D. The report is finished except for C. The woman's paper is in the trash.
the introduction. D. He does not have time to help her
look for her paper.
13. A. They should play another
time. 19. A. The woman can make her call
B. They will probably have to play in tomorrow.
the gym. B. There is a problem with the
C. He prefers to play in the gym woman's telephone.
D. It is not supposed to rain C. The airline's offices are closed.
tomorrow. D. He does not know what the
problem could be.
14. A. Type the letter as it is.
B. Change some wording in his letter. 20. A. He is very hungry.
C. Send the letter without typing it. B. He has made plans to eat with
D. Check to make sure his facts are someone else.
correct. C. He did not like what he ate for
lunch.
15. A. The woman should call the D. He will go with the woman.
professor the next day.
B. He is canceling the choir rehearsal 21. A. She is proud of the man.
because of illness. B. She does not want to see the
C. The woman will feel better in a man's test.
day or two. C. She also got a good grade.
D. He will turn up the heat in the D. She has not taken the test yet.
choir room.
22. A. He will tell the woman what to
16. A. They should take another do.
route to the bank. B. The meeting will have to be
B. They turned onto the wrong road. postponed.
C. The man will get to the bank C. He will get the job done if he gets
before it closes. some instruction.
D. The bank will open soon. D. He will need to throw away most
of the papers.
17. A. Go out to eat when the

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23. A. Find another sociology course. D. He will put the equipment away.
B. Look for a job in the sociology
department. 29. A. The man did not give the
C. Ask someone to take notes for her woman the notes she needed.
on Friday. B. The man's notes were hard to
D. Change her work schedule. understand.
C. The woman wants to borrow the
24. A. She can help the man until man's sociology notes.
lunchtime. D. The woman has to organize her
B. She cannot read the applications psychology notes.
until after her class.
C. She has a class after lunch. 30. A. The man will find a job if he
D. She also plans to apply to continues to look.
graduate school. B. The man should look for a job in a
different field.
25. A. Mary will trim her hedge. C. The man can get a job where the
B. Phil has a better chance of woman works.
winning. D. The man should keep his current
C. Mary will win the election. job.
D. Phil will sit on the ledge.
31. A. She will be able to join the
26. A. He thinks the woman's economics seminar.
computer is broken. B. She has a new printer for her
B. He worked on the woman's computer.
computer for too long. C. She finished paying back her loan.
C. He sometimes gets headaches D. She got an A on her term paper.
after doing computer work.
D. He needs to take a longer break. 32. A. The importance of paying
back loans promptly.
27. A. The library closed earlier than B. A way to help people improve
she expected. their economic conditions.
B. She could not find a birthday C. Using computers to increase
present. business efficiency.
C. She picked Jack up at the golf D. The expansion of international
course. business.
D. The bookstore did not have what
she was looking for. 33. A. It is the topic of his term
paper.
28. A. The equipment has already B. He would like to find a job there.
been locked up. C. His economics professor did
B. The woman should be more research work there.
careful with the equipment. D. Microcredit programs have been
C. He knows how to operate the very successful there.
equipment.

3
34. A. Cancel her credit card. D. They were subjects of 1995
B. Sign up for the economics experiments at Los Alamos.
seminar.
C. Do research on banks in Asia. 40. A. Its mass had previously been
D. Type the man's term paper. measured.
B. Its existence had been reported
35. A. The life of a well-known by Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Canadian architect. C. Scientists were looking for a
B. The architectural design of a new particle with no mass.
museum. D. Scientists were unable to balance
C. The variety of museums in equations of energy without it.
Washington, D.C.
D. The changing function of the 41. A. That it carries a large amount
modern museum. of energy.
B. That it is a type of electron.
36. A. Both were designed by the C. That it is smaller in size than
same architect. previously thought.
B. Both are located in Washington, D. That it has a tiny amount of mass.
D.C.
C. Both feature similar exhibits. 42. A. The clearing of New England
D. Both were built around a central forests.
square. B. The role of New England trees in
British shipbuilding.
37. A. A classical temple. C. The development of the
B. A well-known museum. shipbuilding industry in New
C. A modern office building. England.
D. A natural landscape. D. The role of the British surveyor
general in colonizing New England.
38. A. Traditional views on the
purpose of a museum. 43. A. Law.
B. Traditional values of Native B. Mathematics.
Americans. C. History.
C. Traditional notions of respect for D. Engineering.
elected leaders.
D. Traditional forms of classical 44. A. Sugar maple.
architecture. B. Oak.
C. White pine.
39. A. They are examples of the D. Birch.
usual sequence of observation and
explanation. 45. A. Its width.
B. They provide evidence of B. Its height.
inaccurate scientific observation. C. Its straightness.
C. Their discovery was similar to that D. Its location.
of the neutrino.

4
46. A. M web.
B. %
C. K 49. A. Avoid attacks by other spiders.
D. -> B. Cross some water.
C. Jump to the edge of the tray.
47. A. How they swim long distances. D. Spin a long thread.
B. How they got their name.
C. How they hunt. 50. A. It would keep trying to reach
D. How they solve problems. the rock the same way.
B. It would try to reach the rock a
48. A. By changing its appearance. different way.
B. By imitating signals that the other C. The scientists would move the
spiders send. spider to the rock.
C. By spinning a large web. D. The scientists would place
D. By imitating insects caught in a another spider in the tray.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

[Link] the late 1970’s and early ___ nearly unanimously through the
1980’s, the United States developed United States Congress.
the reusable space shuttle ________to A. passed
space cheaper and easier. B. in passage
A. to make access C. having passed
B and making access D. passing
C. which made accessible
D. and made accessible. [Link] skyscrapers have a steel
skeleton of beams and columns ___a
2. Genetically, the chimpanzee is three-dimensional grid.
more similar to humans _______. A. forms
A. are than any other animal B. from which forming
B. than is any other animal C. and forming
C. any other animal is D. that forms
D. and any other animal is
[Link] average level of United States
3._______more than 65,000 described prices grew very little from 1953
species of protozoa, of which more until the mid-1960’s when
than half are fossils. ____________.
A. Being that there are A. did inflation begin
B. There being B. inflation began
C. Are there C. the beginning of inflation
D. There are D. did the beginning of inflation

[Link] Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 [Link] basis premise behind all

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agricultural production is
_____available the riches of the soil 12.____ freshwater species of fish
for human consumption. build nests of sticks, stones, or
A. to be made scooped-out sand..
B. the making A. As the many
C. making is B. Of the many
D. to make C. Many
D. Many of them are
8.___to the united states House of
Representatives in 1791, Nathaniel [Link] publishers in the
Macon remained in office until 1815. united states have estimated
A. Election ___________reads a newspaper every
B. Why he was elected day.
C. Elected A. nearly 80 percent of the adult
D. Who was elected population who
B. it is nearly 80 percent of the
9.________ of classical ballet in the adult population
united states began around 1830. C. that nearly 80 percent of the
A. To teach adult population who
B. Is teaching D. that nearly 80 percent of the
C. It was taught adult population
D. The teaching
14. The foundation of all other
[Link] universe is estimated branches of mathematics is
___between 10 billion and 20 billion arithmetic, _ science of calculating
years old. with numbers.
A. being A. is the
B. to be B. the
C. which is C. which the
D. is. D. because the

11. A situation in which an economic [Link] was ___the human-made

market is dominated by a ____ is fibers.
known as a monopoly. A. the first of which
A. single of a product seller B. what the first of
B. product single of a seller C. it the first of
C. seller of a product single D. the first of
D. single seller of a product

[Link] male cicada sound is made by specialized structures on the abdomen

and which apparently severs to attract females.

[Link] are now an everyday feature of most households in the United

States, and television viewing is the number one activity leisure.

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[Link] are one of the most abundant life forms on Earth, growing on and
inside another living things, in every type of environment.

[Link] is a greenish gas too active that even water and glass burn in it.

[Link] general, novels are thought of extended works of prose fiction depicting
the inner and outer lives of their characters.

[Link] is the inclusive term for the chemical reactions by which the
cells of an organism transforms energy, maintain their identity, and
reproduce.

[Link] most petroleum is produced from underground reservoirs,

petroleum occurs in a varieties of forms at the surface.

23.A musical organ can have pipes of two kinds: flue pipes that work like a
flute and reed pipes that operate on same principle as a clarinet.

[Link] Land Ordinance of 1784 divided the western lands belonging to the
United States into territories, each to be govern temporarily by its settlers.

[Link] there is too much pituitary hormone of too few insulin, the amount of
sugar in the blood rises abnormally, producing a condition called
hyperglycemia.

[Link] care of children during their years of relative helplessness appears to

have being the chief incentive for the evolution of family structures.

[Link] was not until the 1920’s that pollution came to be viewed by many as a
threat to the health of live on Earth.

[Link] are tiny blood cells that help transport hormones and other
chemicals throughout the body, and it play a key role in clotting blood.

29. Until the twentieth century, pendulum clocks were calibrated against the
rotation of earth by taking astronomically measurements.

[Link] rapid growth of the world’s population over the past 100 years have
led
to a great increase in the acreage of land under cultivation.

[Link] the eighteenth century, the Pawnees, descendants of the Nebraska

culture, lived in

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villages sizeable on the Loup and Platte rivers in central Nebraska.

[Link] attraction of opposite charges is one of the force that keep electrons in
orbit around of nucleus of an atom.

[Link] every the major traditions of wood carving, the one that is closest in
structure to the tree is the crest pole made by the Native Americans of the
Northwest coast.

[Link] of the fine-grained varieties of sedimentary rocks known as shales

yield oil
when distilled by hot.

[Link] 1820 there were only 65 daily newspapers in the united states, which
total daily circulation of perhaps 100,000.

[Link] Milky Way galaxy includes the Sun, its planets, and rest of the solar
system, along with billions of stars and other objects.

[Link] of sharpshooter Annie Oakley’s exploits with a gun are almost

unbelievable when
it comes to accuracy, speed of firing ,and endure.

[Link] from ancient fossils indicates the scorpion may had been among
the first land animals.

[Link], piers designed to aid in marine navigation, are constructed primary

of wood, stone, concrete, or combinations of these materials.

[Link] Barnes Foundation in Merion, Pennsylvania, was chartered in 1922 to

promotion art education by providing art classes and by establishing a
publishing program.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-10
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse
their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again
and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the
young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental
care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that
mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental
mammals -- have in common.

8
But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of
hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the
simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat
food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the
crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them
down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed
them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other
arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders
that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended
animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they
hatch.

For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental
care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in
their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any
animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must
forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young
animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are
fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater
fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded
against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species
does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent
on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no
survive.

1. What does the passage mainly D. explain why a particular feature of

discuss? mammals is nonelective
A. The care that various animals give
to their offspring. 3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest
B. The difficulties young animals face in meaning to
in obtaining food. A. sit on
C. The methods that mammals use B. move
to nurse their young. C. notice
D. The importance among young D. care for
mammals of becoming independent.
4. What can be inferred from the
2. The author lists various animals in passage about the practice of animal
line 5 to parents feeding their young?
A. contrast the feeding habits of A. It is unknown among fish.
different types of mammals B. It is unrelated to the size of the
B. describe the process by which young.
mammals came to be defined C. It is dangerous for the parents.
C. emphasize the point that every D. It is most common among
type of mammal feeds its own young mammals.

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 D. rest
5. The word "provisioning" in line 13
is closest in meaning to 8. The word "it" in line 20 refers to
A. supplying A. Feeding
B. preparing B. moment
C. building C. young animal
D. expanding D. size

6. According to the passage, how do 9. According to the passage, animal

some insects make sure their young young are most defenseless when
have food? A. their parents are away searching
A. By storing food near their young. for food
B. By locating their nests or cells B. their parents have many young to
near spiders and caterpillars. feed
C. By searching for food some C. they are only a few days old
distance from their nest. D. they first become independent
D. By gathering food from a nearby
water source. 10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is
closest in meaning to
7. The word "edge" in line 17 is A. raised
closest in meaning to B. protected
A. opportunity C. hatched
B. advantage D. valued
C. purpose

Question 11-21:
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut
and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet
of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has
been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in
reverse.

The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying
patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the
fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper.
Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of
wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white
ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away,
leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink
adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by
hand or with a printing press.

Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and
northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process

10
(from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished
metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks
the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves.
An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient
pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.

Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends

itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching
and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print.
Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and
dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of
multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-
quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear.
Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a
lower cost, to a much broader public than before.

11. What does the passage mainly closest in meaning to

discuss? A. burned
A. The origins of textile decoration B. cut
B. The characteristics of good-quality C. framed
prints D. baked
C. Two types of printmaking
D. Types of paper used in 15. Which of the following terms is
printmaking defined in the passage/
A. "patterns"(line 5)
12. The word "prime" in line 2 is B. "grain"(line 8)
closest in meaning to C. "burin"(line 16)
A. principal D. "grooves"(line 17)
B. complex
C. general 16. The word "distinctive" in line 19
D. recent is closest in meaning to
A. unique
13. The author's purposes in B. accurate
paragraph 2 is to describe C. irregular
A. the woodcuts found in China in D. similar
the fifth century
B. the use of woodcuts in the textile 17. According to the passage, all of
industry the following are true about
C. the process involved in creating a engraving EXCEPT that it
woodcut A. developed from the art of the
D. the introduction of woodcuts to goldsmiths
Europe B. requires that the paper be cut
with a burin
14. The word "incised" in line 15 is C. originated in the fifteenth century

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D. involves carving into a metal plate general public to own prints in the
sixteenth century?
18. The word "yield" in line 23 is A. Prints could be made at low cost.
closest in meaning to B. The quality of paper and ink had
A. imitate improved.
B. produce C. Many people became involved in
C. revise the printmaking industry.
D. contrast D. Decreased demand for prints kept
prices affordable.
19. According to the passage, what
do woodcut and engraving have in 21. According to the passage, all of
common? the following are true about prints
A. Their designs are slightly raised. EXCEPT that they
B. They achieve contrast through A. can be reproduced on materials
hatching and cross-hatching. other than paper
C. They were first used in Europe. B. are created from a reversed
D. They allow multiple copies to be image
produced from one original. C. show variations between light and
dark shades
20. According to the author, what D. require a printing press
made it possible for members of the

Questions 22-31:
The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States
sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first
millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops.
Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into
permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great
earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for
their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the
Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and
takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the
present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples
became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and
other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down
eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.

About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries,
it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river
along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex
civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before
the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its
strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North
America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly

12
skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an
improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool
climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so
important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun
--- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the
Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the
great sun god.

Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited

large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped
mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests
and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The
mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were
used as burial grounds.

22. What does the passage mainly D. Two important trade routes in
discuss? eastern North America
A. The development of agriculture
B. The locations of towns and 25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is
villages closest in meaning to
C. The early people and cultures of A. producing
the United States B. exchanging
D. The construction of burial mounds C. transporting
D. loading
23. Which of the following resulted
from the rise of agriculture in the 26. The word "supplanted" in line 13
southeastern United States? is closest in meaning to
A. The development of trade in North A. conquered
America B. preceded
B. The establishment of permanent C. replaced
settlements D. imitated
C. Conflicts with other Native
American groups over land 27. According to the passage, when
D. A migration of these peoples to did the Mississippian culture reach
the Rocky Mountains. its highest point of development?
A. About A.D. 400
24. What does the term "Adena- B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700
Hopewell"(line 7) designate? C. About A.D. 1200
A. The early locations of the Adena- D. In the sixteenth century
Hopewell culture
B. The two most important nations of 28. According to the passage, how
the Adena-Hopewell culture did the agriculture of the
C. Two former leaders who were Mississippians differ from that of
honored with large burial mounds. their Hopewell predecessors?

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A. The Mississippians produced more D. To provide an example of their
durable and larger crops of food. religious rituals.
B. The Mississippians sold their food
to other groups. 30. The phrase "charged with" in line
C. The Mississippians could only 26 is closest in meaning to
grow plants in warm, dry climates. A. passed on
D. The Mississippians produced B. experienced at
special foods for their religious C. interested in
leaders. D. assigned to

29. Why does the author mention 31. According to the passage, the
that many Mississippians tribes flat-topped mounds in Mississippian
called themselves "children of the towns were used for all of the
Sun"(line 22)? following purposes EXCEPT
A. To explain why they were obedient A. religious ceremonies
to their priest-chiefs. B. meeting places for the entire
B. To argue about the importance of community
religion in their culture. C. sites for commerce
C. To illustrate the great importance D. burial sites
they placed on agriculture.

Question 32-40:
Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790.
Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the
nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out
by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790
the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to
finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies,
organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in
improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the
state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a
turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from
Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to
erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected,
though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned
authority to regulate private business in this period.)

The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the
Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on
private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network
at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York
alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake
Erie.

14
Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons
and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the
Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by
German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured
large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and
its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with
canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log
cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of
stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding
three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles
held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.

32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road did states want private companies to
building in the United States mainly help with road building?
in terms of the A. The states could not afford to
A. popularity of turnpikes build roads themselves.
B. financing of new roads B. The states were not as well
C. development of the interior equipped as private companies.
D. laws governing road use C. Private companies could complete
roads faster than the states.
33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is D. Private companies had greater
closest in meaning to knowledge of the interior.
A. unsafe 37. The word "it" in line 11 refers to
B. unknown A. legislature
C. inexpensive B. company
D. undeveloped C. authority
D. payment
34. In 1790 most roads connected
towns in the interior of the country 38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is
with closest in meaning to
A. other inland communities A. investment
B. towns in other states B. suggestion
C. river towns or seaports C. increasing
D. construction sites D. copying

35. The phrase "on the threshold of" 39. Virginia is mentioned as an
in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning example of a state that
to A. built roads without tollgates
A. in need of B. built roads with government
B. in place of money
C. at the start of C. completed 1,500 miles of
D. with the purpose of turnpikes in one year
D. introduced new law restricting
36. According to the passage, why road use

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 vehicles
40. The "large, broad wheels" of the B. first found in Germany
Conestoga wagon are mentioned in C. effective on roads with uneven
line 21 as an example of a feature of surfaces
wagons that was D. responsible for frequent damage
A. unusual in mid-eighteenth century to freight

Question 41- 50:

In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North
America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively.
Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to
control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That
attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt
destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal
prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but
by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many
areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises
from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in
sediment until it reaches the surface.

Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground.
Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures,
which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks
or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is
available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert
pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of
weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary
rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between
individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of
halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and
similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable
enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other
areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within
a few generations.

The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts,
mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does
ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a
worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering
occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes
in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New
Zealand, and central Asia.

41. What is the passage mainly about?

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A. The destructive effects of salt on prying and wedging
rocks. D. introduce additional means by
B. The impressive salt rocks in Death which crystals destroy rocks
Valley.
C. The amount of salt produced in 46. The word "durable" in line 19 is
Death Valley. closest in meaning to
D. The damaging effects of salt on A. large
roads and highways. B. strong
C. flexible
42. The word "it" in line 9 refers to D. pressured
A. salty water
B. groundwater table 47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is
C. capillary action closest in meaning to
D. sediment A. arranged
B. dissolved
43. The word "exert" in line 14 is C. broken apart
closest in meaning to D. gathered together
A. put
B. reduce 48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is
C. replace closest in meaning to
D. control A. most recent
B. most common
44. In lines 13-17, why does the C. least available
author compare tree roots with D. least damaging
growing salt crystals?
A. They both force hard surfaces to 49. According to the passage, which
crack. of the following is true about the
B. They both grow as long as water effects of salts on rocks?
is available. A. Only two types of salts cause
C. They both react quickly to a rise in prying and wedging.
temperature. B. Salts usually cause damage only
D. They both cause salty water to in combination with ice.
rise from the groundwater table. C. A variety of salts in all kinds of
environments can cause weathering.
45. In lines 17-18, the author D. Salt damage at the seashore is
mentions the "expansion of halite more severe than salt damage in
crystals...by heating and of sulfates Death Valley,
and similar salts by hydration"
in order to 50. Which of the following can be
A. present an alternative theory inferred from the passage about
about crystal growth rocks that are found in areas where
B. explain how some rocks are not ice is common?
affected by salt A. They are protected from
C. simplify the explanation of crystal weathering.

17
B. They do not allow capillary action D. They contain more carbonates
of water. than sulfates.
C. They show similar kinds of
damage as rocks in Death Valley.

TWE

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should

give the same amount of money to their students' sports activities as they
give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support
your opinion.

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