CONSTRUCTION
PRACTICES
2
Objectives
Lesson 2.1 Discuss the
different contract documents
and its application in the
process of construction.
CO2 BALURAN, J.R.
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Learning
Outcome(s)
At the end of this topic, the
students will be able learn
basic construction methods
and practitioners.
Monday,
February 1, BALURAN, J.R.
20XX
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When can we say that it is Heavy Equipment?
Heavy equipment is generally characterized by its size,
weight, power, specialized functionality, and suitability
for demanding industrial applications. The specific
definition may vary based on industry standards and
local regulations.
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How and When to Choose your Equipment
1. Identify its purpose. Are you leveling the ground? Pushing
material?
2. Analyze the work site. Do you need to maneuver in tight spaces?
3. Consider the terrain. Are you working on a hard or soft surface?
4. Pinpoint material types. What type of earth are you moving?
What’s its density?
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Examples of Heavy Equipment
1. Bulldozers 8. Pavers & Rollers
2. Excavators
3. Cranes
4. Dump Trucks
5. Loaders
6. Scrapers (Wheel Tractor-Scraper)
7. Motor Graders
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Bulldozers
Bulldozers are strong construction vehicles that
mainly assist with pushing, digging, excavating,
demolition and leveling materials like soil and debris at
a work site. They come with large, heavy blades in the
front that push material. Specialized bulldozers come
with other modifications, like rippers in the rear, to help
break down tough ground.
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Bulldozers
6 Types of Bulldozers
1. Crawler Bulldozer
2. Wheel Bulldozer
3. Shiphold Bulldozer
4. Mulcher Bulldozer
5. Hybrid Bulldozer
6. Mini Bulldozer
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Bulldozers
1. Crawler Bulldozer
A crawler is sometimes referred to as
a track bulldozer and looks most
similar to a tractor. This bulldozer is
ideal for traversing dense and
irregular terrain since the tracks give
it great traction. Larger crawlers have
rippers that assist with crushing and
clearing dense terrain.
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Bulldozers
2. Wheel Bulldozer
This machine is sometimes referred
to as a tire bulldozer and is normally
larger than a crawler. A wheel dozer
is more maneuverable than a crawler
since its tires offer better overall
handling. It also has completely
articulated hydraulic steering and
moves on a smaller axis. This
machine is ideal to use for soft or
sensitive ground since the tires are
gentler than tracks.
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Bulldozers
3. Shiphold Bulldozer
A shiphold dozer is for moving cargo
in and out of commercial vessels.
They are designed with a compact
size and high maneuverability, so
they can easily operate in small
spaces. These bulldozers are
especially useful for loading and
unloading bulk cargo shipped
overseas, such as coal. These
bulldozers are often made with rust-
resistant materials, making them
more suitable for maritime worksites. BALURAN, J.R.
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Bulldozers
5. Hybrid Bulldozer
Hybrid bulldozers are ideal for
construction and other tasks where
emissions and fuel consumption is a
concern. While fairly new to the market,
hybrid bulldozer engines use traditional
internal combustion engine technology
combined with electric components —
leaving a smaller carbon footprint.
These machines are as powerful as
your traditional bulldozer and extremely
versatile..
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Bulldozers
6. Mini Bulldozer
This smaller bulldozer is also known as
a compact bulldozer. A mini dozer is
great for projects that require more
maneuverability and versatility than
larger machinery. Thanks to its small
size, a compact bulldozer can perform
well in different projects that require
tasks like grading and clearing lots.
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5 Different Bulldozer Blades
1. Straight Blades (S-Blade)
2. Universal Blade (U-Blade)
3. S-U- (Semi-U) Blade
4. Angle Blade
5. Power-Angle-Tilt (PAT) Blade
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5 Different Bulldozer Blades
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5 Different Bulldozer Blades
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5 Different Bulldozer Blades
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5 Different Bulldozer Blades
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5 Different Bulldozer Blades
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Bulldozer Parts and Functions
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Excavators
An excavator is a must on your job site when you need
to lift heavy amounts of soil. Excavators are popular
earthmoving vehicles that feature a bucket, arm,
rotating cab and movable tracks. These components
provide superior digging power and mobility, allowing
this heavy equipment to perform a variety of functions,
from digging trenches and breaking holes to lifting
away waste and excavating mines.
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7 Types of Excavators and Their Uses on
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the Construction Site
1. Crawler Excavators
2. Wheeled Excavators
3. Dragline Excavators
4. Suction Excavators
5. Skid Steer Excavators
6. Long Reach Excavators
7. Mini Excavators
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Excavators
1. Crawler Excavators
Pros: Provide greater
balance and stability on
uneven ground
Cons: Slower than some
other excavators
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Excavators
2. Wheeled Excavators
Pros: Fast and easy to
maneuver on flat
surfaces
Cons: Perform poorly on
uneven terrain
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Excavators
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3. Dragline Excavators
Pros: Dragline system is ideal for underwater
excavating and canal dreading
Cons: Weight and size make it impractical for smaller
jobs
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Excavators
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4. Suction Excavators
Pros: Added precision
reduces damage during
delicate jobs
Cons: Narrow suction
pipes are impractical for
large-scale applications
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Excavators
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5. Skid Steer Excavators
Pros: Easy to maneuver
in tight and narrow spaces
Cons: Don’t perform as
well on uneven or slippery
surfaces
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Excavators
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6. Long Reach Excavators
Pros: Pros: Longer boom
is ideal for hard-to-reach
locations and demolition
projects
Cons: Difficult to use in
tight spaces
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Excavators
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7. Mini Excavators
Pros: Easily fits into tight
spaces and can be used
indoors
Cons: Can only handle
smaller loads
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1. Digging Bucket
Best for: Digging up hard
surfaces and moving material in
general construction and
landscaping projects.
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2. Rock Bucket
Best for: Penetrating and
breaking up solid surfaces like
asphalt, stone and large sheets of
rock.
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3. Utility Bucket
Best for: Digging near utility lines
and pipes without running the risk
of striking a cable.
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4. Grading Bucket
Best for: Leveling and profiling
the ground to leave a smooth
finish, also known as grading.
Works best with softer materials
such as fine dirt and sand.
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5. Tilt Ditch Cleaning Bucket
Best for: Smoothing, cleaning
and finishing more complex
projects set on a slope or an
otherwise uneven surface.
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6. Micro Trenching Bucket
Best for: Digging narrow
trenches that are only a few
inches wide that are useful for
laying cables, pipes and irrigation
systems.
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7. Frost Bucket
Best for: Breaking up extremely
compact and hard surfaces —
especially those where rock
buckets can’t quite dig through.
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8. V Bucket
Best for: Digging and cleaning v-
shaped trenches where you will
lay pipes and cable.
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9. Skeleton Bucket
Best for: Separating aggregates
like large rocks or other materials
from dirt. Often used in projects
where you will separate dirt, soil
and sand and reuse them in other
aspects of the project.
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10. Rake Riddle Bucket
Best for: Digging out tree roots
and shrubbery while allowing soil,
dirt and other fine aggregates to
pass through.
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11. Clean-up Bucket
Best for: Cleaning up a job site
and shoveling loose materials.
You can also use it for grading
and smoothing materials for a
finished appearance.
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Cranes
Cranes have a long history of being a staple in construction
that reaches back thousands of years. Records indicate the
ancient Greeks invented the first cranes and used them as
early as 515 BC. Some reports indicate cranes were used for
water irrigation in ancient Mesopotamia, thousands of years
earlier. In fact, many ancient structures, if built today, would
need to use some sort of crane.
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Cranes
It was during the Industrial Revolution that cranes became
integral to the modernization of the world, replacing the
manual pulley system with an engine and an operator that
preceded them. Today, different types of cranes can be found
on almost any construction project, each one specializing in
its own specific task.
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Cranes
There is a downside to this variety, however: because there
are so many cranes available, it can be challenging to know
which one does what. Due to the specificity, each crane
provides, getting the wrong type can cause delays and
budget issues. Understanding the differences between each
crane can help you figure out which one to use on your
project, so you can rent the right crane at the right price.
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Cranes
To help you choose the right machine, we’ve broken down
the different types of cranes (mobile and fixed) and their uses
below.
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Mobile Cranes Fixed Cranes
1. Carry Deck Crane 1. Bridge/Overhead Crane
2. Crawler Crane 2. Bulk-handling Crane
3. Floating Crane 3. Hammerhead Crane
4. Rough Terrain Crane 4. Stacker Crane
5. Telescopic Crane
6. Tower Crane
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Mobile Cranes
1. Carry deck cranes
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Mobile Cranes
2. Crawler Crane
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Mobile Cranes
3. Floating Crane
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Mobile Cranes
4. Rough Terrain Crane
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Mobile Cranes
5. Truck-mounted Crane
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