Lecture 3 :Wireless Body Area Network

Program: Master of Research (M2)

2020/2021
Definition
What is WBAN ?
■ A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless body
area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BAN), is a
wireless network of wearable computing devices.
■ A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a special purpose
sensor network designed to operate autonomously to connect
various medical sensors and appliances , located inside and
outside the body.
■ Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a collection of low power,
miniaturized , invasive/noninvasive lightweight wireless sensor
nodes that monitor the human body functions and the
surrounding environment.
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Basic Architecture

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WBAN components and types
■ Components
– Sensors-biodegradable devices
– Transceivers-data transmissions and receptions
– Processor : masters the functioning of all the components in
WBAN
– Battery : supplies power
■ The protocols developed for WBANs can span from communication
between the sensors on the body to communication from a body
node to a data center connected to the internet.
■ Thus communication in WBAN is divided into two parts :
■ Intra body communication (In-body area network)
■ Extra body communication (Out-body area network )

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Positioning of WBAN

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Detailed architecture
■ These sensors are the main thread in the entire WBAN
architecture.
■ Roles of these sensors are specific and very precise.
■ These sensors collect values and pass them to CCU.
■ These sensors can be either implanted inside the body or can
be present over the body as a wearable device or even as a
fabric that can be worn, such as a T-shirt.

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Typical sensors used in WBAN
■ ECG
■ TEMPERATURE
■ RESPIRATION RATE
■ BLOOD PRESSURE
■ SUGAR/GLUCOSE LEVELS
■ DENTEL SENSORS
■ EEG

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Types of patient can be handle
■ Patients who are suffering from chronic diseases such as
diabetes, asthma and heart attacks.
■ A WBAN network in place on a patient can alert the hospital,
even before they have a heart attack, through measuring
changes in their vital signs.
■ A WBAN network on a diabetic patient could auto inject insulin
through a pump, as soon as their insulin level declines.

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Types of diseases
■ We can use this technology to take prearrangement measures
to control the following diseases:
– Blood pressure
– Heart attack
– Diabetes
– Glucose level
– Cancer
– Epilepsy
– Obesity
– Depression
– Sleep disorders & many others
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Working of WBAN
■ Phase 1
– Data collection by sensors
– Data acquisition by CCU
– Data storage at local storage
– Packaging and sending
■ Phase 2
– Data package sent to various communities
– In case of emergency, medical help to be provided, either by
actuators or physical help.
– Data analysis by data scientist to take conclusions out of data
collected.
– Medical record/history to be maintained for further medication.
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Three Tier Architecture

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Tier 1: WBAN
■ Consists of intelligent nodes
– Sensing
– Sampling
– Processing
– Communicating
■ ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor for monitoring heart activity
■ EMB (electromyography) sensor for monitoring muscle activity
■ blood pressure sensor

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Tier 2: Personal Server
■ Interface the WBAN sensor nodes through Zigbee or Bluetooth.
■ Connected with the medical server through mobile telephone
networks (2G , GPRS, 3G) or WLANs-Internet.
■ Implemented regularly at cell phone.
■ Functions
– Register type and number sensor node
– Manages the network channel sharing, time
synchronization , and processing data.
– Send data to MS.

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Tier 3 : Medical Server
■ Function
– To authenticate users.
– Save patient details in medical server
– Analyze the data
– Recognize serious health cases in order to contact
emergency care gives
– Forward new instruction to user.

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System Requirements
■ Types of devices
– Sensor node:
■ Gathers data on physical stimuli
– Personal Device (CU):
■ It gathers all the information acquired by the sensor nodes and
informs the users.
– Monitoring Server:
■ Consists of database for data storage and processing and
analyzing software
■ Data rates
– Reliability depends on the data rate
■ Energy
– Three domains: sensing, communication and data processing
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Security Requirement
■ Data storage security requirements:
– Confidentiality
– Integrity assurance
– Dependability
■ Data access security requirements:
– Access control
– Accountability
– Non-repudiation
■ Other security requirements:
– Authentication
– Availability
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Other design issues
■ Ease of deployment and scalability
■ Mobility
■ Reliability
■ Compatibility
■ Power

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Data flow diagram

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MAC protocols for WBAN
■ Low power consuming
– Accurate
– Less latency
– Good performance on varying traffic load
■ Popular protocols for WBAN are:
– Timeout MAC (TMAC)
■ Duty-cycling protocol
■ Active time
■ Duty cycle changes according to the information traffic load
of the network
■ Handle varying load with low power consumption

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MAC protocols for WBAN
– Sensor-MAC (S-MAC)
■ Similar to TMAC but with fixed duty cycle
■ Not efficient in handling continuously varying data rates
– ZigBee MAC
■ Two schemes:
– CSMA/CA: Gives average performance
– TDMA: Reduces the power consumption up to a great extent
– Baseline MAC
■ Uses CSMA/CA scheme
■ The performance is not average in the case of energy
■ Throughput is average.

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Application of WBAN

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Application of WBAN
■ Medical applications:
– Effective health monitoring
– Fitness camps and sports
– Military
■ Non-medical applications:
– Gaming/virtual reality
– Entertainment applications
– Sports

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Comparison with other wireless networks
■ Based on geographical
coverage
– WBAN operates close to
the human body(1m-2m)
– WPAN network surrounds
the person(up to 10m)
– WLAN(up to 100m)
– WWAN covers the largest
geographical area
■ WBANs are subset of WSN
or WSAN
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Advantages and disadvantages
■ Advantages
– Used for the detection of chronic diseases
– Used in military for security purposes
– Assists the communication between individual and machine
■ Disadvantages
– Wired network-restriction between the body movement
– Interference of the multi devices that share the channel.
– Lack of integration-sensors

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