Alkalimetals k Rb Cs Fru -

liquid
µ .
Na

① Physical F- Radioactive

state at room Temperature

all are metals .

② Electronic configuration [ gnsl group no -

Rbc Cs
Li < Nack <

③ atomic size
Shell NET
Zeff → almost constant

Rb
Cs Fr
Na k
Li

[Link] ✓
y
z

n > y > 2 Shush me size tezi 279-67

§ punt ENT -
z d- adt El

④ Cs
Li Na k Rb
Ionisation Energy
→
Eod
At .
Radius f ,
I.

hi > Na > to >

Rb > ④ Fr
b

( incomplete Periodic)
I. E.
lowest
Electropositive
(
=

Element)
Most
Table
↳ ⇐
Nature
Metallic character Reducing in

[Link] )
✗

( .

gaseous
stake
⑤ (Hydration Energy ) →

Rbt Cst
kt > >
hit > Nat >

d
Size chota
(more hydration)
[ charge density

* ⑥
Density : -

Cs
k Rb
Li Na

In General TÉ→ Not that tezise

Mass 99 →
more increasing

Density [Link]
-

to d¥n
In General density f on mowing up
'
Li = Is22s
Extra &e•
Is2252ps
/
3s
Na =

3523ps 3d tsl
Kr = 1¥52 PG
[Link] <Feet
→=f
3d→
Volume VERY mass →

[Link]

Rbc Cs ) *
* (hi < k< Nas
___

⑦
soft Metals / Bcc structure / Packing → same

Melting Point →
at
↳
(Silvery metal Cyber packing )
knife)
( Easily cut by
soft Metal )
4° >Na,b ④
>

atteadiard
Bonding d t
Bond
Sizer , Metal Metal -

,
,

strength

(Melling Point & Bending Point decreases on

moving up
to dogon ) .
 Nature ✗ 1-
⑧ Electropositive LEE .

Rbc Cs
F- <
.

Na <
Li <

⑨ flameT_est :
-

d-
Flame Buren en
ke upas suit
renewed * * *

:÷÷¥¥Éi
Iseman
"
*
is more
Td
( Energy absorbed)

÷
is more

Nat ( oxidising Mame )

Na -

Pinel
flame)
Na C Reducing
Nat →

Ozd
(Energy released)
lo±p
⑥⑥f-
Pt mine
@ act -144 ) →

paste
↳ ( Emission spectrum )
I. Eu )
(due to low

Be do not shoo colour in flame due to High E-Eo

&
Mg crimson hey
→

"É#÷
Li

]
sr

a - animas
→ Red

Red violet

wa
→
.. Rb
K → ✓ oil et

es → Blue

Green Crpfshj
Ba →

Na → yellow .

(Photoelectric effect)
: -

↳ Cfc Rb , Cs) → Show photoelectric effect

,

↳ how I
 alkalimetats
chemicalpeeopeties
:
of
-

Nature
① Reducing
↳ (Removal of eo )

)
Nature in gaseous
< Nac
KC Rb <
Cs C Reducing stale
hi

In water

Nac KC
Rbc Cs
<
④ Reducing Nature )
C.

cnueee Hydration Energy)

↳

② Kinetic
Reactivity ( Kon fast Reaction
Kaeegaj
Thermodynamic Reactivity ( Kon Sabse
Tyada Energy
release
kuega
)
Li)
( s > Rb > K > Na >
( kinetic Reactivity )
) (Thermodynamic Reactivity)
> Na
( Li > Cs > Rb > K

(Reaction with air) : -

&
↳ -02
mainly Iz

N3
-

Nz →
02
-

of
-

O → 05 →
→

M 1- air EA , + F- AHEAD
3-

NIN - N - N
Nz→
( absoiebtion )
( absorption)

Is 202
-

# 05 ¥ of
-

Oz Endo
Endo,

EIO
For formation of ionic compound

Main factor is
Lattice Energy : -

Contribution in Lattice Energy

Kt Rb -1 > Cst
Lit > Nat >
>

1
Easily Compensate Energy required to
Very high
2. E , Can
form Nitride & Oxide
.

4°, N ]
Liao
Chi
+
+ air →

is formed
¥02
.

in small amount

Nazo ,
+ No Nitride
Na + air →

Low LIE .

Cs Oz
Koz Rboz
M ( K / Rb / Cs ) + air →
MIZ y ,
,

in small amount (Mis )

ReaÉr : -

-0

M + H2o
→ MEAN 1- H±f + on

acids
Rxw with

Mt HCl →
M -1+9-0 + 4=27
Metal loose eo
Easily .

R¥
M + can son
→ Mt + Cz4s0° +
HIT
amide
¥"
M + MHz (g)
→
M+Nµj0+µ%
Hzf ( moleeleedeeeing
hi + Nhs (g)
→ Liz NH
imide
+
Nature )
Reaction with liq .
NH, / NH, Cterminology)
[MIL

µ
dit solution
NH, solute -_
M
solvent =

solution CM ]f
Conch

Kal -0
WH, is more Basic as
4+0 on
Hao ¥
+

water
¥-92 H⑦ + v49 Compare to
NY,
water is more ienisable

( Ka , >>>
>
Kay

Mt NH, (e) → Mtcammonialed) + e°( ammoniated)

HE +
Feed → Meeeee / unpaired →
Paramagnetic
* g-
}
-
-

µ ↳
Reducing agent
\ due to
-

ammoniated ammoniated Blue colour saw ammoniated

ion
\ dueto
eo

_M_⑥&¥
Conductivity →

All S block metals show leeaction with liq . NH} Except Be and

High EI
.

due to
My
VM = ✗
due to Void creation
z > ✗ +
y

Ée@¥
Vny ,
= y

✓ = 2
Soir

Volute 9
→
Hat + MN%
liq NH
☐→
M + .

,
 Colourless , Diamagnetic
due to MO / NH? ✓
conductivity

→
Mt + Me
M 1-
liq . NH
,
→

Mzmolwecule
(Diamagnetic / weakly paramagnetic
=

→ Bronze colour

conductivity d formation
→
due to

of M±
→ M + [Link] ,
→ 429 + Compete
+

impurity
✓
d block Metal

I
lewis =Tñ
acid
levels base

#
Reaction with halogen : -

psionic lattice
- -
mm
ummm

MX Cs )
M -1×2 →

covalent )
Licl , ↳ Br ,
hits →
=
( predominately
Elazar 's Ruled
✓
(ionic
=
Lattice)
=

Mx
+1×24,→
Cs)
☐" Mls)
formation
if I B. E.

=Eo
✗ (g)
Mcg )
tteo
II.
⇐A
E.

✗
-0cg
feel ease Energy) Mig, +

F° Lif > Naf > KF > Rb F > Csf

 CIO licl < NaCl < KCI < Rbcl < Cscl

Rb ✗ < Csx
tix ( Nax < KX <
✗

✗ = Clo Bro , Do
,

↳⇐ • ✗
¥-0 For CIO

so >
Bro

set
12°

↳ E. a
¥
↳ ho fir hum boat kaenge
sabkeliye
Same
gaya
I. Eo af .

= =

Jiske
liye sabse Eam
III.

in case of fluorides
8-1=80

WE . ✗

¥+0
KR Rbf > Csf
> Naf >
.

>
Lif

Monoatomic ions Lattice Energy

< Liu < Libre Li R

Solubility tieerenen ,
tip

00 0+-0 Lattice is
→ week

Csf > > > >

CSI

weak
Oo 00
( lattice) →
Reaction with hydrogen
Ñ%° Mon + not
-
M + n,
Cs 4
< Name KH < Rb4<
him
( release Energy )
=

☐
Hf
Io > 40 > Bro

Oxysaits : -

Catboat SOE
"

① fer 02
-

Ono cost NCOs

ya →
,

increases soya
-

down
.

up to →

② Thermal stability ✗
ptg
< cszco,
4^2 coz <
.
- .
.
- .
-
.

Liao coat
Cisco,→☐
+
-

↳ No Reaction Only Melted .

/ R / Rb /
✗
Na Cs

② Sulphate

cszso +
C solubility )
lizso+ < -
- - - - - . .

CThermal stability)
< cszso,
7¥ LizSO¢C .
.
. . .
.

d- Liao + so, f
4- zso,

→☐ ✗
walk / Rb / a

③ Nitrates
> CSNO ,
solubility Lino, >

CCSNO}
7. S .
LINO, C - - - - .
 ↳ 420 -1 NO , + Oz
Ling

NANO
↳ NaN Oz 1- 02

I strongly
,
heat

Nazo + Nzt 02

Amount of Elements in adult human body

> re >
cr
Ca > k > Na > mg

Compounds of alkalimetats

① Sodium chloride

hydroxide / caustic
soda
② sodium

③ Nah coz & Nazcoz

① Nacl

seawater
-80ohm Crude salt

µH~O
-
Soluble
Insoluble
Impure NaCl
Impunity
( Cacia Mgdz)
,

Ept ←

way F- Nat + cif bday not

ao Nacht + [Link]
Cs )
ppt

Ksp ( Nacl) & cache / Mgck

 / Nazcoz
°

NAH coz
-
.

Process
Solveig
Caco, b- Cao t coz

ÑHz + coz 1- H2O → (NH f) zcos

NCOs
+ CO2
-1 420 →
CN Hp)
@ 4,42cg
Max recovery
Natl cost +
11+4 of NH,

(NH HCG + Nacl →

I =

É NH
,
-1 Cada
H2O
Nhi
+
size of Kt =

cos
KHCO, > Natl

> Nanos ( more solubility)

Ntltihco,

↳ Naz cos + Coz -1 420

2 Nancy

AIKA LINE EARTH METAL

'
[ Ins
① Electronic
Configuration →

Ooso +2
General
=

solid
state →

② Physical
Ra
Bao
Fcc Bcc
Hop

③ Atomic Size

Ba C shell no 9)
mgccacsrc
.

Be <
 > Ba
✓
④
Sr
> Ca >
I•_ Be > mg

2-1 Catz> sit> B' oft

Be-12 > Mg >
⑤ H±Eo

Sr Ba
Ca
⑥ MÉgit
: -
Be Mg
due to Hep structure

Be > ca >
sr > Ba >
Mg
⑦ Density
Be
Mg
Ca Sr Ba ¥ a = b =/ C
Sr < Ba
Be <
Cac Mgc
✓
Eff Easily Break
able
.

1
REP
(like
as

Na> K )

Nature
Electropositive
:
⑧
-

[Link]
Bes
Mgc

⑨ [Link]

due RE
Photoelectric effect
: -
to
high
10J ✗
show)
Edo not

(chemical Peeopeuties)
: -
?⃝
Reducing Nature < Ca < Src
Ba
Be < Mg
-1

4--1 < BE 4=E .

✓

Be ÉÉ Bet ¥-5 Be
-12
Every endothermic)

I. E , TI ED -

② Reactivity Bec Mgccacsrcca

(02-112)
µ Very high
-12

)
air
③ Reaction with
lattice Energy

M + air → MO + Mz Nz

Natak
=

Be / Mg ↳ Bes Nat Beo + Bien

Bet air
t
Cverby less due to
reactive)
High LE =
.

does not b- MgsNat Flash

+ air Mgo +

react with
air my T
cat Room flash
My
← Bulb
Temperature)
is Used .

Reaction with

water → M COHL + HZT

Mt

g
ka Sr Ba) hot water → Mg ( 042 + Hat
, ,
my +

- ✗
Be -1 H2o

due to formation
of Protective layer of oxide on it's surface
Reactions with acids

HCl Metz -1 Hsf

M + -

Reaction with liq . NH

,

Mt liq .
NH, - [ McNab ) ] "+ ,
[e°(N%)y]z
(dark blue / Black)
due to high EE .

Reaction
do not show
Be &
My

RÉÉ : -

M + ✗
<
- Ñ×Ics )

Bex, → Covalent
Peredominantly covalent
-
( ✗ =cl Britt →

Mgx
,
,

Befz NH ,< HE + Be →
(NH¢)z[BeF+ ]
↳
N4sf +24ft + Be

Beotc -1cL
↳ COT -1 B¥
Beck
,
→
?⃝
React with 42

MHz
Mt H
,
→

Beth & Mgh ,

→ (covalent ) (Bridge Bond)

Bef, + LiA1H¢
→ Ben , -1 -4°F 1- ALF, +
(
Released
Enemy )

carbonates GOI
)
-0
-

go f moving
fon
02
-

on

up to down

MCO}

Thermal stability ✗ Ypp .

< Baco,
Be cos <

Environment of coz
Beco, kept in

Beo + coat
Becoz
-

Backward .

Solubility Beco, > > Baco}

which Precipitate first

Q

Mgco , Ca⑤ less solubility

> Caco]
Mgco,
 CN 05) MCNO > 2
Nitrate : -

Thermal stability
< Bac NO>2
Be@ Os) C- -
- - - -

MCNO, ) → MO t NO- 1- Oz
,

Been 031 >

- - -
- -
> Bac nosh Csobubilily )

sulphate : -

SOE Ms of

7- S
Be < < Ba
-

Beso , > - -
- > Bas Op (solubility

↳ MO t sozt Oz ✓
Msoq

[Link]#
:-( Cao)
Quicklime
A- Cao + coz
limestone
Quick
time .

✓
(
Cao + tho → Caco Hkcs)
É ca COHL Milk of
lime )
white
slaked lime
[Link] Turbidity
UH Lott ( Pan
Khaya had

/ HIGH
D- Hsia at I
3-
• •

Atlas
41st)

Caco 4) ( clear
lime
a.

water
sold
@tÉuiA
metal )
←
 ② Caco,

CACOH) t coz → Cacoz d t H2O

famous
,

Limewater Test) (Misn ) giant at ETE E-

got ¥414T off

③ Casa
Caso Cag, + coat
Caco, t dit .
Has 0¢ → ,

+ H2O

↳
added to cement
- Caso,< 02420 ( Gypsum)
(
to increase setting time)

Jaldi ho cement
DIRT cement
day na
,

accha structure
locking honichahiyeacchi
atom Tabhi
Hated d-

↳ (internally Provides water

☐→ Caso -

1-24,0
↳ Cas 0¢
Caso .
2h20 ,
,
Dead Burned
pop
plaster
contest site Caruth unit
(ceiling) stat Fat af

GypsumNTItani
pop

Aluminate silicate
cement : -

ca

}
-

-
cat Sio
Aloi

50% → Cao 10% AKO,

Ceo -1mg , (Remaining)
20 -25%
Sio, →
 Anomalous behaviour of lithium : -

The anomalous behaviour of lithium is due to the

and ion
of its atom
.

d) Exceptionally small size

H) Power C charge/radius nation

High polarising
#As a result there is increased covalent character of lithium
which is Mesbonsihle For their
solubility in
compounds
solvents
Organic
.

the
lithium is much harder, it mop .
and bop ane
higher than
①
other alkali metal .

② lithium is least reactive but strongest reducing agent among

the alkali metals
all

③ On Combustion in aih it forms mainly mono oxide ,

410 and

other alkali metals

nitride Liz N Unlike .

the ,

Lido 24<0 other alkali metal do not

④ Li forms
hydrate ,

( deliquescent )
form hydrate
solid form but other
not obtained in
⑤ ↳ HCG is
Carbonate
alkali metals form solid Hcg
-0 o
Ctlydoogen
*
*⑥* hi + Cath
→ ✗ ( NO Mention) mat net of
I. E of lif
Na t GHz → Nazca 1- 429
Ethynide
→ lithium Unlike other alkali metals do not form ethynide on

reaction with Ethyne .

⑦ Lithium Nitrate when heated LEO whereas other

gives
→
,

alkali metal Nitrate decomposes to give the Cannes

bonding
 nitrite .

less soluble in water

⑧ Lif 4:O are Comparatively much

other alkali metals

Compounds of
.

than the Couuesponding

between lithium and Magnesium
Diagonal relationship

same Size
① almost

lithium and magnesium

are harder and lighter
② Both (density )
than other Elements in the respective group
water
with cold
Slowly
.

react
③ lithium and magnesium much less Soluble
and

hydroxides
are
and
Their Oxide
decompose on
heating .

their hydroxides
with Nz
direct combination
④ Both form Nitride by
↳N & Mg N >

combine with
do not
⑤ The Oxides , Liao and
Mgo oxide
super
.

peroxide
or a
a
to
Excess Oz give
decompose
Carbonates of lithium and magnesium
⑥ The
coz
form oxide and
.

the
Easily on
healing to

solid Carbonates .

do not form
⑦ &
Li
Mg Ethanol
in
soluble
.

are
⑧ Both hid &
Mgclz
⑨ Both farms hydrates
lid 2420
] (deliquescent
☐

2420
Mgclzo
 Anomalous behaviour of

BeBe
Exceptionally
has small atomic & ionic size thus does not

of the groupsize
.

members
with other
compare well
and small It forms
of high ionisation enthalpy
get Easily hydrolysed
Because .

covalent and
compounds which are
largely
In its
more than 4 as

Exhibit Con
not
.

Be does
four orbitals
Only
.

Valence shell there are

can have a

The teemaining
members of the
group Orbitals
df d- .

by making
use
C. No of six

of Be Unlike the hydroxides

The Oxide &
hydroxides ,

amphoteric in

of other
Elements in the
group ,
are

Nature .

Be & Al
between
→

relationship
.

Diagonal ratio
EN & Same charge/radius
① same

& form protective layer of

② Both are amphoteric
their Surface .

oxides on

to form Complexes
③ Both have tendency
tetrahedral Complex Befit
B- ] -

Also
At →
Octahedral Complex
Hydrolysis
ionic Compound +420 →

Atx BT + tho
- A- ( 041×-1 BHY
metal

Hydroxide

metal oxide + 420 → metal

hydroxide
of Magnesia ( Antacid)
Mgo
+ Heo
→
MfC0H1 milk
den
acidity
4<0
→ GOHL ( s)
kr¥,
Cao +

→ Bacon,
H2O water
Bao +
Clear soil Baryta

+ H2O
metal Nitride + Hao
→
metal
Hydroxide
NH]
→ Mcon ), +

Ms N t H2o

Colon ) + NU,
→
H2o ,

Cazn ,
+

9- ( ( out, + NH
,
→
the
AIN 1-

-1 Phs /
Metal phosphide + tho → metal hydroxide

pst\pn
Mt

[Link] ,

④
,

→ Cad, +
+ my
cash
Cash + reel → Cada -1 M¢ 4%(1%7)
④ Metal ttulphide 1- H2O → metal hydroxide + Has

Allon ] + Has
Asks, + no →

1-
metal Hydroxide 4202
metal Peroxide + He →

③
Preparation
-1^+05 of His

but
4202

ZNAOK + H2O,
N 9202 +2420

% Naoh + 02
Nada -12420

His unstable at R_

reaction)
⑥ Metal Superoxide ( disproportionation
KOH 1- Hzoz -1 Oz
KO, -1 H2O →

⑦ Metal hydride + Hao → Metal hydroxide

+ Hut

Rue of dihydrogen

Call -1 4<0 → CACOHL -1 Hat

,

tlydualilh
when
species give
same product
which pain of
with water .

heart
Sr & soo
⑨
④ Cao & Can

⑤ Cao & Ca
④ Ca & Cakes
⑧ metal Amide + no
→ Hydroxide +
NI ,

Metal imide

→ Naont NH>
NaN Lt 420

Boride
⑨ Metal

M Conte -1 BIG
→
Mt
"
Bt + no

Metal Carbide

a-
[Link] acetylide allylide
d- CE
ng
block + Lankan
( Belay s
"

Except (Be/ Ns)

& Become + cut

Be → Bezc
CHT
Alcon )g
+
Al -
Alvy →

↳ monk + ↳ H+ allyl .

Ms →
Mong
9h ,
G- Cac , -6 coconut

*
:

oxyacetylene welding
-

→ Coloma + Chief
Cacz + 420 =

Caa
Exothermic
skates R±u
☐☐ -

at two