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ELECTROMAGNETISM

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9 views11 pages

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Uploaded by

oligo emmanuel
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electromagnetism should be able to: fields are produced by electric currents m and current 1 = SOmA = 50 x 107A, For a single-turn coil, force on each coil side F=BIl = 0.8 x 50 x 107% x 30. 10-9 =1.2 x 10-5N or 0,0012N ‘When there ate 300 turns on the coil there are effectively 300 parallel conductors each carrying a current of SO mA, Thus the total force produced by the current is 300 times that for a single-turn evil. Hence force on coil side, F = 300 Bll = 300 x 0,0012=0.36N Now try the following exercise Exercise 38 Further problems on the force ona current-carrying conductor ‘A conductor carries a current of 70A at right- angles toa magnetic field having a flux density of 1 ST. Ifthe length of the conductor in the field is 200mm calculate the force acting on the conductor. What is the force when the conductor and field are at an angle of 45°? [21.0N, 14.8N] Calculate the current requited in a 240mm Iength of conductor of a dic. motor when the conductor is situated at right-angles to the magnetic field of flux density 1.25, ifa force of L.20N is to be exerted on the conductor, [404] ‘A conductor 30cm long is situated at right- angles to a magnetic field, Calculate the flux density of the magnetic field if a current of ISA in the conductor produces a force on it of 36N. [0807] ‘A conductor 300 mm long carries a current of 13A and is at right-angles to a magnetic field between two cixcular pole faces, each of diam- eter 80mm. If the total flux between the pole faces is 0.75 mWb calculate the force exerted on the conductor, [0.582N] (@) A 400mm length of conductor carrying a current of 25A is situated at right-angles to a magnetic field between two poles of an electric motor. The poles have a circular cross- section. Ifthe force exerted on the conductor is 80N and the (otal flux between the pole faces is 1.27 mWh, determine the diameter of pole face (©) Ifthe conductor in part (a) is vertical, the current flowing downwards and the direction of the magnetic field is from left to right, what is the direction of the 80N force? [G) 14.2 mm () towards the viewer) A coil is wound uniformly on a former hav- ing a width of 18mm and a length of 25mm. ‘The former is pivoted about an axis passing through the middle of the two shorter sides and is placed in a uniform magnetic ficld of ux density 0.75, the axis being perpendicular to the feld. the coil carries acurentof 120mA, determine the force exerted on each coil side, (a) for a single-turn coil, (b) for a coil wound with 400 turns, [(@) 2.25 x 10->N (b) 09) ‘A rectangular coil which is free to rotate about a fixed axis is shown placed inside a magnetic field produced by acim Bein 92. Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology permanent magnets in Fig. 8.17 A direct current is fed into the coil via carbon brushes bearing on a commuta- tor, which consists of a metal ring split into two halves separated by insulation. When current flows in the coil ‘magnetic field is setup around the coil which interacts With the magnetic feld produced by the magnets. This causes a force F to be exerted on the current-carrying conductor which, by Fleming’s left-hand rule, is down- wards between points A and B and upward between C and D for the current direction shown, This causes a torque and the coil rotates anticlockwise, When the coil has turned through 90° from the position shown in, Fig. 8.17 the brushes connected to the positive and neg- ative terminals of the supply make contact with different halves of the commutator ring, thus reversing the dir tion of the current flow in the conductor. Ifthe current is not reversed and the coil rotates past this position the forces acting on it change direction and it rotates in the ‘opposite direction thus never making more than half a revolution. The current direction is reversed every time the coil swings through the vertical position and thus 7 bist rotation Terminals rom phosphor bronze haitsprings @ Figure 8.18 LUght aluminium pointer Non-magnetic pate to ‘support and fi In positon the cylindrical iron core ‘Alrgap, containing racial tux the coil rotates anti-clockwise for as long as the current flows. This is the principle of operation of a d.c. motor which is thus a device that takes in electrical energy and converts it into mechanical energy. A moving-coil instrument operates on the motor prin- ciple. When a conductor carrying current is placed in a magnetic field, a force F is exerted on the conductor, given by F = BI. Ifthe flux density B is made constant (by using permanent magnets) and the conductor is a fixed length (say, a coil) then the force will depend only fon the current flowing in the conductor In amoving-coil instrument a col is placed centrally in the gap between shaped pole pieces as shown by the front elevation in Fig. 8.18(a). (The air-gap is kept as small as possible, although for clarity it is shown exaggerated in Fig. 8.18) The coil is supported by steel pivols, resting in jewel bearings, on a cylindrical iron core, Current is led into and out of the coil by two phosphor bronze spiral hairsprings which are wound in opposite directions to minimize the effect of temper- ature change and to limit the coil swing (ie. to control the movement) and retum the movement to zero posi- tion when no current flows. Current flowing in the coil produces forces as shown in Fig, 818(b), the directions being obtained by Fleming's left-hand rule. The two forces, Fx and Fig, produce a torque which will move the coil in a clockwise direction, ie. move the pointer rom left to right, Since force is proportional to current the scale is linear, When the aluminium frame, on which the coil is wound, is rotated between the poles of the magnet, _—— Pointer R Fixed ion core Lz Moving col Toraua Current Fy input © Electromagnetism B small currents (called eddy currents) are induced into the frame, and this provides automatically the nec- essary damping of the system due to the reluctance of the former to move within the magnetic field, The ‘moving-coil instrument will measure only direct cur- tent of voltage and the terminals are matked positive and negative to ensure that the current passes through the coil in the correct direction to deflect the pointer “up the scale” “The range of this sensitive instrument is extended by using shunts and multipliers (see Chapter 10) etary When a charge of Q coulombs is moving at a veloc- ity of vm/s in a magnetic field of flux density B teslas, the charge moving perpendicular to the feld, then the magnitude of the force F exerted on the charge is given by: F = QvB newtons Problem 7. An electron in a television tube has a charge of 1.6 x 10? coulombs and travels at 3 x 107 m/s perpendicular toa field of flux density 18.5 .T. Determine the force exerted on the electron in the field. From above, force F=QvB newtons, where Q = charge in coulombs = 1,6 x 10-!"C, v= velocity of charge =3 x 107 m/s, and flux density = 18.5 x 10-°T. Hence force on elec- tron, F=16 x 107% x 3 x 107 x 18,5 x 10 = 1.6 x 3x 18,5 x 107 = 88.8 x 107 = 8.88 x 10-7N Now try the following exercises Exe ise 39. Further problems on the force ona charge 1. Calculate the foree exerted on a charge of 2.x 107 C uavelling at2 x 10° m/s perpen- dicular to afield of density 2 x 10-7 T [8x 10"? N} 2, Determine the speed of a 10~!° C charge trav- cling perpendicular (o a field of fux density 10-17, if the force on the charge is 10-2? N [108 m/s) ise 40 Short answer questions onelec- tromagnetism 1. The direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor may be remem- bered using the ...... rule. 2. Sketch the magnetic field pattern associated ‘with a solenoid connected to a battery and ‘wound on an iron bar. Show the direction of the fila, 3. Name three applications of electromag- netism, 4, State what happens when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field between two magnets The force onacurrent-carrying conductorina ‘magnetic field depends on four factors. Name them, 6. The direction of the force on a conductor in amagnetic field may be predetermined using Fleming's ...... rule 7. State three applications of the force on a current-carrying conductor, 8, Figure 8.19 shows a simplified diagram of a section through the coil of a moving-coil instrument, For the direction of current flow shown in the coil determine the direction that the pointer will move. Figure 8.19 acim Bein 94 Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology 9. Explain, with the aid of a sketch, the action of a simplified dc, motor. 10. Sketch and label the movement of a moving- coil instrument. Briefly explain the principle of operation of such an instrument. Exercise 41 Multi-choice questions on electromagnetism (Answers on page 398) 1. A conductor carries a current of 10A at right-angles to a magnetic field having a flux density of 500m. If the length of the con- ductor in the field is 20cm, the force on the conductor is (a) 100kN (1k © 100N @ IN 2. Ifa conductors horizontal, the current flow- ing from left to right and the direction of the surrounding magnetic field is from above to ‘below, the force exerted on the conductor is @) from left to right (b) from below to above (©) away from the viewer (towards the viewer 3. For the current-carrying conductor lying in the magnetic field shown in Fig, 8.20(a), the direction ofthe force on the conductor is (@ totbelen ——(b) upwards (©) totheright —(@)_ downwards s] © [x @ © Figure 820 4, For the current-carrying conductor lying in the magnetic field shown in Fig. 8,20(b), the direction of the cument in the conductor is: (@)_ towards the viewer (b) away from the viewer Figure 8.21 shows a rectangular coil of wire placed in a magnetic field and free to rotate about axis AB. If the current flows into the coil at C, the coil will: (@) commence to rotate anti-clockwise (b) commence to rotate clockwise (©) remain in the vertical position (@) experience a force towards the north pole Figure 8.21 ‘The force on an electron travelling at 10" m/s in a magnetic field of density 10yT is 1.6 x 10!” N, The electron has a charge of: @) 16x10 () 16x 10-8C © 16x1o-¥C |) 16x 10-C ‘An electric bell depends for its action on: (@)_apermanent magnet (b) reversal of current (©) ahammer and a gong (@) an electromagnet Atelay can be used to: (@) decrease the current in a circuit (b) control a cizcuit more readily (©) increase the current in a circuit (@) control a circuit from a distance Electromagnetism 95 9. There is a force of attraction between two 10. The magnetic ficld due to a current-carrying ‘current-carrying conductors when the current conductor takes the form of: in them is: (a) rectangles (a) _ in opposite directions (b) concentric circles ()_ in the same direction (©) wavy lines (©) of different magnitude (@) straight lines radiating outwards (@)_ of the same magnitude acim

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