SCIENCE REVIEWER

Magma Chamber is a region beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock or magma is
deposited or stored before eruption

Main Vent is the main opening or outlet on the surface of a volcano that emits lava, gases,
ash or other volcanic materials.

Conduit is an underground central tube-like or pipe-like structure of a volcano that connects

Side Vent is a smaller outlet through which magma escapes.

Crater is the mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or bowl shaped hollow at the top
of the vent from where magma, ash and gas comes out.

Lava is a molten rock which is given off onto the surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts.

Ash and Gas Cloud is a of mixtures of rock, minerals, glass particles and gases expelled or
pushed out of the volcano during volcanic eruption.

TYPES OF VOLCANO

Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and
blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single vent. Lava is thrown into the air, which breaks
into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval
cone

Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes are large, typically steep sided, symmetrical cones of
large dimension formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and
pyroclastic materials.

Shield volcanoes are large, broad volcanoes that look similar to shields from above – hence the
name. These volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flow thus these volcanoes are not steep.
They can be easily identified because they are tall and broad, with flat, rounded shapes

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Phreatic or hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It
is short lived, characterized by ash columns but may be a beginning of a larger eruption

Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma.

Strombolian a periodic, weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava

Vulcanian is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow
and ash fall tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.

Plinian is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials, like in Pinatubo
Volcano in Zambales.

MAGMA AND ITS COMPOSITION

Crystal Content some magmas begin to crystallize as they reach the surface.

Viscosity the magma’s silica content affects its viscosity, the resistance of the fluid to flow.

Volatile Content Magma contains small amounts of dissolved gas (water vapor, Carbon dioxide,
etc.) which is released as pressure is removed. Magmas formed by melting of mantle rocks have
generally low volatile contents, but those formed by partial melting of crustal rocks are often volatile-
rich.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal Energy The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within. This heat from the Earth’s
interior is a source of energy called geothermal energy. The heat of the Earth warms up water which
is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface.

Conventional Geothermal System utilizes steam from natural resources such as geysers or by
drawing water from the hot, high-pressure depths of Earth

Supercritical Geothermal System a naturally occurring hot water or steams flows heated by magma
and circulating through permeable rock. In volcanic geothermal energy, the heat comes from
supercritical. The energy from supercritical water is much higher than conventional steam

geothermal power plants the heat from deep inside the Earth is used to produce steam to generate
electricity.

geothermal heat pumps it uses the heat coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat water or
provide heat for buildings.

MORE STUFF ABOUT VOLCANOES

HOT SPRING is a source of water which flows out with a temperature higher than the average
temperature of the neighboring areas.

FUMAROLE It is a hole in the grounds where vapors and gases come out.

GEYSER is a spring that occasionally shoots out hot water and steam

Latitude is the main factor affecting global climate. The further we go from the equator; the
temperature drops and the cooler it gets.

Altitude. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude at an average rate of 6.5°C for every 1000m
increase in altitude, as the atmosphere receives less heat through terrestrial radiation
Prevailing winds are wind directions over a particular location on Earth due to uneven heating from
the sun and the rotation of earth on its axis

Ocean currents are the continuous and directional movement of ocean created by the wind friction,
water density, earth’s rotation, solar energy, and gravity variation in different parts of the ocean.

TOPOGRAPHY the bodies of water shape the climates and create the high- and low-pressure
systems that cause weather events.

greenhouse effect is the natural warming process of the Earth that results when gases in the
atmosphere trap heat from the earth that would otherwise escape into space.