Example
The simply supported 610 × 229 UB 125 of S275 steel shown
in Figure below has a span of 6.0 m and is laterally braced
at 1.5 m intervals. Check the adequacy of the beam for a
nominal uniformly distributed dead load of 60 kNm
together with a nominal uniformly distributed imposed load
of 70 kNm.
Solution
Classifying the section
tf = 19.6 mm, fy = 275 N/mm2 (ES-EN-3-Table 3.1)
ε =(235/275)1/2 = 0.924
cf (229 11.9 2 *12.7) / 2
5.29 9, the flange is Class 1
tf 19.6 * 0.924
(612.2 2 *19.6 2 *12.7)
cw 49.80 72, the web is Class 1
tw 11.9 * 0.924
Checking for moment
qEd = (1.35 × 60) + (1.5 × 70) = 186 kNm
MEd = 186 × 62/8 = 837 kNm
Mc,Rd = 3676 × 103 × 275/1.0 [Link]
= 1010.9 kNm > 837 kNm = MEd→Ok
Solution
Checking for Lateral Bracing
kcLc/(if,zλ1) = 1.0 × 1500/(59.1 × 93.9 × 0.924) = 0.249
λc0Mc,Rd/MEd = 0.4 × 1010.9/837 = 0.483 > 0.249
∴ the bracing is satisfactory
Solution
Checking for shear
VEd = W*L/2=186 × 6/2 = 558 kN
Av=159×102−2×229×19.6+(11.9+2×12.7)× 19.6
= 7654mm2
=7654×(275/√3)/1.0 N=1215.24kN>558 kN=VEd
which is satisfactory
Solution
Checking for Shear buckling resistance
For a stiffened web when d/tw >30ε/(Kτ)1/2
Kτ buckling factor for web with transverse
stiffeners stiffened with a/dw≥1,
Kτ =5.34+4/(a/dw)2
Where a is the stiffener spacing (1.5m) and
dw= 612.2-2*19.6-2*12.7= 547.6mm
a/dw=1500/547.6=2.74>1.0
Kτ =5.34+4/(1500/547.6)2=5.87
dw/tw >30ε/(Kτ)1/2=547.6/11.9>30*0.924(5.87)1/2
46.02<67.16→ cross section is adequate
Solution
design shear buckling resistance, Vb,Rd
= 0.8/(5.87)1/2 *547.6/11.9 *(275/210000)1/2
λw = 0.55 this is b/n 0.2 and 0.6
τb= [1-0.63(λw-0.2)fy/√3]= 123.76N/mm2
Hence, [Link]= 547.6*11.9*123.76/1.0 = 806.47KN
Solution
Checking for bending and shear
The maximum MEd occurs at mid-span where
VEd=0, and the maximum VEd occurs at the
support where MEd = 0, and so there is no need
to check for combined bending and shear. (Note
that in any case, 0.5*Vc,Rd=0.5×1215.24=585.5
kN > 558 kN = VEd and so the combined
bending and shear condition does not operate.)
Example 2
The 9 m long 254 × 146 UB 37 braced beam of
S275 steel shown in Figure below and b has a
central concentrated design load of 70 kN
(which includes an allowance for self-weight)
and a design end moment of 70 kNm. Lateral
deflections v and twist rotations φ are
effectively prevented at both ends and by a
brace at mid-span. Check the adequacy of the
braced beam.
Solution
Solution
Design bending moment
R3={(70×4.5)−70}/9 =27.22kN,
MEd,2 =27.22 × 4.5 = 122.5 kNm.
Section resistance
tf = 10.9 mm, fy = 275 N/mm2 ES EN 10025-2
ε =√(235/275) = 0.924
cf /(tf ε) = (146.4/2 − 6.3/2 − 7.6)/(10.9 × 0.924)
= 6.20 < 9 and the flange is Class 1.
Solution
cw/(twε) =(256−2× 10.9 − 2 × 7.6)/(6.3 × 0.924)
= 37.6 < 72 and the web is Class 1.
Mc,Rd = 275 × 483 × 103 Nmm
= 132.8 kNm > 122.5 kNm = Med
∴ the section resistance is adequate
Solution
Elastic buckling moment
αm = 1.75 + 1.05βm + 0.3βm2≤ 2.56
The beam is fully restrained at mid-span, and so consists
of two equal length segments 12 and 23. By inspection, the
check will be controlled by segment 23 which has the
lower moment gradient, and therefore the lower value of
αm.∴ αm = 1.75
Mcr= αm*Mxz = 1.75*111.2=194.6 kNm.
Solution
Member resistance for LTB
3
1.0 * 483*10 * 275
L 6
0.826
194.6 *10
h/b = 256/146.4 = 1.75 < 2
For h/b<2 the LTB Curve will be curve (a), thus
αLT =0.21, taken from table 6.3 &6.4
ΦLT=0.5{1+0.21(0.826−0.2)+1.0×0.8262} = 0.907
Solution
1
LT 1.0
LT ( LT LT )
2 2 1/ 2
1
0.78
0.907(0.907 0.826 )
2 2 1/ 2
0.78 *1.0 * 483* 275
103.6kNm M Ed 122.5kNm
1.0
the beam appears to be inadequate
Solution
Using the ES EN-3/EC-3 less conservative method
with β = 0.75, λLT,0 = 0.4 (Clause [Link]) and αLT
= 0.34 (curve b) (Tables 6.5 and 6.3), thus,
ΦLT=0.5{1+ αLT(λLT−λLT,0)+β×λLT2}
ΦLT=0.5{1+0.34(0.826−0.4)+0.75×0.8262}= 0.828
1
LT 1.0
LT ( LT LT )
2 2 1/ 2
1
0.804
0.828 (0.828 0.75 * 0.826 )
2 2 1/ 2
Solution
0.804*1.0 * 483*103 * 275
Mb , Rd
1.0
106.6kNm.
The design moment resistance is further increased
by using;
f =1−0.5×(1 − kc){1−2×(λLT− 0.8)2}
=1−0.5×(1 − 0.82)[1−2×(0.826− 0.8)2]= 0.910
Mb,Rd,mod=Mb,Rd/f=106.6/0.91
=117.1kNm<122.5kNm= MEd→ Inadequate