Engr. Mark Angelo C.

Purio
SCALARS AND VECTORS

 A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.

A SCALAR is a quantity that has only

magnitude.

A VECTOR is a quantity that has both

magnitude and direction.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 SCALARS VECTORS
•time •velocity
•mass •force
•distance •displacement
•temperature •electric field intensity
•entropy
•electric potential
•population
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 Scalar Field Vector Field
Temperature distribution in a
Gravitational force on a body in space
building

Velocity of raindrops in the

Sound intensity in a theater
atmosphere

Electric potential in a region A FIELD is a function

that specifies a particular
Refractive index of a stratified quantity everywhere in a
medium region
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
UNIT VECTOR
 A vector A has both magnitude and direction.
 The magnitude of A is a scalar written as A or
𝐀.
 A unit vector 𝒂𝑨 along A is defined as a vector
whose magnitude is unity and its direction is
along A.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
UNIT VECTOR
𝐀
𝑎𝐴 =
𝐀
Note that 𝑎𝐴 = 1, thus we may write A as
𝐀 = 𝐴𝑎𝐴
which completely specifies A in terms of
its magnitude A and its direction 𝑎𝐴 .
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
UNIT VECTOR
 A vector A in Cartesian (or rectangular)
coordinates may be represented as:
(𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , 𝐴𝑧 ) or 𝐴𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧
where
𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , 𝐴𝑧 are components of A in the x, y, and z
direction respectively
𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎𝑦 , and 𝑎𝑧 are unit vectors in the x, y, and z
direction respectively
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 Unit vectors 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎𝑦 , and 𝑎𝑧 Components of A along
𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎𝑦 , and 𝑎𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
UNIT VECTOR
 The magnitude of vector A is given by

𝐴= 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑧 2
and the unit vector along A is given by
𝐴𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧
𝑎𝐴 ==
2 2 2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

 Two vectors A and B can be added together to give

another vector C; that is,
𝐂=𝐀+𝐁
 The vector addition is carried out component by
component.
If 𝐀 = (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , 𝐴𝑧 ) and 𝐁 = 𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦 , 𝐵𝑧 ; then,
𝐂 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 𝑎𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
VECTOR ALGEBRA
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

 Vector subtraction is carried out similarly ,

𝐃 = 𝐀 − 𝐁 = 𝐀 + (−𝐁)

𝐃 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 − 𝐵𝑧 𝑎𝑧

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

Vector addition 𝐂 = 𝐀 + 𝐁:
(a) parallelogram rule, (b) head-to-tail rule.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

Vector subtraction 𝐃 = 𝐀 − 𝐁:
(a) parallelogram rule, (b) head-to-tail rule.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
 The three basic laws of algebra obeyed by any given
vectors A, B, and C are summarized as follows:

where k and l are scalars

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
 A point P in Cartesian coordinates may
be represented by (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

 A position vector 𝐫𝑃 (or radius vector) of

point P is the directed distance from
origin O to point P;
𝐫𝑃 = OP = 𝑥𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧𝑎𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
Illustration of position vector
𝐫𝑃 = 3𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 5𝑎𝑧

The position vector

of point P is useful
in defining its
position in space.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
 A distance vector (or separation vector)
is the displacement from one point to
another.

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
If two points P and Q are
given by 𝑥𝑃 , 𝑦𝑃 , 𝑧𝑃 and
𝑥𝑄 , 𝑦𝑄 , 𝑧𝑄 , the distance
vector is the displacement
from P to Q; that is,
𝐫𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟𝑄 − 𝑟𝑃
𝐫𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥𝑄 − 𝑥𝑃 𝑎𝑥 +
𝑦𝑄 − 𝑦𝑃 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧𝑄 − 𝑧𝑃 𝑎𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
 Note: point P is different from vector A
 Point P is not a vector, only its position
vector 𝐫𝑃 is a vector.
 Vector A may depend on point P, however.

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
 For example,
2 2
if 𝐀 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦− 𝑧 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥𝑧 𝑎
and P is (2, −1,4),
then A at P would be −4𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 32𝑎𝑧 .

 A vector field is said to be constant or uniform

if it does not depend on space variables x, y,
and z.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
POSITION & DISTANCE VECTORS
 𝐁 = 3𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 + 10𝑎𝑧 is a uniform
vector because B is the same
everywhere.

2 2
 𝐀 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑎𝑧 is not
uniform since A varies from point to
point.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
When two vectors A and B are multiplied,
the result is either a scalar or a vector
depending on how they are multiplied.

2 TYPES
1. Scalar (or dot) product: 𝐀 • 𝐁
2. Vector (or cross) product: 𝐀 × 𝐁
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication of three vectors A, B, and C
can result in either:

1. Scalar triple product: 𝐀 • (𝐁 × 𝐂)

2. Vector triple product: 𝐀 × (𝐁 × 𝐂)

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

DOT PRODUCT
The dot product of two vectors A and B, written
as 𝐀 • 𝐁, is defined geometrically as the product
of the magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of
the angle between them.
𝐀 • 𝐁 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵
where:
𝜃𝐴𝐵 is the smaller angle between A and B
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
DOT PRODUCT
The result of 𝐀 • 𝐁 is called either the
scalar product because it is scalar, or the
dot product due to the dot sign.

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

DOT PRODUCT
If 𝐀 = (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , 𝐴𝑧 ) and 𝐁 = 𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦 , 𝐵𝑧

𝐀 • 𝐁 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧

which is obtained by multiplying

A and B component by component.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
DOT PRODUCT

Two vectors are said to be orthogonal (or

perpendicular) with each other if
𝐀•𝐁=0

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

DOT PRODUCT
The dot product obeys the following:
Commutative law: 𝐀 • 𝐁 = 𝐁 • 𝐀
Distributive law: 𝐀 • 𝐁 + 𝐂 = 𝐀 • 𝐁 + 𝐀 • 𝐂
𝟐 2
𝐀•𝐀= 𝐀 =𝐴
𝒂𝑥 • 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑦 • 𝒂𝑧 = 𝒂𝑧 • 𝒂𝑥 = 0
𝒂𝑥 • 𝒂𝑥 = 𝒂𝑦 • 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑧 • 𝒂𝑧 = 1
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
CROSS PRODUCT
The cross product of two vectors A and B,
written as 𝐀 × 𝐁, is a vector quantity whose
magnitude is the area of the parallelopiped
formed by A and B and is in the direction of
advance of a right-handed screw as A is
turned into B.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
CROSS PRODUCT
The cross product of A and B is a vector
with magnitude equal to the area of the
parallelogram and the direction indicated.

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

CROSS PRODUCT

𝐀 × 𝐁 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛
where:
𝑎𝑛 is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A
and B

The vector multiplication is called

cross product due to the cross sign; it is also called
vector product because the result is a vector.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
CROSS PRODUCT
If 𝐀 = (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , 𝐴𝑧 ) and 𝐁 = 𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦 , 𝐵𝑧
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝐀 × 𝐁 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

= 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝑎𝑦
+(𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )𝑎𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
CROSS PRODUCT Direction of 𝐀 × 𝐁 and 𝑎𝑛
using (a) right-hand rule, (b)
right-handed screw rule

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

CROSS PRODUCT
The cross product has the ff. basic properties:
It is not commutative:
𝐀×𝐁≠𝐁×𝐀
It is anti-commutative:
𝐀 × 𝐁 = −𝐁 × 𝐀
It is not associative:
𝐀 × 𝐁 × 𝐂 ≠ (𝐀 × 𝐁) × 𝐂
It is distributive:
𝐀× 𝐁+𝐂 =𝐀×𝐁+𝐀×𝐂
𝐀×𝐀=𝟎
CROSS PRODUCT
The cross product
has the ff. basic
properties:
𝒂𝑥 × 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑧
𝒂𝑦 × 𝒂𝑧 = 𝒂𝑥
Cross product using cyclic permutation:
𝒂𝑧 × 𝒂𝑥 = 𝒂𝑦 m(a) moving clockwise leads to positive
results; (b) moving counterclockwise leads
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio to negative results.
Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
Given three vectors A, B, C, we define
𝐀• 𝐁×𝐂 =𝐁• 𝐂×𝐀 =𝐂• 𝐀×𝐁

If 𝐀 = (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , 𝐴𝑧 ) , 𝐁 = 𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦 , 𝐵𝑧 and
𝐂 = 𝐶𝑥 , 𝐶𝑦 , 𝐶𝑧
Then 𝐀 • 𝐁 × 𝐂 is the volume of a
parallelepiped having A, B, and C as edges.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
By finding the determinant:
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐀 • (𝐁 × 𝐂) = 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑧

Since the result of this vector multiplication is scalar it is

called
scalar triple product.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT
For vectors A, B, and C, we define the vector
triple product as
𝐀× 𝐁×𝐂 =𝐁 𝐀•𝐂 −𝐂 𝐀•𝐁

Obtained using the “bac-cab” rule.

Note: 𝐀 • 𝐁 𝐂 ≠ 𝐀(𝐁 • 𝐂)
But 𝐀 • 𝐁 𝐂 = 𝐂(𝐀 • 𝐁)
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
Vector product is used in determining the
projection (or component) of a vector in a
given direction.

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
Given a vector A, we define the scalar
component 𝐴𝐵 of A along vector B as
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = A 𝑎𝐵 cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐀 • 𝒂𝑩

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
The vector component 𝐴𝐵 of A along vector B
is simply the scalar component multiplied by
a unit vector along B
𝐀𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 • 𝒂𝑩 = (𝐀 • 𝒂𝑩 )𝒂𝑩

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM
 One in which the coordinates are mutually
perpendicular.
 Non-orthogonal systems are hard to work
with and they are of little or no particular
use.

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM
 Cartesian or  Parabolic Cylindrical
Rectangular  Conical
 Circular Cylindrical  Prolate Spheroidal
 Spherical  Oblate Spheroidal
 Elliptic Cylindrical  Ellipsoidal

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CARTESIAN COORDINATES
 A point P can be represented
as (x ,y , z). The ranges of the
coordinate variables x, y, and
z are
−∞ < x < ∞
−∞ < y < ∞
−∞ < z < ∞
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CARTESIAN SYSTEM
 A point P can be represented as A in
Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates
(𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧)
𝐴𝑥𝒂𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝒂𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝒂𝑧
where ax, ay, and az are unit vectors along
the x-, y-, and z-directions
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 Very convenient whenever we are
dealing with problems having
cylindrical symmetry.
 Point P representation in
cylindrical coordinates: (ρ, ∅, z )

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
Symbol Description Range
The radius of the cylinder passing
ρ through P. 0≤ρ≤∞
The radial distance from the z-axis.
Called azimuthal angle.
∅ Measured from the x-axis in the x-y 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2π
plane

z The same as in the Cartesian system −∞ < z < ∞

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CYLINDRICAL SYSTEM
 A vector A in cylindrical coordinates
(𝐴𝜌 , 𝐴∅ , 𝐴𝑧)
𝐴𝜌 𝒂𝜌 + 𝐴∅ 𝒂∅ + 𝐴𝑧𝒂𝑧
Where aρ, a∅, and az are unit vectors along the ρ-, ∅ -,
and z-directions
NOTE:
a∅ is not in degrees; it assumes the unit vector A.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CYLINDRICAL SYSTEM
 The magnitude of A is:
𝑨 = 𝐴𝜌2 + 𝐴∅ 2 + 𝐴𝑧𝟐
aρ, a∅, and az are mutually perpendicular
because the coordinate system is orthogonal

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CARTESIAN & CYLINDRICAL RELATIONSHIP
𝑥 = 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑦 = 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑧=𝑧

𝜌= 𝑥 2 ; 𝜌≥0 + 𝑦 2

−1
𝑦
∅ = tan
𝑥
𝑧=𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CARTESIAN & CYLINDRICAL RELATIONSHIP
In matrix form, (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧) → (𝐴𝜌 , 𝐴∅ , 𝐴𝑧)

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CARTESIAN & CYLINDRICAL RELATIONSHIP
In matrix form, (𝐴𝜌 , 𝐴∅ , 𝐴𝑧) → (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧)

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
SPHERICAL SYSTEM
 Most appropriate when
dealing with problems
having a degree of
spherical symmetry.
 Point P representation in
spherical coordinates:
(𝑟, 𝜃, ∅)
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
Symbol Description Range
r The distance from the origin to point P 0≤r≤∞
Called colatitude.
θ The angle between the z-axis and the position 0≤θ≤π
vector of P.
Measured from the x-axis,
∅ (same azimuthal angle in cylindrical 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2π
coordinate)
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
SPHERICAL SYSTEM
 A vector A in spherical coordinates
(𝐴𝑟 , 𝐴𝜃, 𝐴∅)
𝐴𝑟 𝒂𝑟 + 𝐴𝜃 𝒂𝜃 + 𝐴∅ 𝒂∅
Where ar, aθ, and a∅ are unit vectors along the r-, θ-,
and ∅-directions

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
SPHERICAL SYSTEM
 The magnitude of A is:
𝑨 = 𝐴𝑟2 + 𝐴𝜃 2 + 𝐴∅ 𝟐
ar, aθ, and a∅ are mutually
perpendicular because the
coordinate system is
orthogonal.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
SPHERICAL SYSTEM

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CARTESIAN & SPHERICAL RELATIONSHIP

−1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 −1
𝑦
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 𝜃 = tan ∅ = tan
𝑧 𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos ∅
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin ∅
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CARTESIAN & SPHERICAL RELATIONSHIP
In matrix form, (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧) → (𝐴𝑟 , 𝐴𝜃 , 𝐴 ∅)

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CARTESIAN & SPHERICAL RELATIONSHIP
In matrix form, (𝐴𝑟 , 𝐴𝜃 , 𝐴 ∅) → (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧)

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 J
CARTESIAN
COORDINATES
 Infinite planes:
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 Intersection of two planes is a
line.
 Intersection of three orthogonal
infinite planes is a point.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATES
𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → circular cylinder
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → semi-infinite plane
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → infinite plane

 Intersection of two surfaces is

either a line or a circle.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
 J
SPHERICAL
COORDINATES
𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → sphere
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → circular cone
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → semi-infinite plane

 Intersection of two surfaces forms

a line, circle, or semi-circle.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
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Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

Differential Length, Area and Volume

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

Differential Length, Area and Volume

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

 Differential Length, Area and Volume
Coordinate Differential Differential Normal
Differential Volume
System Displacement Area
𝑑𝐒 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑥
𝑑𝐥 = 𝑑𝑥𝐚𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦𝐚𝑦
Cartesian = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
+𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑧
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝐚𝑧
𝑑𝐒 = 𝜌𝑑∅𝑑𝑧𝐚𝜌
𝑑𝐥 = 𝑑𝜌𝐚𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑∅𝐚∅
Cylindrical = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝐚∅ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑∅𝑑𝑧
+𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑧
= 𝜌𝑑∅𝑑𝜌𝐚𝑧
𝑑𝐒 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑∅𝐚𝑟
𝑑𝐥 = 𝑑𝑟𝐚𝑟 + 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝐚∅
Spherical = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑∅𝐚𝜽 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
+𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑∅ 𝐚𝑧
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
= 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝐚∅
Line Integral
 The line integral of a vector A along
a path L is given by

𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝐥
𝐿

 If the path is closed, the line integral

becomes the circulation of A around
L; that is

𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝐥
Surface Integral
 The flux or surface integral of a vector
A across a surface S is defined as

𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝐒
𝑆

 If the surface is closed, the surface

integral becomes the net outward flux
of A across S; that is

𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝑺
𝑆
Volume Integral
 The volume integral of a scalar 𝜌𝑣 over a volume v is defined as

𝜌𝑣 ∙ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣

Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku

DEL OPERATOR
 It is not a vector in itself, useful in
defining the following:
1. The gradient of a scalar V, (𝛻𝑉)
2. The divergence of a vector A,(𝛻 • 𝐀)
3. The curl of a vector A, (𝛻 × 𝐀)
2
4. The Laplacian of a scalar V, (𝛻 𝑉)
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku
DIVERGENCE THEOREM
The divergence theorem states that the total
outward flux of a vector field A through a
closed surface S is the same as the volume
integral of the divergence of A.

𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝐀𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝑣
STOKE’S THEOREM
Stokes’s theorem states that the
circulation of a vector field A around
a (closed) path L is equal to the surface
integral of the curl of A over the open
surface S bounded by L provided that
A and 𝛻 × 𝐀 are continuous on S.

𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝐥 = 𝛻 × 𝐀 ∙ 𝑑S
𝐿 𝑠
CLASSIFICATION OF VECTOR FIELDS
CLASSIFICATION OF VECTOR FIELDS
 If Laplace’s equation, 𝛻 2 𝑉 = 0, is satisfied by a
scalar field V in a given region, V is said to be
harmonic in that region.
 A vector field is solenoidal if 𝛻 ∙ 𝐀 = 0.
 A vector field is irrotational or conservative if
𝛻 × 𝐀 = 0.
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Sadiku