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Nuclei

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14 views28 pages

Nuclei

Uploaded by

zaiddparkar1
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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dH 13. Nuclei Nudeutt contain most (more than 99.9%) a) the mass of oT ) This is sle}ined os 1219 of the —ackual ao 0h Aare: = Alnmiz_mass unit aa) MeV The energy egiivalent of Lamu i Nuclens is made upo} noubnn. 2 proinn » together Hhey one called nucleons. Proton! Charge = +e = tic vio ¢ a dw Mass ie72¢ x 107" kp = lomu = Iu | Symbol = iH | mass is AYC limes that A} On elechnn- Chasge = 0 neubval) Mose = (4749 x 10°? kg © Lon = Le | Symbol = 50 Fre y OH ais fo. 20,80 Frorlinnal _abamic mass = Bs bie Ave’ + = alomie massa} 18 talon | ] . {I j H Ao — olnmic mass of 2nd isolope. Ti = _frockion of 4s isolope to — jaaction i ond isalope fd ed a el el eel el el | Ex = C) = o}nmir mass = 355 amu n_nohne © Cl ig 15% ond Wl is 26 % Avevnne olnmic moss = 35x 15. + 37x26 “108 t31— y number “of nuulean but dij numhen of neuibons & | ‘| pron bon: b Chavactevislics ~ Z( olomic number) —> different y A (mass number) — same - Di}ferenh chemical fanperties & same physical properties a ToS Ars ala r Tsolones + Atoms of clijjexent_elemenls uohase nuclei | : y | Inns } Choroclevishic + ZCobomie. numbers) — different ALmoss number) — different ' ; A-7 = some. Nucleus shape s size 2 Density Shape = Foy oll practical purpose hope of nudews is xegovde a1 " spherical” clevinlion < 10%. _____ ize = Experimentally sharon that Nolum | Nolume ol nudes of Mase number, Ni ox A 2 YWanRrol A > R3olA (as Yani is constant) 2 R XA)’ 2 R= Ro( Ar’ R= bo lay’ th _Joumi Jensity : Nuclear density P= mass of nucleus = Axomu Volume ol nucleus P= Ax lomy = A x tamu Yan Re? Ya n (Ro lays 1° P= 67 x 1072? Yon «lo xin! m)* = 7 3 = 10? ky /mo? 8 ol _waler. [Pinole Mass = Fnexgy equivolenee ———————7 nexessasy lo treat mars Finsline proved thot it i os onothes Jom of ene mass energy equivalence. veloWon ie. F = Amc*™ _He gout the Ihe mans ond ¢ is the speed 9) ight in (ohese mi occu. pass depect + — The difference hebneen the veal moss nuvleus and the gum of veh masses a} Ih ra ) Nudeor Joes ' (uv Theso ove the shang. alhoclivefaxettabith_balel —— | : , . " ) These ove. shes angen cahich- opine Sr | ; Short ance of obo =3 |m_af eperolinn bekaeen _ony in nucleon Patina This jhe phenomenon a} the nwelens ol on alo sith ol one. ox move rodialinn ike the emission _ oy) = i “The substance, «hich spontonenusly emit penehaling radiation ore called xodionclive subskantes. Radinodivity wins discavesed by A-H-Recquerel [1986) , atridently Unsloble nucle: thi - or_f-poilidles ond Y- ekg Lonves llhy some nuclei ove unstable Q Foy aloms saith 7 < 20 » stohlo nucle: have n #1 Pp Fox oloms wilh 7>20, skoble nuclei hove 1 ne + 23 | Povent nucleus doughter nudeus 1 Note != Sum a} omic no & sum of moss no» on both sides must he equal 2H Ee. 8U —> $Me + “on Th aod ad dt diid © Enoxau in decay += X= oHe + ney + Q Tam lie [nox (me +my)] is in omu then ue 4 @ = [mx = (ma + : TO >0 ive tve Momentum ¢anseralion 4 17 theve is no external lowe i 4 Piz O (os parent nucleus is ob rest ) 4 12 P} =o [> Me Ve ~My Wy =0 my Mea | MaVa = myy O =O + Ove ! x Woy om i Ond_ ! {Pol = |Pyl= P I ited a - pukides _ Pate Gia Page No ' Ki Fo tk Ey ) ~ Py + py ) 2ma ___2mry. Mug = Yor "Opt. + pt qe = om Pint | Ima ___2my ef =P 2amamy = P*lmat my) = p2 = 96mamy mat+My [Pulling 2% = KFa x oman | KiFy = rd Mat my B- De tts © ,¢ elerhon t > _a* decoy fe posilan “@jewiica es ee — — np ee le is generated ol Jhig moment inside nucleus . Antineubina (1) is emilted Jor enesqy eansevvolion i by Pauli H Q— te +O+rVit o i 7 Ys Jokes nearly zero KE lowe! e 2 small +_i is vey veyy small oi - “Bub _ I L do not have some KE + $0, anhineubino come intn Picture. Tk con take Voviable enegy. __. |X —> ve + hY+y + Fy -5N — ne + FC + v(nehing) + @ i T t Actually -p° decay, is conversion ol a proton inln a. i iP_ — on + fe + y lin (p+ 9p +4 tp > an +e 4y a |_moss dervenses “moss increases 3 | 4 enougi, velensed pe Enexgy absorbed I Fyn tress Endolhermic. [ei = [op = (mntmel lx 9at-5 ey , (= Dnn= tmp + med] x 991-6 Mev I _Prnpeaties of @Z(Antinewbina) ov v (neubyina) + ting Rest mass = 0 _veny wendy high penelsaling — y y - 'p + °2 —* an tv j r ¥ = Decay ly . sah “the When _o rely emils of - partide. oy = particle wit gels exrited Io o highes enehay level twhile doing so. it emils o highly ic (| Me. Lvadinlion + ohose frequency =(Ens ~ Fn) Zh i: his yadialion ies in Y= spechum Ajantc! | gL a | — YY + Y wound) TexciledT | anil! decay disintegrale. fo the numbet o}_olnm: potsent of thoF lime. The 4 yole o}disinben ration of the Sample connot be altered 4 7 by chonging the external fauinys + such pnesiive 4 let in Hme dis dn rude} decoys 9 dg cohene Ais decay constant / clisintegrahion constant /_ ! Land ‘solape ) tol of £=0 . N= No and t={/ »N=N A + ofan = S-ade "ON > Diagn Ie = -ALt)s > log N= log 4No = -Alt-o) " _—Taking anil ' “ N oN h =y¥ ai. alg | No [ o3" ys eX 1 ~ = Noe whore N= | No = aia smie af nudti_ U0) | ft = Sime _NOTE += t=O - N= No 2: = = I As N= Neot . noo rt ene pul $= ian i ae have, N = Noe! i N= Ne /e. N= No/9-1/8 N= Nef348No “The sodicachive. decay constant can be clefined os of their inikial number, 4 reduced _tn_hal} af ve ab f= ty N= No/o an \ = -\M T Ne/ I | \ = -\ yo I ata) I loge Qu! = at t #log, 2 =7ALh I t¥_= log.2 = 0-099 r X A ! i i NOTE N= No tohere n_is Hoe na} hal} hye gn | | Aunts Allen 9 bet nN + Ns 74 j Activity a} andioodlive substance. sulla diel yodinadive maoteval is called ae in the somple Role - aN. -——O — dt Aclivilylg—> _on_di integrabina (R)— ; | = -at ay min) io Mean! i canage e o} 0 odindive substance. ————_T_is_the aver lives_o} oll the olom ina : {—Lodinachive substance is_called meon_life—on_avevape——— T= /a T= '/y = th _— __ 0-693 —4 T_= 1-4ua t 1/0 _ i . * Lenesg equivalent tn [he mass defer o| the nucleus i @anis, distance apay 0 Separate She nu an in 1 thok vex no longer inten ith eoch oles Tj am _is_mass del ert o} o. nucleus 1 then nctording fo Finslein's mass enes (e = mct» mass i onather Jaxm_o| enexa| and one con convert mass [T “en ek au {nln other forms ol energy A au inelic enengy and vise versa) = 2 Cin joule hen AM Binding enesqu = Am n jo ou UT mensuyed in ka J J Am cmos defect) mensured in _a-mth at in th 0 Vib ses } xcs | 0 Es I mae i Fh ‘vile | I Mu = mn [> x“) V | ind binding eNeOrO QO orialed Neal mss crefe. a? 6) U q r |) omu E_= Amc? -E = ix be7x in” kg x (3x 10'mA)* F= 14g x 1" JT Ox. E = 14g x 10! Mev tev = 1-6 x 10°" ie x 107!? iat F = 9315 Mev Ayonet —— Binding energy per Nudeon othe bin egy pes nud is Ihe-owengge __ _enexgy reqithed Jo exhack_one nucleon fom the mucleugs 2 Eka) Binding eneygy pes nucleon = Eb (Bioding eneagy)- 7 _ _ A : with i A i at oh Bul stobilily of nucleus Binding _ enesgycanve_and_its Jeahnes —— ChenContent — _The onve hos.o masioum o}| obauk #15 MeV Jay A= 5¢ (nn) ond hos o volue oj 1-4 MeV _A = 238 (Uvanium) - Light -oudei CA 30)_and heavy auelei_(a > 70) + Conclusion (The joe is alhaclive idenlly shang _ln_pod fo binding eneay o_o jor MeV pon nudeon- onslanqy ol binding enesgy In the sange 30 “SU tunstable) 23 ~ TH cy 7 + + + aU) split , a Sh + Nb + Uin + @ 75 70 s a Split Xe + 9aGy + on + @ joni _—_———_———— Mase no 2 no 120. BF pos nuclenn 1-6 8:5 8:5 ) | Toko) B+ quo vat axe 120 85 ) igoy Mev 1020 Mev__1020 Mev 216 eng liberate = 2040 - 1824 235 _inucleut | au a ouo x eer xing of ——U Averntre ener . gd > mass in omu which prnduce = 1 _* 216 = 0-23 omu on Mev | Chain nuclear yeachon. Uncontintted _Conhalled y d y y a ‘/_o| mass dissoppeor = 0:23 x IND * OY ry r y ) Difficulties in chain xeaction Poo concentuntion of duct (* *u) d natu = _ Tn | Fuel 29° ty We do nok ure FU os fuel because if is not ns produced by fission U enexqelic (not hove 1 MeV enexguy) x hence. The jubl * (enesgu od B 2 1 Lenesgut oj ench - | Soile hove Jo slovo daw there Meubons_a (nce, Jo: whith the chain senckon remain Sustained and l_aepredudian ocloy is uni ) tt epitical ynass 0} the moa ) ) | Contalling the ale o} fission b _While conhaliing jhe nucleo chain renclian o use jul | ork olled n nn 32. lion Joctoy or Holicakion | 0 ing ondiHon at p , nucleay venclny >» im tinlication acto’ KK #9 i delined G ne on + ote a) Pyoduclion ol ne on in __}h or oO Dp a — ; — KY ion Ad” oxesent gen ap nin | Oe: I I K = 1, Ono fission causes one fission Kaleo} _enexoy libevnledl is constant. ote aes ; Role oj enespy Hhevoted is intvease s explosion K <1 5 No of Jissions ove decyeasi Rate a} enesoy liberated is clervenses. Wann qjorict k f ; ——— rec : Fuel Rod + ‘dh ig.o_jissionablemalerial-mosiiy—U- _— | Moderator dE slows “down Jhe__Josi_rnoving —newhons ; — wt In Note :- The Apsara sencloy of lhe Bhobho Alamic. Research cenhe (BARC) » Mumbai . urea crates as madlerolay- ontal_vods + These v0ds ave cadmium or boon » wdhich conlvol the chain i i They maintain value neo uniky (kK 1) | it | T} eae : leach clbex. Ide “have In bsing one is 100 Cor off dislante) In v2 by, ding exiemal 8 elerhnslatic. Jove @ jinegy yo —hydagen) K:F = Yoo Ke) _ushich gives ig Land T ¥ 3y 10? Kelvin bs eneugy ovescame. the Coulonmb repulsive ig behaviours it is called thermonuelear Jusion. “ a Nuucleay fusion is Fyolhermie proress - One }usion - Siovts . no _urther extemal healing is required fw | lag ee a tun! we use bron os Jel). je is onengy is ____ | veleased » a i 4 f - cuter, bP : 1 hormonucearJusion is. Lhe snurce..a).enengy bin Dhe interior of stors.(such as sun). > __. The inleriox af. “the_sun-hasa—lerperatureo) —_ P| 5 xo? Ky hich is nolsuj}ident _for—fusinn_o} _—hydrogeo-Los_sun—is ~ eomposedd_o| 90% [Link] Doli ond_onby lo. _i¢ olhen clement & same __ ___ongani_tomplexea]._— Clearly. —} Jusion bn “sun_invalves_poalon— jalon cahose. gies_ane_muth_higheta—than— overage neo y .——__ a igdae eee ia uel_in lhe Sun is oe bye in_iks coves » eR — ar + e+ ge fc MeV. 2) TH +A! he wy) 2He + 3He ——> $He + IH + 1H +.12,84 Mev Nel veaction > » > “uin + Oe —> dHe + 2y + GY + 26-1 mew i NOTE :- ‘The age o} sun_is abouk 5 x 10° yeay (5 billion T TI 79" | Red giant fo lage of sia m-sun) ajo which fneveares the femp—__.______-. reals o| the cove J} il Ineveo. = —Te eee lakes. - nucleus in_binding energy anves tdhen ison_appeds ab the cove + The ion |usion vention ohsmbs—__. Cheng s which couse the cove Io _callapse.__

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