Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR

Linear Spring
Axial spring is a simple element, which can carry only axial force
and results in spring deformation (lengthening or shortening).

T=k

T T

Spring deformation under tensile load

Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Spring Element
k
1 2
x
f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L

• The Form of Spring Element Equation

 f1x   k11 k12   d1x  f1x = k11  d1x + k12  d 2 x

 =   
 f 2 x  k21 k 22  d 2 x  f 2 x = k 21  d1x + k 22  d 2 x
Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Element Equation k
1 2
x
f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L

 f1x   k11 k12   d1x 

 =    {f} = [k] {d}
 f 2 x  k21 k 22  d 2 x 

{f} = element force matrix

[k] = element stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement matrix
Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Displacement function
 a1 
Linear function : u = a1 + a2 x u = 1 x 
a 2 
In term of nodal displacements :
x   d1x   d1x 
 x
u = 1 −   u = N1 N 2  
 L L  d 2 x  d 2 x 

N1 and N2 are shape functions

At node-1: N1 = 1 N2 = 0.
At node-2: N1 = 0 N2 = 1
Also at any other point in the element, N1 + N2 = 1
 Chapter 2 AP DrRR
Linear Spring
• Element Equation, Direct Equilibrium
k
1 2
x
k f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L
T T


 = u (L ) − u (0)
T=k
 = d 2 x − d1x
f1x = −T
 T = − f1x = k = k (d 2 x − d1x )
 f1x = k (d1x − d 2 x )  f1x   k − k   d1x 
 =  
f2x = T  f 2 x  − k k  d 2 x 
 f 2 x = k (d 2 x − d1x )
Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Assembly of Element Equations
1 k1 3 k2 2 F
A two-spring system
1 2

The element-1 has nodes 1 and 3. The element-2 has nodes 2 and 3.
Expansion of element-1 yields: Expansion of element-2 yields:

 f 1 x   k1 0 − k1   d 1 x   f 1 x  0 0 0   d1x 
    
 f 2x  =  0 0 0  d 2 x    
 f 2 x  = 0 k 2
 
− k 2  d 2 x 
 f  − k 0 k1  d 3 x   f  0 − k
 3x   1  3x   2 k 2   d 3 x 

Then the superposition is employed,

 F1x   k1 0 − k1   d1x 
 f el1 +  f el 2 = k el1 + k el 2 d      
− k2  d 2 x 
F2 x  =  0 k2
 F  − k − k k1 + k2   
 F  = K d   3x   1 2 d 3 x 
Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Structural/System Equation
1 k1 3 k2 2 F
A two-spring system
1 2

 F1x   k1 0 − k1   d1x 
    
F2 x  =  0 k2 − k2  d 2 x  {F} = [K] {d}
 F  − k − k k1 + k2   
 3x   1 2 d 3 x 

{F} = structural force matrix

[K] = structural/system stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement matrix
Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous
1 1 , k1 3 2 , k2 2
A two-spring system
F3x F2x

 F1x   k1 0 − k1   0  − k1d 3 x = F1x

    
− k2  d 2 x 
d1x = 0 k2 d 2 x − k 2 d 3 x = F2 x
F2 x  =  0 k2
 F  − k − k k1 + k2   
 3x   1 2 d 3 x  − k2 d 2 x + (k1 + k2 ) = F3 x

 F2 x   k 2 − k 2  d 2 x  d2x and d3x can be found,

 =  
 F3 x  − k 2 k1 + k 2  d 3 x  which in turn, the
structural forces can be
found
Chapter 2 AP TsDrRR
Linear Spring
• Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous
The displacement of node-1 is not zero
1 1 , k1 3 2 , k2 2
but initially displaced to the magnitude of .
Introducing this boundary condition to
F3x F2x
the structural equation yields,

 F1x   k1 0 − k1    
    
 F2 x  =  0 k2 − k 2  d 2 x 
k1 + 0  d 2 x − k1d 3 x = F1x  F  − k
 3x   1 − k2 k1 + k 2  d 3 x 
0   + k 2 d 2 x − k 2 d 3 x = F2 x
− k1 − k 2 d 2 x + (k1 + k )d 3 x = F3 x

As , F2x, and F3x are known quantities,

the displacement at node-2, d2x,
k 2 d 2 x − k 2 d 3 x = F2 x and at the node-3, d3x, can be calculated.
k 2 d 2 x + (k1 + k )d 3 x = k1 + F3 x
 Example of Linear Spring
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