THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Time is relevant in any occasion whether in work, school and other matters;

important or not. Punctuality is a behaviour that anyone should possess as a sign of

respect, being discipline, and conscious. Most of the schools, tardiness is a common

behaviour to those students as well as some teachers who are not punctual enough

to be on time and no proper time management. This kind of behaviour the tardiness

may lead to habitual and risk for future.

Tardiness is a disorderly behaviour and a habit of being late or not on time to

act upon the desired and standard time. Student nowadays have a problem of their

own time management specially when going to school. As they arrived late at school

they disrupt the on-going class as well as they missed some of the activities that are

done with such class period time (Indoso, [Link]., 2020). For some teachers, checking

of attendance is a must, to check the attendance of the students whether present or

not before or after the class discussion. As the teacher started discussing, when the

student/s arrived it can affect the flow of the discussion and all would be distracted

(Alea, I., [Link]., 2023).

In the study of Svensson et. al., (2020) that in Mid Sweden University in

Sweden, the factors of tardiness that may affect the academic performance of the

students are school failure, lack of social support, and adolescent adjustment

includes attitudes, behaviours, cognitive- and social aspects.

 In Saint Joseph School Foundation Incorporated, Zamboanga City,

Philippines, the tardiness can affect the academic performance of students as they

miss such activities but not only on academic but also to their social relationship, as

well as their future characteristics (Indoso, et. al., 2020).

In Gingoog Christian College, almost 20 percent of the Junior High School

students’ total population only arrived late from the month of October to February.

The school administration as well the advisers tried different strategies to address

this problem but still the tardiness phenomena remains an unsolved problem. The

researchers conduct this study to investigate that tardiness behaviour may affect the

academic performance of the students.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Several theories regarding punctuality are cited in the study of Thierry, (2018)

entitled “Punctuality, Attendance Policy and Organizational Performance”. These

theories include The Parkinson’s Law, The 80/20 or Pareto Rule, and The Pickle Jar

Theory.

Parkinson's Law is the adage that "work expands so as to fill the time

available for its completion". It is sometimes applied to the growth of bureaucracy in

an organization. It was developed by UK political analyst and historian Cyril

Northcote Parkinson. According to him, by assigning the right amount of time to a

task, we gain back more time and the task will reduce in complexity to its natural

state. The need to be time performance that implies punctuality and attendance.

Importance and focus must be given to priorities and useless activities must be left
behind. Parkinson's Law aims at job well done in less time. Furthermore, Parkinson’s

Law refers to the fact that the employer must lead workers to shorten work time and

to limit tasks to the important. In other words, if a task can swell to fill the time

allocated, then equally, the effort given can be limited by reducing the allocated time,

down to the least amount of time actually needed to complete the task.

The 80/20 or Pareto Rule was suggested by management thinker Joseph M.

Juran and named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto. According to the

authors, effective, productive people must discipline themselves to start on the most

important task that is before them before any other less useful in the image of the

80/20 rule or law of the vital few. Many time-management systems encourage waste

of time on the contrary; the Pareto Principle leads organizations to manage time

more effectively in the sense that it implies separating the vital few from the trivial

many activities and to boost effectiveness and set objectives or results by focusing

on the essential.

Conceptual Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

FACTORS AFFECTING TARDINESS

 Students’ Circumstances STUDENTS’ TARDINESS

 Teacher Attitude BEHAVIOR
 Schoolmate’s or Peers Influence

Figure 1. Schematic Presentation Showing the Interplay of Variables in the

Study
This chapter presents and discusses factors affecting tardiness that are relatable to

this study. These factors relevant explain the concept within research and establish

the relationship of study to its variables.

Factors in both the home and school environments contribute greatly to the

development of a student's attitude towards tardiness. The majority of the student's

learned behavior is initiated by persons at home and subsequently at school. These

persons are usually Parents, Teachers and Schoolmates. (Apostol et. al., 2018).

Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology is a theory of learning

based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning

occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our

responses to environment stimuli shape our actions. According to this school of

thought, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner regardless

of internal metal states. According to this perspective, only observable behavior

should be considered – cognitions, emotions, and moods are far too subjective.

Strict behaviorists believed that any person can potentially be trained to perform any

task, regardless of genetic background, personality traits and internal thoughts

(within the limits of their physical capabilities). It only required the right conditioning

(Cherry & Gans, 2018).

Statement of the Problem

The present study aims to evaluate the various factors affecting tardiness

among Junior High School students in Gingoog Christian College and to calculate
how these factors affect the student’s tardiness behaviour. Specifically, it aims to

answer the following research questions:

1. What factors affect students’ tardiness in terms of?

a. Students’ Circumstances

b. Teacher attitude

c. Schoolmate Influence

2. How do teachers assess students’ tardiness?

3. How do factors affecting tardiness influence the students’ behavior?

Hypotheses

H1: There is significant influence between tardiness behaviour and academic

performance.

H2: There are significant factors that may affect the academic performance of the

students in terms of Students’ circumstances, Teachers attitude and Schoolmate or

Peer influence.

H3: There is no significant influence between the factors affecting tardiness and

student’s tardiness behaviour.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this quantitative study will benefit the following:

School Administrators. This study will be beneficial to them as it serves as basis to

implement programs that will reduce student’s tardiness.

Teachers. This study will help teachers to evaluate ways in guiding and assisting

students in resolving their problem regarding tardiness.

Parents. This study will help parents by giving them awareness regarding their

student’s tardiness behaviour in order for them to discipline and assist their children

to become responsible.

Students. This study will provide insights to them by assessing the factors affecting

tardiness and how to overcome these factors.

To the Future Researchers. This study will provide a background understanding

and serve as basis in order for them to understand more about the factors affecting

student’s tardiness behaviour.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study determined the factors affecting student’s tardiness behaviour. The

factors were limited to the schoolmate influence, teacher attitude and student’s

circumstances.

The respondents of the study were the Junior High School Study in Gingoog

Christian College. The descriptive-correlational research design will be used to the

study. The design is suitable for this research because it has two variables, which

are independent (schoolmate influence, teacher attitude and student’s

circumstances) and dependent (student’s tardiness behaviour), are involved. In order

to get the data, questionnaires will be serves as the basis of the variable

components.
Definition of Terms

The following terms were operationally defined to achieve a better understanding of

the study:

Tardiness. It describes the Grade 11 and 12 students in Gingoog Christian College

who are always late in arriving to school.

Teacher Attitude. It distinguishes the attitude of teachers towards treating the

tardiness behaviour of their students.

Schoolmate Influence. It characterizes the effect of peer pressure on the decision

making of the student to come early.

Student’s Circumstances. It describes the student’s situations behind arriving to

school late.

Tardiness Behaviour. It describes the student’s habitual behaviour of not coming to

school early or on time.

References:

Alea, I., (2023). THE EFFECTS OF TARDINESS TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF THE FCIC FIRST- YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS
ENROLLED IN A.Y. [Link]. 01| Issue 01 | Article 05| 2023. Published
by: FCIC Insights, Franciscan College of the Immaculate Conception, Baybay City,
Leyte, Philippines.

Indoso, E J D., et. al., (2020). Tardiness: Its Effect To The Academic Performance Of

The Grade 10 Students of SJSFI Enrolled in S. Y. 2019-2020.

Svensson, A., [Link]., (2020). On Time: A Qualitative Study of Swedish

Students’,Parents’ and Teachers’ Views on School Attendance,with a

 Focus on Tardiness. February 2020 International Journal of Environmental

Research and Public Health (IJERPH) 17(4):1-18

Thierry, A. (2018). Punctuality, Attendance Policy and Organizational Performance.

International Journal of Research & Science Management. ISSN: 2349-5295